• 설비공학논문집
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.367-372
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• 2009

The performance of a $CO_2$ heat pump water heater was measured with a variation of operating conditions such as refrigerant charge amount, outdoor temperature, compressor frequency, EEV opening, and water mass flow rate. The optimum refrigerant charge amount of the $CO_2$ system was 1800 g. At water mass flow rates of 75, 85, and 95 kg/h, the water heating temperatures were 74, 67, and $62^{\circ}C$ and COPs were 2.6, 2.8, and 3.0, respectively. Besides, the compressor frequency and water mass flow rate were adjusted to maintain the water heating temperature at $60^{\circ}C$ with the decrease of outdoor temperature. As the outdoor temperature decreased by $5^{\circ}C$, the compressor frequency increased beyond 60 Hz and the water mass flow rate decreased by 16.7%.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2008년도 동계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.310-315
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• 2008

In this study, experimental study on the heating performance of a $CO_2$ heat pump water heater with a variation of operating conditions such as refrigerant charge amount, outdoor temperature, compressor frequency, EEV opening and water mass flow rate. Based on the test results, the optimum charge amount was 1800 g. At the water mass flow rates of 75, 85, 95 kg/hr, the water heating temperature was 62, 67, $74^{\circ}C$ and COP was 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, respectively. Besides, the water mass flow rate and compressor frequency were varied to maintain above the water heating temperature of $60^{\circ}C$ with the decrease of outdoor temperature. So, The compressor frequency increased beyond 65 Hz and the water mass flow rate was 45 kg/hr at the outdoor temperature of $-13^{\circ}C$, 65 kg/hr at $-8^{\circ}C$, 75 kg/hr at $-3^{\circ}C$ and 85 kg/hr at 2, $7^{\circ}C$. As the outdoor temperature decreased, the heating COP decreased by 2.5-39.8%.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.780-788
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• 1989

본 연구에서는 재부착 이후의 재발달 난류경계층에서의 난류구조와 비평형 상태에서 평형상태로의 변화 과정을 실험적으로 고찰하고자 한다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.323-332
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• 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe general practitioners (GPs)' opinions and practices of preventive care and patients' opinions, attitudes, and behaviors towards prevention. Methods: The data stemmed from a cross-sectional national survey on prevention conducted in Switzerland from 2015 to 2016. In total, 170 randomly drawn GPs and 1154 of their patients participated. The GPs answered an online questionnaire and the patients answered a questionnaire administrated by fieldworkers present at their practices. Results: Both patients and GPs agreed that delivering preventive care is the dedicated role of a GP. It appeared that beyond classical topics of prevention such as cardiovascular risk factors, other prevention areas (e.g., cannabis consumption, immunization, occupational risks) were scarcely covered by GPs and reported as little-known by patients. In addition, GPs seemed to use a selective approach to prevention, responding to the clinical context, rather than a systematic approach to health promotion. The results also highlight possibilities to improve prevention in family medicine through options such as more supportive tools and public advertising, more time and more delegated tasks and, finally, a more recognized role. Conclusions: Despite an unfavorable context of prevention within the healthcare system, preventive care in family medicine is reasonably good in Switzerland. However, some limitations appear regarding the topics and the circumstances of preventive care delivery. A global effort is needed to implement necessary changes, and the responsibility should be broadened to other stakeholders.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.1218-1226
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• 2008

반도체 집적 기술의 발달과 컴퓨터에서 멀티미디어 기능의 사용이 많아지면서 보다 많은 기능들이 하드웨어로 구현되기를 원하는 요구가 증가되고 있다. 그래서 현재 사용되는 대부분의 32 비트 마이크로프로세서는 정수 곱셈기를 하드웨어로 구현하고 있다. 그러나 나눗셈기는 기존의 알고리즘인 SRT 알고리즘의 방식이 하드웨어 구현상의 복잡도와 느린 동작 속도로 인해 특정 마이크로프로세서에 한해서만 하드웨어로 구현되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 'w bit $\times$ w bit = 2w bit' 곱셈기를 사용하여 $\frac{N}{D}$ 정수 나눗셈을 수행하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 즉, 제수 D 의 역수를 구하고 이를 피제수 N 에 곱해서 정수 나눗셈을 수행한다. 본 논문에서는 제수 D 가 '$D=0.d{\times}2^L$, 0.5<0.d<1.0'일 때, '$0.d{\times}1.g=1+e$, $e<2^{-w}$'가 되는 '$\frac{1}{D}$'의 근사 값 '$1.g{\times}2^{-L}$'을 가칭 상역수라고 정의하고, 상역수를 구하는 알고리즘을 제안하고, 이렇게 구한 상역수 '$1.g{\times}2^{-L}$'을 피제수 N에 곱하여 $\frac{N}{D}$ 정수 나눗셈을 수행한다. 제안한 알고리즘은 정확한 역수를 계산하기 때문에 추가적인 보정이 요구되지 않는다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 알고리즘은 곱셈기만을 사용하므로 마이크로프로세서를 구현할 때 나눗셈을 위한 추가적인 하드웨어가 필요 없다. 그리고 기존 알고리즘인 SRT 방식에 비해 빠른 동작속도를 가지며, 워드 단위로 연산을 수행하기 때문에 기존의 나눗셈 알고리즘보다 컴파일러 작성에도 적합하다. 따라서, 본 논문의 연구 결과는 마이크로프로세서 및 하드웨어 크기에 제한적인 SOC(System on Chip) 구현 등에 폭넓게 사용될 수 있다.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.242-254
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• 2015

본 연구는 가공식품 원료로서 보리의 이용 가능성을 높이고자 보리시럽 제조에 필요한 보리당화액 제조의 최적조건을 규명하고, 보리당화액을 첨가한 보리시럽을 제조하여 품질특성 분석 및 관능평가를 실시하였다. 겉보리를 발아시킨 엿기름 첨가량을 10%(BM10), 20%(BM20), 30%(BM30)로 하고, 찰보리와 혼합하여 보리당화액을 제조하고, 당화온도는 $50^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, $70^{\circ}C$, 당화시간을 1~8시간으로 조건을 달리하여 엿기름 당화의 제조조건을 규명하고자 엿기름물의 시간대별 pH 변화와 당도를 시간대별로 측정한 결과는 $60^{\circ}C$에서 5시간이 적합하였다. 엿기름의 첨가량을 달리하여 $60^{\circ}C$에서 5시간 당화시킨 보리당화액 BM10, BM20, BM30에 올리고당과 레몬액을 각각 첨가하고, $65^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 동안 중탕 제조한 보리시럽의 품질특성을 측정하였다. 당도는 BMs30의 당도가 가장 높게 나타났다. 색도를 측정한 L값은 엿기름 첨가량이 많은 보리당화액으로 제조한 보리시럽일수록 감소하였고, a값과 b값은 엿기름 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하여 BMs30이 가장 높게 나타났다. 보리시럽의 점도와 pH를 측정한 결과는 엿기름 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하여 BMs30이 가장 높게 나타났다. 보리시럽의 관능평가 결과, 색, 향, 당도, 점도, 전반적인 기호도에서 보리에 대한 고정관념과 보리시럽을 기대하고 예상하는 맛이 있어 모든 평가 항목에서 BM20으로 제조한 보리시럽 BMs20이 관능적 특성이 우수한 것으로 평가되어 엿기름 첨가량 20%(BM20)를 첨가하여 $60^{\circ}C$에서 5시간 동안 당화한 최적의 보리당화액으로, $65^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 동안 중탕하여 제조한 당도 $60^{\circ}Brix$ BMs20이 음료베이스용 시럽 및 디저트용 시럽으로 사용하기에 가장 적합할 것으로 판단되며, 보리 및 보리가공품 실용화를 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.1061-1070
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• 2023

Over the last few years, lead-free inorganic metal perovskites have gained impressive ground in empowering satellites in space exploration owing to their material stability and performance evolution under extreme space environments. The present work has examined the versatility of eight such perovskites as space radiation shielding materials by computing their photon, charged particles and neutron interaction parameters. Photon interaction parameters were calculated for a wide energy range using PAGEX software. The ranges of heavy charged particles (H, He, C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si and Fe ions) in these perovskites were estimated using SRIM software in the energy range 1 keV-10 GeV, and that of electrons was computed using ESTAR NIST software in the energy range 0.01 MeV-1 GeV. Further, the macroscopic fast neutron removal cross-sections were also calculated to estimate the neutron shielding efficiencies. The examined shielding parameters of the perovskites varied depending on the radiation type and energy. Among the selected perovskites, Cs₂TiI₆ and Ba₂AgIO₆ displayed superior photon attenuation properties. A 3.5 cm thick Ba₂AgIO₆-based shield could reduce the incident radiation intensity to half its initial value, a thickness even lesser than that of Pb-glass. Besides, CsSnBr₃ and La_0.8Ca_0.2Ni_0.5Ti_0.5O₃ displayed the highest and lowest range values, respectively, for all heavy charged particles. Ba₂AgIO₆ showed electron stopping power (on par with Kovar) better than that of other examined materials. Interestingly, La_0.8Ca_0.2Ni_0.5Ti_0.5O₃ demonstrated neutron removal cross-section values greater than that of standard neutron shielding materials - aluminium and polyethylene. On the whole, the present study not only demonstrates the employment prospects of eco-friendly perovskites for shielding space radiations but also suggests future prospects for research in this direction.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.113-131
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• 1996

This study was carried out to evaluate the relations among workers' general characteristics, work-related behaviors and health related behaviors in a steel industry with 1,134 workers in Pohang. The results were as follows; 1. The mean age of workers was 50 years old and working duration was 15 years and over. Most of them were married(94.5%) and had studied beyond high school (53.0%). They performed three shift work and most of them(63.0%) had experienced industial accidents. The frequency of noise and dust exposure was defined by a minimum of 6 hours per day, and workers complained about noise exposure(62.9%) and dust(55.6%). There were current smokers(67.7%), current drinkers(74.3%) and current exercising workers(32.3%) in the industry. The number of cigarette consumption in current drinkers was significantly high $(13.6{\pm}8.4\;pieces/day)$ and the alcohol consumption in current smokers was significantly high$(104.5{\pm}113.5\;g/wk)$. And the number of cigarette consumption of exercisers was significantly low and the alcohol consumption of exercisers was higher than non-exercisers. 3. The ratio of current smokers on frequent noise in exposed workers versus non-exposed workers was not significantly high but the current drinkers in frequent noise and dust exposed workers was significantly higher than non-exposed. 4. The normal levels of SGOT workers in non-smokers were significantly higher than in current smokers, and the normal levels of LFT (SGOT, SGPT, $\gamma-GTP$ workers in nondrinkers were significantly high. The normal levels of SBP and DBP workers in current smokers were not significantly high but were significantly high in non-drinkers. 5. The ratio of current smokers in voters unsatisfied with their job and working condition was higher than non-smokers, but the ratio of current drinkers in workers satisfied with their job and working condition were higher. 6. The significant factors for SGOT and $\gamma-GTP$ were age, the drinking amount and BMI. But the only significant factor for r-GTP was BMI. The significant factors for DBP were age, the alcohol consumption and BMI. And the significant factors for SBP were age, BMI.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.13-23
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• 1982

Effects of external pH and potassium concentrations on the electrical and mechanical properties were investigated on rabbit papillary muscle. Papillary muscles were perfused in horizontal chamber with Tris Tyrode solutions and action potential along with isometric tension was recorded simultaneously. Potassium concentrations were varied between 1 and 12 mM at low(6.9), normal(7.4) and high (7.9) external pH. The following results were obtained: 1) On rasing the potassium concentration from 1 to 12 mM resting membrane potentials decreased from $-88.8{\pm}2.8$ to $-66.4{\pm}1.2\;mV$ at normal pH and the amplitude of action potential decreased from $115.1{\pm}0.7$ to $97.5{\pm}2.8\;mV$. On lowering the potassium concentration, membrane hyperpolarized and at 1 mM potassium concentration resting potentials were $-107{\pm}2.2\;mV$. Duration of action potential especially $APD_{60}{\sim}APD_{90}$ increased($APD_{90}$: $214{\pm}15.8\;ms$ at 1 mM $K^+$ to $287{\pm}18.1\;ms$ at 12 mM $K^+$). 2) During acidosis membranes hyperpolarized by more than 20 mV within 1 min. and then slow recovery was observed during the following 10 min. During alkalosis membranes depolarized about 10 mV, which were maintained until washing with normal Tyrode solutions. 3) On lowering the external pH(7.9-6.5), duration of action potential increased progressively and it was most prominent at pH 6.5 and $K^+$ 1mM. 4) Magnitude of developed tension was $0.6{\pm}0.14\;g/mm^2$ at normal pH and potassium concentration (stimulus frequency : 60/min). Relative isometric tension to normal value increased along the increment of stimulus frequency($44.2{\pm}4.2%$ at 6/min to $271{\pm}86.7%$ at 180/min). Force-frequency relations were altered quantitatively during the perfusion with different external pH solutions. 5) Developed tension did not show marked variation within the range of $2{\sim}8\;mM$ potassium concentrations. Positive inotropism was observed at less than 2 mM $K^+$ and negative inotropism beyond 12 mM $K^+$ concentrations. From the above results we concluded that the effects of potassium ion concentration on electrical and mechanical properties of rabbit papillary muscle are related to the changes in surface negative charge due to acid base disturbances.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2005년도 International Meeting on Information Displayvol.II
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• pp.1203-1206
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• 2005

Electron temperature and plasma density in coplanar alternating-current plasma display panels (AC-PDP's) have been experimentally investigated in accordance with discharge time by a micro-probe in this experiment. The resolution of a step mortor to move in micro-Langmuir probe is 10um.[1-3] The used gas in this experiment is He-Ne-Xe (4%) mixure gas. And sustain voltage is 320V which is above of firing voltage for degradation. The electron temperature and plasma density can be obtained from current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of micro Langmuir probe, in which negative to positive bias voltage was applied to the probe. And Efficiency is calculated by formula related discharge power and light emission. Those experiments operated as various discharge time ($0{\sim}72$ Hours). As a result of this experiment, Electron Temperature was increased from 2eV to 5eV after discharge running time of 20 hours and saturates beyond 20 hours. The plasma density is inversely proportional to the square root of electron temperature. So the plasma density was decreased from $1.8{\times}10^{12}cm^{-3}$ to $8{\times}10^{11}cm^{-3}$ at above discharge running time. And the Efficiency was reduced to 70% at 60hours of discharge running time.