• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.674-681
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• 2023

Bile pigment, bilirubin, and biliverdin concentrations may change as a results of biliary tract cancer (BTC) altering the mechanisms of radical oxidation and heme breakdown. We explored whether changes in bile pigment components could help distinguish BTC from benign biliary illness by evaluating alterations in patients with BTC. We collected bile fluid from 15 patients with a common bile duct stone (CBD group) and 63 individuals with BTC (BTC group). We examined the bile fluid's bilirubin, biliverdin reductase (BVR), heme oxygenase (HO-1), and bacterial taxonomic abundance. Serum bilirubin levels had no impact on the amounts of bile HO-1, BVR, or bilirubin. In comparison to the control group, the BTC group had considerably higher amounts of HO-1, BVR, and bilirubin in the bile. The areas under the curve for the receiver operating characteristic curve analyses of the BVR and HO-1 were 0.832 (p<0.001) and 0.891 (p<0.001), respectively. Firmicutes was the most prevalent phylum in both CBD and BTC, according to a taxonomic abundance analysis, however the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was substantially greater in the BTC group than in the CBD group. The findings of this study showed that, regardless of the existence of obstructive jaundice, biliary carcinogenesis impacts heme degradation and bile pigmentation, and that the bile pigment components HO-1, BVR, and bilirubin in bile fluid have a diagnostic significance in BTC. In tissue biopsies for the diagnosis of BTC, particularly for distinguishing BTC from benign biliary strictures, bile pigment components can be used as additional biomarkers.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.2 s.20
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• pp.51-59
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• 1976

Methylene bis (3, 4, 6-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid) 'MTPA' has been developed for the purpose of treatment of clonorchiasis. It has been rpeorted that, in patients treated with MTPA, the flukes in the liver were killed, elevated serum bilirubin returned to normal and the patients´ general condition was improved. However it took $1{\sim}4 $ weeks to obtain sufficient therapeutic effects. In rabbits, excretion of bilirubin in the bile was increased by the MTPA, and this action was enhanced by a combination of deoxycholic acid with MTPA. This study was designed as a part of a series to increase the therapeutic effect of MTPA, by observing the relation of the blood level of MTPA with the excretion of MTPA in the bile, and the excretion of MTPA with bilirubin excretion in the bile caused by the injection of MTPA alone or in combination with deoxycholic acid. $^{14}C-labeled$ MTPA alone or with deoxycholic acid were injected into the ear veins of rabbits. The amout of bile, MTPA and bilirubin in the bile and the blood level of MTPA were measured. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The amount of excreted bile was decreased gradually as the time elapsed in both groups, that is groups injected with MTPA alone and with deoxycholic acid, without any significant difference between either group. 2. The largest amount of MTPA excretion in the early stage of the MTPA excretion in both groups, but deoxycholic acid caused an increase in blood level of MTPA whereas biliary excretion of MTPA decreased, especially in the early stage after drug injection. 3. The significant increment of bilirubin excretion began within an hour and it reached peak level in $2{\sim}2\frac{1}{2}$ hours after drug injection in both groups, but the amount of excreted bilirubin was larger in the combined group. The above results suggest that deoxycholic acid interferes with the biliary excretion of MTPA, and that there is no close relation between the increased excretion of MTPA and bilirubin excretion. But there is a close relation between blood level or tissue concentration of MTPA and bilirubin excretion. Concerning the influence of deoxycholic acid on the therapeutic effect of MTPA, deoxycholic acid would enhance the effect of MTPA, if the parasites take the drug from the blood, but diminish its effectiveness if they take the drug from the bile.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 1999

From January 1994 to April 1997, there was 15 survivals who was admitted to the department of internal medicine, Wonkwang Oriental Medicine Hospital in Cheun-ju, after ingestion of paraquat, and treated with Oriental and western medicine therapy. For the patients, I investigated clinical symptoms, gastroduodenoscopy, intake by oral and parenteral route, and output by urine and stool, serum ALP, AST. ALT, Bilirubin, BUN, Creatinine level and urine analysis. On admission day, the LFT level was as follows. The serum mean ALP, AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin was $10.05{\pm}2.75\;KAU$, $66.67{\pm}9.88\;IU／L$, $43.80{\pm}7.74\;IU／L$, $1.89{\pm}1.22\;mg／dl$ and $1.10{\pm}1.14\;mg／dl$ respectively. After that day, administered Gamdutang and checked the mean LFT level regullary. Until the 3rd day, the mean ALP, AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin level was $11.01{\pm}3.16\;KAU$, $56.47{\pm}7.19\;IU／L$, $59.00{\pm}7.57\;IU／L$, $2.54{\pm}1.78\;mg／dl$, $1.64{\pm}1.59\;mg／dl$ respectively. From 4th day to 7th day, the mean ALP; AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin level was $12.51{\pm}3.49\;KAU$, $77.85{\pm}7.17\;IU／L$, $58.00{\pm}9.09\;IU／L$, $2.54{\pm}1.97\;mg／dl$, and $1.80{\pm}1.81\;mg／dl$ respectively. From 8th day to 10th day, the mean ALP, AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin level was $12.43{\pm}3.14\;KAU$, $41.13{\pm}6.49\;IU／L$, $50.40{\pm}7.17\;IU／L$, $1.66{\pm}1.90\;mg／dl$ and $1.14{\pm}1.50\;mg／dl$ respectively. From 11th day to 14th day, the mean ALP, AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin level was $12.30{\pm}3.25\;KAU$, $31.07{\pm}3.85\;IU／L$, $43.33{\pm}5.49\;IU／L$, $1.62{\pm}1.95\;mg／dl$, $1.17{\pm}1.71\;mg／dl$ respectvely. On admission day, the mean RFT level as follows. Serum BUN and Creatinine level was $28.73{\pm}5.19\;mg／dl$ and $1.82{\pm}1.27\;mg／dl$ respectively. After that day, administered Gamdutang and checked the mean RFT level regullary. Until the 3rd day, the mean BUN and Creatinine level was $32.12{\pm}5.65\;mg／dl$ and $2.31{\pm}0.45\;mg／dl$ respectively. From 4th day to 7th day, the mean BUN and Creatinine level was $31.07{\pm}5.47\;mg／dl$ and $1.92{\pm}0.79\;mg／dl$ respectively. From 7th day to 10th day, the mean BUN and Creatinine level was $17.47{\pm}3.57\;mg／dl$ and $1.33{\pm}0.59\;mg／dl$ respectively. From 11th day to 14th day, the mean BUN and Creatinine level was $11.93{\pm}3.16\;mg／dl$, $1.27{\pm}0.38\;mg／dl$ respectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.77-78
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• 1990

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.649-654
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• 2005

Purpose : The present study examined how changes in cerebral hemodynamics in newborn piglets with bilirubin infusion can be evaluated by near infrared sepctroscopy(NIRS). Methods : Seventeen newborn piglets were randomly divided into the following three experimental groups : six in the control group(CG); seven in the bilirubin infusion group(BG), and four in the bilirubin infusion with 7-nitroindazole group(NG). To achieve the concentration of bilirubin above 20 mg/dL, we injected a bolus of 40 mg/kg of bilirubin intravenously, followed by 30 mg/kg/hr of bilirubin continuous intravenous infusion. All groups were monitored with cerebral hemodynamics using near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) and their brain cortexes were harvested and the activities of $Na^+$, $K^+$-ATPase, level of conjugated dienes, ATP and phosphocreatine(PCr) were determined biochemically. Results : No changes took place in CG. In BG and NG, base excess, pH, and MABP decreased, and lactate level in blood increased. Cerebral $Na^+$, $K^+$-ATPase activity and ATP, PCr level in BG significantly decreased and conjugated dienes increased compared to CG. These abnormalities observed in the BG were significantly improved in the NG. In continuous NIRS monitoring, [$HbO_2$], [HbT], and [HbD] in BG were significantlly decreased compared to CG. However these abnormalities between NG and CG were not significantly different. There were no significant differences in $ScO_2$ between the study groups. Conclusion : Our study suggests cerebral hemodynamic changes could be monitored by non-invasive NIRS in newborn piglets with bilirubin infusion.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.276-282
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• 2012

High-intensive endurance exercises induce cell changes in body, changes in structures and functions of the heart, the muscles, the cartilages, and the liver, as well as increase of inflammatory cytokine. The purpose of this study was to estimate the biochemical changes in the liver and muscles during ultra-marathon race (100 km) by sections. The blood of the subjects was collected before the marathon as a control in order to analyze serum creatine kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), asprtate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total(T)-bilirubin, direct(D)-bilirubin, total protein, albumin, uric acid, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (${\gamma}$-GTP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentrations. The CK, LDH, D-bilirubin, AST and ALT concentrations at 50 km and 100 km were significantly increased compared to the control (P<0.05). The markers at 100 km were higher than those at 50 km (P<0.05). The T-bilirubin and hs-CRP concentrations showed no difference among the groups, whereas the markers at 100 km were higher than those of the control and at 50 km (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study shows that the ultra-marathon race (100 km) may induce the damage of the skeletal muscle, liver and kidney, intravascular hemolysis and inflammatory responses.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.75-79
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• 2013

Purpose: It has been reported that 10% to 20% of children with Kawasaki disease (KD) will not respond to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment. In this study, we aimed to identify useful predictors of therapeutic failure in children with KD. Methods: We examined 309 children diagnosed with KD at the Kyungpook National University Hospital and the Inje University Busan Paik Hospital between January 2005 and June 2011. We retrospectively reviewed their medical records and analyzed multiple parameters in responders and nonresponders to IVIG. Results: Among the 309 children, 30 (9.7%) did not respond to IVIG. They had significantly higher proportion of neutrophils, and higher levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin, and N-terminal fragment of B-type natriuretic peptide than did responders. IVIG-nonresponders had a significantly longer duration of hospitalization, and more frequently experienced coronary artery lesion, and sterile pyuria. No differences in the duration of fever at initial treatment or, clinical features were noted. Conclusion: Two independent predictors (ALT${\geq}$84 IU/L, total bilirubin${\geq}$0.9 mg/dL) for nonresponse were confirmed through multivariate logistic regression analysis. Thus elevated ALT and total bilirubin levels might be useful in predicting nonresponse to IVIG therapy in children with KD.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.60 no.12
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• pp.385-389
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to assess whether different anesthetic techniques and oxytocin use applied during delivery affect transcutaneous bilirubin levels during the first 24 hours in neonates. Methods: A total of 1,044 neonates delivered by either caesarian section (C/S) or normal vaginal delivery (NVD) were included in the study. They were classified into 5 groups as follows: group 1: born by C/S using general anesthesia, group 2: C/S using spinal anaesthesia, group 3: C/S using general anesthesia after failed spinal block, group 4: by NVD without anesthesia, and group 5: oxytocin-induced vaginal delivery without anesthesia. Transcutaneous total bilirubin levels (TBLs) were measured during the first 24 hours and on the fifth and eighth days of life and the levels in different groups were compared. Results: The TBLs were significantly higher in neonates delivered by C/S using general anesthesia rather than spinal anesthesia (P<0.001), and both groups had higher levels than those born by NVD without anesthesia ($P{\leq}0.001$). However, the group receiving general anesthesia after failed spinal block was found to have the highest bilirubin level. Moreover, TBLs were significantly higher with the use of oxytocin ($P{\leq}0.001$). Conclusions: C/S and general anesthesia adversely affect the bilirubin levels in neonates, and the use of oxytocin during vaginal delivery also increases TBLs in neonates.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.106-111
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency among infants with neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia (NIH); compare G6PD-deficient and G6PD-normal patients regarding hyperbilirubinemia and need for exchange transfusions (ET); and assess risk factors for ET and kernicterus. Methods: This is a case-control retrospective study. Medical records of NIH patients admitted to the Pediatric Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Bahrain, between January 2007 and June 2010 were reviewed. Data on sex, age at presentation, hospitalization duration, need for ET, hemoglobin (Hb) level, reticulocyte count, direct Coombs test, serum total and indirect bilirubin levels, thyroid function, blood and urine cultures, G6PD status, and blood groups were collected and compared between the G6PD-deficent and G6PD-normal patients. Results: Of 1,159 NIH patients admitted, 1,129 were included, of whom 646 (57%) were male. Among 1,046 patients tested, 442 (42%) were G6PD deficient, 49 (4%) needed ET, and 11 (1%) had suspected Kernicterus. The G6PD-deficient patients were mainly male (P<0.0001), and had lower Hb levels (P<0.0001) and higher maximum bilirubin levels (P=0.001). More G6PD-deficient patients needed ET (P<0.0001). G6PD deficiency (P=0.006), lower Hb level (P=0.002), lower hematocrit count (P=0.02), higher bilirubin level (P<0.0001), higher maximal bilirubin level (P<0.0001), and positive blood culture result (P<0.0001) were significant risk factors for ET. Maximal bilirubin level was a significant risk factor for kernicterus (P=0.021) and independently related to ET (P=0.03). Conclusion: G6PD deficiency is an important risk factor for severe NIH. In G6PD-deficent neonates, management of NIH should be hastened to avoid irreversible neurological complications.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.374-378
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• 1991

The electrochemical reduction behavior of Bilirubin (BR) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.8) solution was studied by DC polarography, differential pulse polarography, cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential coulometry. In DC polarogram, two reduction waves of BR were found. The half wave potentials of two reduction waves were -1.32 and -1.51 volts vs. Ag/AaCl respectively. The current type of 1st reduction wave was diffusion-controlled and the 2$^{nd}$ reduction wave was diffusion current containing a little kinetic current. The electrochemical reduction process of BR at each reduction step was all irreversible. The prewave appeared at lower concentration than 3.4 ${\times}$ 10$^{-4}$M, this prewave was identified as adsorption prewave. And the number of electron transfered in reduction steps, n$_{app}$ was two for the 1st reduction step and one for the 2$^{nd}$ reduction step.