• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.646-653
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• 1994

The pharmacokinetics of DWP305, a new combined preparation for hepatic disorders was examined in rats. DWP305 was composed of ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA), Cardus marianus extract(silymarin 74.5%), fursulthiamine and riboflavin tetrabutyrate(RTB). Especially, this study was focused on the possibilities of drug interaction that the administration of DWP305 may affect the oral absorption of each component. After oral administration of DWP305 and each component drug to rats, the biliary excretion of silybin and tauroursodeoxycholic acid(TUDCA), and the urinary excretion of vitamins were measured by HPLC up to 48 hours. The cumulative amount of TUDCA or silybin in bile was not significantly different between DWP305 and UDCA/silymarin administered groups at doses of 25 and 100 mg/kg. In the case of vitamin study, the urinary thiamine excretion of equivalent molar fursulthiamine administered group was significantly higher than that of thiamine administered group. Urinary riboflavin level of equivalent molar RTB administered group was lower than that of riboflavin administered group, but not significant. These results suggest that the combined preparation may not affect the oral absorption of each component in respect of drug interaction. Also, fursulthiamine and RTB were more effective in oral absorption than thiamine and riboflavin, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.140-152
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• 1993

This study was attempted to investigate the effect of Ganoderma lucidum extract on digestive system in experimental animals. Ganoderma lucidum water extract (GWE) was found to be promoted the charcol transport rate in the small intestine of mice. GWE exhibited the augmentation of spontaneus movement(motility) and contractile response(tension) in the ileum and colon strips of rabbit, and these action were inhibited by atropine. GWE given intraduodenaly(i.d.) exhibited the significant increase of gastric acid secretion in pylorus-ligated rats. GWE inhibited the formation of some experimental gastric ulcers(pylorus ligation ulcer i.d., indomethacin-induced ulcer p.o., i.d. and aspirin-induced ulcer p.o.) in rats, which are considered to relate to a protective action. GWE and EtOH extract(water soluble phase) were remarkably increase of bile excretion, when administration of i.d., intravenation(i.v.) and per os (p.o.) compared with normal-control group. GWE was observed antibacterial activity aginst several intestinal microoganisms and others bacteria in vitro test.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.879-886
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• 1994

This study was carried out to determine, the effects of sodium alginate and cellulose on the plasma lipoportein composition and cholesterol metabolism inrats.Each experimental diet contained 105 sodium alginate and cellulose by weight, respectivley and rats were fed fro 4 weeks. The results obtained were as follows : The feeding of sodium alginate and cellulose decreased total plasma cholesterol slightly . total cholesterol of Chylomicron /VLDL- , LDL-fraction and liver were decreased significantly insodium alginate group. HDL-cholesterol was slightly increased in soidum alginate group. The feeding of sodium alginate significantly lowered plasma , Chylomicron VLDL-, LDL-fraction and liver TG concentrations compared with those fed fiber-free diet . The HMG-CoA reductase activity was not different among diet groups but the lowest activity was observed in sodium alginate group. The feeding of sodium alginate significantly increased fecal cholesterol , TG, and bile acid excretion . In summary , the ingestion of sodium alginate decreased cholesterol and TG concentrations of plasma and liver. This may be explained by the facts that fecal cholesterol, bile acid and TG level were increased significantly in sodium alginate group.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.278-292
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• 1994

This study was attempted to investigate the effect of Machili Cortex extract(Machilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. ) on digestive system in experimental animals. EtOH and MeOH extracts(E.E. and M.E.) were found to inhibit the charcoal transport rate in the small intestine of mice. E.E. exhibited the inhibition of spontaneous movement(motility) and tension in the ileum and colon strips of rabbit, and these actions were inhibited by action of acetylcholine. E.E. and M.E. given intraduodenaly(i.d.) exhibitied the significant decrease of gastric acid secretion in pylorus-ligated rats. E.E. and M.E. inhibited the formation of some experimental gastric ulcers(pylorus ligation-ulcer i.d., indomethacin-induced ulcer p.o. and aspirin-induced ulcer p.o. ) in rats, which are considered to relate to a protective action. E.E. and M.E. caused remarkable increase of bile excretion, compared with normal-control group, when adminstered through i.d., i.v. and p.o. The antibacterial activity against several intestinal microorganisms and other bacteria in vitro test was observed in the administration of E.E. and M.E.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2005

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has long been used as an adjuvant or first choice of therapy for liver disease. Commonly, UDCA has been reported to play a role in improving hyperbilirubinemia and disorder of bromsulphalein. More commonly, UDCA has been used in reducing the rate of cholesterol level in bile juice that can cause cholesterol stone. The effects on the promotion of bile acid release that leads an excretion of toxic materials and wastes produced in liver cells as well as various arrays of liver disease such as hepatitis. Other than already reported in clinical use, immunosuppressive effect has been studied, especially in transplantation. In the study, we hypothesized that UDCA might have a certain role in anti-inflammation through a preventive effect of pro-inflammatory potentials in the brain macrophages, microglia. We found that the treatment of $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ UDCA effectively suppressed the pro-inflammatory mediators (i.e. nitric oxide and interleukin-$1{\beta}$) in rat microglia compared to comparators. Interestingly, RT-PCR analysis suggested that UDCA strongly attenuated the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ that was comparable with cyclosporine A at 48 h incubation. Conclusively, we found that UDCA may playa cytoprotective role in microglial cells through direct or indirect pathways by scavenging a toxic compound or an anti-inflammatory effect, which are known as major causes of neurodegenerative diseases.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1569-1572
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• 2009

The pharmacokinetics of decursin and decursinol angelate (D/DA) were investigated in male SD rats following oral and intravenous administration. D/DA and metabolites obtained from in vitro samples were evaluated by LC/MS. The levels of D/DA and metabolized decursinol in the blood following oral and intravenous administrations declined according to first-order kinetics, with $T_{1/2}$ values of 56.67, 58.01, and 57.22 h, respectively, being observed after administration of a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight. The large intestine was the major site of disposition following oral administration. These data indicate that D/DA is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. In in vitro experiment utilizing liver microsomal protein, the major metabolic reaction of D/DA occurred to change decursinol. The cumulative biliary, urinary, and fecal excretions of D/DA in bile duct-cannulated rats was $36.10{\pm}2.9%$, $25.35{\pm}3.8%$, and $34.20{\pm}3.2%$, respectively, at 72 h after administration. These results indicate that the absorption of D/DA is almost complete, and that its metabolites are primarily excreted into feces through the bile. These results indicate that D/DA is subject to enterohepatic circulation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.580-593
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• 1992

Cholesterol have many essential functions as a component of cellular and subcellular membranes, metabolic precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones, and obligatory part of the metabolic systems involved in DNA synthesis and cell division. These essential funtions demand a continuous and appropriate supply of cholesterol to the tissues. Body cholesterol pool is maintained by the balance of acquirement from diets, de novo synthesis, and excretion either as bile acids or neutral steroids. In these metabolic process, cholesterol biosynthesis is controlled by the change in the activity of 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. Under most physiological or nutritional situations, the activity of this enzyme is adroitly regulated to maintain tissue cholesterol balance. Excess cholesterol accumulation in the cells induces the decrease in the number of LDL-receptor, followed by the increase in the level of serum LDL-cholesterol. Increase in the level of serum cholesterol appears to be an important determinant for the incidence of the coronary heart disease. Dietary intervention may be helpful in alleviating an increase in the level of serum cholesterol or body cholesterol pool.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.15-29
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• 1992

The gallbladder is known to have the function of the storage and the concentration of the bile produced by the liver. This function is carried out by the removal of water and inorganic electrolytes. Extrahepatic cholestasis or the impairment of excretion of the bile leads to the distension and loss of the function of the gallbladder. The purpose of this study was to examine the ultrastructural characteristics of the normal gallbladder epithelial cells, and their structural changes induced by the ligation of common bile duct of the rabbit. Common bile duct ligation was performed under ether anesthesia. The rabbits were sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 14th day, respectively after operations. The tissue blocks of the gallbladder were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde prior to fixation in 1% osmium tetroxide, and embedded in the araldite mixture, and observed with JEM 100 CX-II electron microscope. The results were as follows: 1. The normal gallbladder epithelium of adult rabbit demonstrated two cell types, the ordinary epthelial cell and the dark cell. The dark cells have electron dense cytoplasm, and were found much infrequently, whereas ordinary epthelial cells were found quite numerous. 2. The ordinary epthelial cells of normal gallbladder were provided with the regular microvilli at the free surface and the images of pinocytotic activities in the apical cytoplasm, and exhibit highly convoluted lateral surfaces with elaborated microfolds. These figures of the cells suggest that they are resorptive in functional activity. 3. In the early stages (1st, 3rd, 5th day groups) following the ligation, the apical cytoplasm of some cells is protruding from the free surface and lost their microvilli. Numerous mucous granules filled in the apical and supranuclear cytoplasm compactly. 4. In the late stages (7th, 14th day groups) following the ligation, many light cells containing mumerous mucous granules are seen, between the ordinary epthelial cells. Mucous granules are fused each other, and are discharged into the lumen from the apical cytoplasm. The lateral membranes are straight or undulating without any interdigitations. From the above results, it was concluded that in the cholestasis induced by the common bile duct ligation, there is a tendency for the mucosal epithelium of the rabbit gallbladder to have secretory rather than an absorptive function.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.580-592
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to further investigate the potential health beneficial effects of long-term seaweed supplementation on lipid metabolism and hepatic functions in DIO mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Four brown seaweeds (Undaria pinnatifida [UP], Laminaria japonica [LJ], Sargassum fulvellum [SF], or Hizikia fusiforme [HF]) were added to a high fat diet (HFD) at a 5% ratio and supplemented to C57BL/6N mice for 16 weeks. Triglycerides (TGs) and total cholesterol (TC) in the liver, feces, and plasma were measured. Fecal bile acid (BA) levels in feces were monitored. Hepatic insulin signaling- and lipogenesis-related proteins were evaluated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in the LJ, SF, and HF groups compared to the HFD group by the end of 16-week feeding period. Plasma TG levels and hepatic lipid accumulation were significantly reduced in all 4 seaweed supplemented groups, whereas plasma TC levels were only suppressed in the UP and HF groups compared to the HFD group. Fecal BA levels were significantly elevated by UP, LJ, and SF supplementation compared to HFD feeding only. Lastly, regarding hepatic insulin signaling-related proteins, phosphorylation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase was significantly up-regulated by all 4 types of seaweed, whereas phosphorylation of protein kinase B was up-regulated only in the SF and HF groups. Lipogenesis-related proteins in the liver were effectively down-regulated by HF supplementation in DIO mice. CONCLUSIONS: Brown seaweed consumption showed hypotriglyceridemic effects in the prolonged DIO mouse model. Specifically, combinatory regulation of BA excretion and lipogenesis-related proteins in the liver by seaweed supplementation contributed to the reduction of plasma and hepatic TG levels, which inhibited hyperglycemia in DIO mice. Thus, the discrepant and species-specific functions of brown seaweeds provide novel insights for the selection of future targets for therapeutic agents.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.76-84
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• 1996

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Ganoderma lueuidum (GL) water extract on fat accumulation in the fatted rats Induced by the oral high fat administration for six weeks. Total cholesterol, neutral fat and epididymal fat pad of GL groups were lower than the control group. On the other hand, high density lipoprotein(HDL) -cholesterol was somewhat higher in GL than In the control group. In addition, the same result as the above case was obtained when examining adipose for liver and epididymal fat components. During the feeding experiment, level of low density lipoprotein(LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) increased while HDL was decreased in the control group as compared with normal group. The decree of LDL and VLDL was decreased, but HDL was increased in GL group as compared with the control group. Experiment group showed the Increased excretion as compared with the control group, in the excretion. Based on the above results, It was shown that it is possible to improve fat accumulation induced by high fat dietary through using the oral administration of Ganoderma lueidum boiling extract solutions.