• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.3 no.6
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• pp.485-495
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• 2019

Photobiomodulation (PBM) using organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) surface light sources have recently been claimed to be the next generation of PBM light sources. However, the differences between light emitting diodes (LEDs) and OLED mechanisms in vitro and in vivo have not been well studied. In vivo mouse models were used to investigate the effects of OLED irradiation on cellular function and cutaneous wound healing compared to LED irradiation. Mice in the LED- and OLED-irradiated groups were subjected to irradiation with 6 J/㎠ LED and OLED (630 nm), respectively, for 14 days after wounding, and some mice were sacrificed for the experiments on days 3, 7, 10, and 14. To evaluate wound healing, we performed hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining and quantified collagen density by computerized image analysis. The results showed that the size of the wound, collagen density, neo-epidermis thickness, number of new blood vessels, and number of fibroblasts and neutrophils was significantly influenced by LED and OLED irradiation. The tissue levels of interleukin (IL)-β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were investigated by immunohistochemical staining. LED and OLED irradiation resulted in a significant increase in the tissue IL-β and IL-6 levels at the early stage of wound healing (P < 0.01), and a decrease in the tissue TNF-α level at all stages of wound healing (P < 0.05), compared to the no-treatment group. The expression levels of the genes encoding vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta 1 were significantly increased in LED and OLED-irradiated wound tissue at the early stage of wound healing (P < 0.01) compared to the no-treatment group. Thus, OLED as well as LED irradiation accelerated wound healing by modulating the synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines and the expression levels of genes encoding growth factors, promoting collagen regeneration and reducing scarring. In conclusion, this suggests the possibility of OLED as a new light source to overcome the limitations of existing PBMs.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2017

Nesfatin-1/NUCB2 is known to take part in the control of the appetite and energy metabolism. Recently, many reports have shown nesfatin-1/NUCB2 expression and function in various organs. We previously demonstrated that nesfatin-1/NUCB2 expression level is higher in the pituitary gland compared to other organs and its expression is regulated by $17{\beta}-estradiol$ and progesterone secreted from the ovary. However, currently no data exist on the expression of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 and its regulation mechanism in the pituitary of male mouse. Therefore, we examined whether nesfatin-1/NUCB2 is expressed in the male mouse pituitary and if its expression is regulated by testosterone. As a result of PCR and western blotting, we found that a large amount of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 was expressed in the pituitary and hypothalamus. The NUCB2 mRNA expression level in the pituitary was decreased after castration, but not in the hypothalamus. In addition, its mRNA expression level in the pituitary was increased after testosterone treatment in the castrated mice, whereas, the expression level in the hypothalamus was significantly decreased after the treatment with testosterone. The in vitro experiment to elucidate the direct effect of testosterone on NUCB2 mRNA expression showed that NUCB2 mRNA expression was significantly decreased with testosterone in cultured hypothalamus tissue, but increased with testosterone in cultured pituitary gland. The present study demonstrated that nesfatin-1/NUCB2 was highly expressed in the male mouse pituitary and was regulated by testosterone. This data suggests that reproductive-endocrine regulation through hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis may contribute to NUCB2 mRNA expression in the mouse hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.721-740
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• 2019

Noise reduction is an important field in image processing and requires a statistical approach. However, it is difficult to assume a specific distribution of noise, and a spatial filter that reflects regional characteristics is a small sample and cannot be accessed in a parametric manner. The first order image differential and the second order image differential show a clear difference according to the noise level included in the image and can be more clearly understood using the canyon edge detector. The Fligner-Killeen test was performed and the bootstrap method was used to statistically check the noise level. The estimated noise level was set between 0 and 1 using the cumulative distribution function of the beta distribution. In this paper, we propose a nonparametric noise reduction algorithm that accounts for the noise level included in the image.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.586-590
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• 2009

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency is rare inherited defect on phagocytic function resulting lack of leukocyte cell surface expression of $\beta2$ integrin molecule that are essential for leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and chemotaxis. Clinical features of patients with leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I include recurrent necrotic infection of the skin mucous membranes, and intestinal tract with septicemia, and omphalitis arising from delayed umbilical cord separation. Oral manifestations are severe progressive periodontitis with alveolar bone loss, periodontal pockets, and partial and total premature loss of the deciduous and permanent dentitions. We report a case of leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I in a 5-year-old child with severe periodontitis. In order to prevent local and systemic infection, we controlled periodontal disease with periodic oral prophylaxis. Oral swabs and blood cultures were perfomed for suspected infection, so that optimal measures were taken through the use of appropriate antibiotics.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.325-330
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• 2018

This paper, following the shape parameters of the minimax distribution, describes the special form of the beta distribution, the Minimax distribution, as a function of the shape parameters for the software reliability model based on the non-homogeneous Poisson process. Characteristics and usefulness were discussed. As a result, the case of the shape parameter 1 of Minimax distribution than less than and greate in mean squared error is the smallest, in determination coefficient, appears to be high, the shape parameter 1 of Minimax distribution regard as an efficient model. The estimated determination coefficient of the proposed model is estimated to be more than 95%, which is a useful model in the field of software reliability. Through this study, software design and users can identify the software failure characteristics using mean square error, decision coefficient, and confidence interval can be used as a basic guideline.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.1178-1187
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• 2000

Many immunostimulating substances have been developed to improve immunity of domestic animals, although their exact mode of action and effects are not clearly defined, and they are now widely used in feed industry. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides, called endotoxin, in particular may have a profound effect not only on the immune system but also on macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system. Glucans from a variety of yeast cell wall have been shown to stimulate both specific and non-specific immune responses and to increase growth performance in pigs. Recently, there has been great interest in the role of complex carbohydrates in disease prevention and treatment. Mannanoligosaccharide is a glucomannoprotein complex derived from the cell wall of yeast. Generally, it was also known that the deficiencies of some major vitamins (vitamin A, E and C) and minerals (chromium and selenium) lead to impaired immune system and, as a result, immune function is depressed and recovery delayed. On the other hand, many researchers suggested that one possible reason for the superior performance observed in pigs fed plasma protein may be because of the presence of biologically active plasma proteins (e.g., immunoglobulins) which are known to contribute to the health of the starter pig. And, immunoglobulins present in plasma protein have been implicated as contributing to the overall immunocompetence of the newborn pig. Other immunostimulants, lactoferrin and lysozyme, mainly found in milk and egg white, have been known as having bacteriocidal and bacteriolytic effect. When considering practical use of immunostimulants, the concept of using immunostimulants is new to many people and, in most cases, it is poorly understood how and why such compounds act, and how they should be used in practice. Therefore, in order to clarify the reason for discrepancies in results, special attention should be paid to the dose/response relationship of immunostimulants and the duration of the effect.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.20
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• pp.8539-8548
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• 2014

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is an important signaling pathway in living beings in response to extracellular stimuli. There are 5 main subgroups manipulating by a set of sequential actions: ERK(ERK1/ERK2), c-Jun N(JNK/SAPK), p38 MAPK($p38{\alpha}$, $p38{\beta}$, $p38{\gamma}$ and $p38{\delta}$), and ERK3/ERK4/ERK5. When stimulated, factors of upstream or downstream change, and by interacting with each other, these groups have long been recognized to be related to multiple biologic processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, death, migration, invasion and inflammation. However, once abnormally activated, cancer may occur. Several components of the MAPK network have already been proposed as targets in cancer therapy, such as p38, JNK, ERK, MEK, RAF, RAS, and DUSP1. Among them, alteration of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK-MAPK(RAS-MAPK) pathway has frequently been reported in human cancer as a result of abnormal activation of receptor tyrosine kinases or gain-of-function mutations in genes. The reported roles of MAPK signaling in apoptotic cell death are controversial, so that further in-depth investigations are needed to address these controversies. Based on an extensive analysis of published data, the goal of this review is to provide an overview on recent studies about the mechanism of MAP kinases, and how it generates certain tumors, as well as related treatments.

• BMB Reports
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.415-434
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• 2008

Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C is an effector molecule in the signal transduction process. It generates two second messengers, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Currently, thirteen mammal PLC isozymes have been identified, and they are divided into six groups: PLC-$\beta$, -$\gamma$, -$\delta$, -$\varepsilon$, -$\zeta$ and -$\eta$. Sequence analysis studies demonstrated that each isozyme has more than one alternative splicing variant. PLC isozymes contain the X and Y domains that are responsible for catalytic activity. Several other domains including the PH domain, the C2 domain and EF hand motifs are involved in various biological functions of PLC isozymes as signaling proteins. The distribution of PLC isozymes is tissue and organ specific. Recent studies on isolated cells and knockout mice depleted of PLC isozymes have revealed their distinct phenotypes. Given the specificity in distribution and cellular localization, it is clear that each PLC isozyme bears a unique function in the modulation of physiological responses. In this review, we discuss the structural organization, enzymatic properties and molecular diversity of PLC splicing variants and study functional and physiological roles of each isozyme.

• BMB Reports
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.153-157
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• 2008

The objective of the present study was to identify mitochondrial components associated with the damage caused by iron to the rat heart. Decreased cell viability was assessed by increased presence of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum. To assess the functional integrity of mitochondria, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), the Respiratory Control Ratio (RCR), ATP and chelatable iron content were measured in the heart. Chelatable iron increased 15-fold in the mitochondria and ROS increased by 59%. Deterioration of mitochondrial function in the presence of iron was demonstrated by low RCR (46% decrease) and low ATP content (96% decrease). Using two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), we identified alterations in 21 mitochondrial proteins triggered by iron overload. Significantly, expression of the $\alpha$, $\beta$, and d subunits of $F_1F_o$ ATP synthase increased along with the loss of ATP. This suggests that the $F_1F_o$ ATP synthase participates in iron metabolism.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1594-1605
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• 2001

In this study, a numerical simulation was developed which was capable of predicting the characteristics of NO formation in pilot scale combustor adopting the air-staged burner flame. The numerical calculation was constructed by means of establishing the mathematical models fur turbulence, turbulent combustion, radiation and turbulent nitric oxide chemistry. Turbulence was solved with standard k-$\xi$ model and the turbulent combustion model was incorporated using a two step reaction scheme together with an eddy dissipation model. The radiative transfer equation was calculated by means of the discrete ordinates method with the weighted sum of gray gases model for CO$_2$and H$_2$O. In the NO chemistry model, the chemical reaction rates for thermal and prompt NO were statistically averaged using the $\beta$ probability density function. The results were validated by comparison with measurements. For the experiment, a 0.2 MW pilot multi-air staged burner has been designed and fabricated. Only when the radiation was taken into account, the predicted gas temperature was in good agreement with the experimental one, which meant that the inclusion of radiation was indispensable for modeling multi-air staged gas flame. This was also true of the prediction of the NO formation, since it heavily depended on temperature. Subsequently, it was found that the multi-air staged combustion technique might be used as a practical tool in reducing the NO formation by controlling the peak flame temperature.