• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.36
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• pp.237-257
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• 2014

This study is the process of performing the interdisciplinary fusion study between multiple fields by identifying the status on the previous artistic education considering the brain scientific mechanism of image creativity and brain-based learning principles. In recent years, producing the educational methods of each field as the fusion study activities are emerging as the trend and thanks to such, the results of brain-based educational fusion studies are being presented for each field. It includes artistic fields such as music, art and dance. In other words, the perspective is that by understanding the operating principles of the brain while creativity and learning is taking place, when applying various principles that can develop the corresponding functions as a teaching method, it can effectively increase the artistic performance ability and creativity. Since the animation drawing should be able to intuitively recognize the elements of movement and produce the communication with the target beyond the delineative perspective of simply drawing the objects to look the same, it requires the development of systematic educational method including the methods of communication, elements of higher cognitive senses as well as the cognitive perspective of form implementation. Therefore, this study proposes a literature study results on the artistic education applied with brain-based principles in order to design the educational model considering the professional characteristics of animation drawing. Therefore, the overseas and domestic trends of the cases of brain-based artistic education were extracted and analyzed. In addition, the cases of artistic education studies applied with brain-based principles and study results from cases of drawing related education were analyzed. According to the analyzed results, the brain-based learning related to the drawing has shown a common effect of promoting the creativity and changes of positive emotion related to the observation, concentration and image expression through the training of the right brain. In addition, there was a case of overseas educational application through the brain wave training where the timing ability and artistic expression have shown an enhancement effect through the HRV training, SMR, Beta 1 and neuro feedback training that strengthens the alpha/seta wave and it was proposing that slow brain wave neuro feedback training contributes significantly in overcoming the stress and enhancing the creative artistic performance ability. The meaning of this study result is significant in the fact that it was the case that have shown the successful application of neuro feedback training in the environment of artistic live education beyond the range of laboratory but the use of the machine was shown to have limitations for being applied to the teaching methods so its significance can be found in providing the analytical foundation for applying and designing the brain-based learning principles for future animation drawing teaching methods.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.2049-2056
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• 2013

With the advance in information communication, the information age has come, and desire of human being in increasing. In this circumstance, the necessity for design for building of superhighways is arising to improve the mobility in the field of transportation, too. This study was conducted to analyze if driver can drive at a design speed on a superhighway with a design speed exceeding 120km/h. For this study, it was experimented if the running speed that makes a driver feel anxious, increased, when road alignment and standard improved, due to the differences of design speed. For the experiment, 30 subjects were asked to attach brain wave analyzers to bodies. Then, this study compared powers of ${\beta}$ waves generated, when they felt anxious, driving on the roads with different design speeds, and driving virtually through a simulator. Here, Kangbyeonbukro (90km/h), Jayuro(100km/h), Joongang Expressway(110km/h), and Seohaean Expressway(120km/h) were selected as experimental sections. While drivers drove on the Kangbyeonbukro and Jayuro at a speed of 80km/h - 130km/h, on the Joongang Expressway at a speed of 100km/h - 150km/h, and Seohaean Expressway at a speed of 110km/h - 180km/h, powers of anxiety EEGs(electroencephalogram) were compared, and during the simulation driving at the same speed of 110km/h - 180km/h, powers of anxiety EEGs were compared and analyzed. Moreover, the speed when anxiety EEGs increased, was statistically verified through paired t-test. As the result, the speed when anxiety EEGs increased during the simulation driving was nearly 30km/h higher than when they increased during the actual driving on the expressways, and anxiety EEGs increased at the same speed, when subjects drove on the roads with a design speed of 90km/h and 100km/h. It means that there were small differences in road alignment and standard. However, the running speed to make drivers feel anxious was increased at both roads with a design speed of 110km/h and 120km/h. It implies that drivers can drive at a higher speed, as road alignment and standard improve.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-27
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• 1970

The process of the forced aging of flue-cured tobacco leaves were studied extensively from various scientific points of view. The Flue-cured tobacco leaves were inoculated and fermented with nicotine resistant Hansenula yeast, or the leaves were subjected under simple forced aging. The above two processes of forced aging were studied from the summarized points of microbiology, physics, chemistry, and biochemistry, and the resulted products ware compared in their physical, chemical and biochemical quality determining factors with that of raw material tobacco leaves (dried-tobacco leaves) and 2 years aged high quality tobacco leaves. The summary results were as follows. 1) The Korean flue-cured tobacco leaves, were forcedly aged under the basic optimum aging condition, temperature $40^{\circ}C$, moisture contents 18%, relative humidity 74%. It was found that this aging condition was the best in bringing the quality of forcedly aged tobacco leaves to the utmost state. 2) Under this optimum temperature and moisture condition of forced aging in about 20 days the forcedly aged tobacco leaves both with yeast inoculation and without yeast inoculation showed the equivalent tobacco qualities comparable with that of more than 2 years aged tobacco leaves. 3) The forcedly aged tobacco leaves both with and without yeast inoculation under $40^{\circ}C$ temperature and $74^{\circ}C$ relative humidity achieved the necessary quality determining physical and chemical changes in about 20 days. 4) The microbial changes during the forced aging were as follows. The population of yeasts and bacteria increased until to 15 days of aging, then decreased thereafter. Whereas the molds grew continously until the end of fermentation. 5) The tobacco quality determing physico-chemico-properties of yeast inoculated aged and simple forcedly aged tobacco leaves, progressed as the follows in time. As the forced aging progresses, swelling and combustibility properties were improved. The pH, total reducing materials, total sugars, alkaloids contents decreased. The contents of organic and ether extractable materials increased. The total nitrogen, protein, crude fiber, ash contents showed no changes. The color properties, excitation purity, luminance, main wave length, showed equivalent changes comparable with that of 2 years aged tobacco leaves. 6) The changes in chemical components in yeast treated and simple forcedly aged tobacco leaves during $15{\sim}20{\;}days$ of forced aging were as follows. The following chemical components decreased as the aging. Sugars-sucrose. rhamnose, glucose. Pigments-chlorophyll, carotenes, xanthophyll and violax anthine. Polyphenols-rutin, chlorogenic and, coffeic acid. Organic acids-iso-butylic, crotonic, caprylic, galacturonic, tartaric, succinic, citric acid. Alkaloids-nicotine, nornicotine. The following components increased as the forced aging progressed. Sugars-frutose, maltose, raffinose. Amino acids-proline, cystine. Organic acids-formic, acetic, propionic, n-butyric, iso-valeric, n-valeric, malic, oxalic, malonic, ${\alpha}-ketoglutaric$, fumaric, glutaric acid. 7) During the forced aging of tobacco Leaves the oxygen-uptake decreased gradually. The enzyme activities of polyphenol oxidase, ${\beta}-amylase$ ${\alpha}-amylase$ decreased gradually. The activities of the enzymes, catalase, and invertase increased once then decreased at the later stage.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.149-169
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• 2018

Korea is currently accumulating a large amount of data in public institutions based on the public data open policy and the "Government 3.0". Especially, a lot of data is accumulated in the tourism field. However, the academic discussions utilizing the tourism data are still limited. Moreover, the openness of the data of restaurants, hotels, and online tourism information, and how to use SNS Big Data in tourism are still limited. Therefore, utilization through tourism big data analysis is still low. In this paper, we tried to analyze influencing factors on foreign tourists' satisfaction in Korea through numerical data using data mining technique and R programming technique. In this study, we tried to find ways to revitalize the tourism industry by analyzing about 36,000 big data of the "Survey on the actual situation of foreign tourists from 2013 to 2015" surveyed by the Korea Culture & Tourism Research Institute. To do this, we analyzed the factors that have high influence on the 'Satisfaction', 'Revisit intention', and 'Recommendation' variables of foreign tourists. Furthermore, we analyzed the practical influences of the variables that are mentioned above. As a procedure of this study, we first integrated survey data of foreign tourists conducted by Korea Culture & Tourism Research Institute, which is stored in the tourist information system from 2013 to 2015, and eliminate unnecessary variables that are inconsistent with the research purpose among the integrated data. Some variables were modified to improve the accuracy of the analysis. And we analyzed the factors affecting the dependent variables by using data-mining methods: decision tree(C5.0, CART, CHAID, QUEST), artificial neural network, and logistic regression analysis of SPSS IBM Modeler 16.0. The seven variables that have the greatest effect on each dependent variable were derived. As a result of data analysis, it was found that seven major variables influencing 'overall satisfaction' were sightseeing spot attraction, food satisfaction, accommodation satisfaction, traffic satisfaction, guide service satisfaction, number of visiting places, and country. Variables that had a great influence appeared food satisfaction and sightseeing spot attraction. The seven variables that had the greatest influence on 'revisit intention' were the country, travel motivation, activity, food satisfaction, best activity, guide service satisfaction and sightseeing spot attraction. The most influential variables were food satisfaction and travel motivation for Korean style. Lastly, the seven variables that have the greatest influence on the 'recommendation intention' were the country, sightseeing spot attraction, number of visiting places, food satisfaction, activity, tour guide service satisfaction and cost. And then the variables that had the greatest influence were the country, sightseeing spot attraction, and food satisfaction. In addition, in order to grasp the influence of each independent variables more deeply, we used R programming to identify the influence of independent variables. As a result, it was found that the food satisfaction and sightseeing spot attraction were higher than other variables in overall satisfaction and had a greater effect than other influential variables. Revisit intention had a higher ${\beta}$ value in the travel motive as the purpose of Korean Wave than other variables. It will be necessary to have a policy that will lead to a substantial revisit of tourists by enhancing tourist attractions for the purpose of Korean Wave. Lastly, the recommendation had the same result of satisfaction as the sightseeing spot attraction and food satisfaction have higher ${\beta}$ value than other variables. From this analysis, we found that 'food satisfaction' and 'sightseeing spot attraction' variables were the common factors to influence three dependent variables that are mentioned above('Overall satisfaction', 'Revisit intention' and 'Recommendation'), and that those factors affected the satisfaction of travel in Korea significantly. The purpose of this study is to examine how to activate foreign tourists in Korea through big data analysis. It is expected to be used as basic data for analyzing tourism data and establishing effective tourism policy. It is expected to be used as a material to establish an activation plan that can contribute to tourism development in Korea in the future.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of iontophoresis on transdermal delivery of procaine hydrochloride in healthy volunteers, as well as to the synergic effect of high voltage current or ultrasound on the efficacy of transdermal delivery of iontophoresis. Forty healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups topical application group (TA), iontophoresis group (IT), pre-treatment of high voltage current stimulation with iontophoresis (HVS + IT), and pre-treatment of ultrasound application with iontophoresis (US + IT). All subjects received procaine iontophoresis on the forearm using direct current with 4 mA f3r 15 minutes. All subject was measured the duration of local anesthesia, pressure pain threshold, pain perception threshold using rectangular wave at 0.2 ms, 1 ms, 50 ms of rectangular current stimulation after procaine iontophoresis. For comparisons of the sensory characteristics and efficacy of iontophoresis between the groups, an one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis were used. The significant difference the duration of local anesthesia were found between the groups (p<0.001). The local anesthetic duration of IT, HVS+IT were significantly longer than TA. Meanwhile, the local anesthetic duration of US+IT was significantly longer than HVS+IT, IT and TA group (p<0.05). Also, the pressure pain threshold, pain perception threshold at 0.2 ms, 1 ms, 50 ms were significant difference between the groups (p<0.001). All sensory characteristics including pressure pain threshold, pain perception threshold of IT, HVS+IT was significantly increased than TA, whereas, US+1T was significantly increased HVS+1T, IT and TA (p<0.05). This study showed that the procaine iontophoresis have increase the duration of local anesthesia concomitantly pressure pain threshold and pain perception threshold of sensory nerve fibers such as $A-{\beta}$, $A-{\delta}$ and C fiber. This findings suggest that the iontophoresis enhanced the transdermal delivery of drug ions in vivo. The combination of ultrasound application and iontophoresis synergized the transdermal delivery of drug ions. It is suggests that an electric field, mechanical and heating property of ultrasound may contribute to synergic effect due to temporary changes of structure in the stratum corneum.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.285-293
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI-2) clinical scales and the self-regulation quotient of the brain quotient. The test in this study was performed by 41 adults over 20 years old and was done using the MMPI-2, which is a self-reporting method. EEG was performed using a 2-channel EEG System at Fp1 and Fp2. The analysis showed a negative correlation between scale 2(D), which is the MMPI-2 clinical scale, and the SRQ(Self Regulation Quotient) relaxation status, which is the related alpha rhythm. Scale3(Hy) showed a positive correlation with the SRQ concentration status and low ${\beta}$ rhythm. Scale7 in the MMPI-2 clinical scales showed a negative correlation with the SRQ relaxation status, which is the alpha rhythm. This means that MMPI-2 and SRQ can be used complementarily in the field of counseling. These results could be interpreted in three ways. First, people with depression are sensitive to other people's attention and evaluation. Therefore, they tend to expend a lot of energy when forming interpersonal relationships, and if they do not learn to relax, their fatigue can easily be increased. Second, people who seek other people's interest and have a cheerful spirit are considered to be highly active. Third, highly stressed people with anxiety and tension seem to easily become tired and their irritation and discomfort may be increased in consequence.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.144-156
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• 1993

This study was performed to investigate the effect of octreotide on the contractility of rat vas deferens. The smooth muscle strips isolated from the prostatic portion were myographied in isolated organ bath, Electric field stimulation (monophasic square wave, duration: 1 mSec, voltage : 50 V, frequency : 5 Hz or 30 Hz, train: 10 Sec) produced reproducible contraction. The contraction was composed of two component, first phasic component (FPC) and second tonic component (STC). These contractions were abolished by tetrodotoxin ($1{\mu}M$). Octreotide inhibited the field stimulation induced contractions both FPC and STC concentration-dependently. The FPC was decreased by a desentization of purinergic receptor by pretreatment of mATP, and the STC was decreased by pretreatment of reserpine(3 mg/kg, IP) 24 hours before experiments. Octreotide reduced the field stimulation induced contraction in the presence of mATP and of reserpinized muscle strips. The inhibitory effect of octreotide was more potent at 5 Hz than at 30 Hz. Octreotide did not affect basal ton and exogenous norepinephrine- or ATP-induced contraction. These results suggest that octreotide inhibit the contractility of the isolated rat vas deferens by inhibition of the release of neurotransmitters, both ATP and norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve terminal.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.37-50
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• 1994

Synthetic potassium channel openers (KCOs) are agents capable of opening K-channels in excitable cells. These agents are known to have their maximal potency in the smooth muscle tissue, especially in the vascular smooth muscle. Much attention has been focused on the type of K-channel that is responsible for mediating the effects of KCOs. As the KCO-induced changes are antagonized by glibenclamide, an $K_{ATP}$ (ATP-sensitive K-channel) blocker in the pancreatic ${\beta}-cell,\;K_{ATP}$ was suggested to be the channel responsible. However, there also are many results in favor of other types of K-channel $$(maxi-K,\;small\;conductance\;K_{Ca,}\; SK_{ATP}) mediating the effects of KCOs. Effects of lemakalim, (-)enantiomer of cromakalim (BRL 34915), on the spontaneous contractions and slow waves, were investigated in the antral circular muscle of the guinea-pig stomach. Membrane currents and the effects on membrane currents and single channel activities were also measured in single smooth muscle cells and excised membrane patches by using the patch clamp method. Lemakalim induced hyperpolarization and inhibited spontaneous contractions in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were blocked by glibenclamide and low concentrations of tetraethyl ammonium (< mM). Glibenclamide blocked the effect of lemakalim on the membrane potential and slow waves. The mechanoinhibitory effect of lemakalim was blocked by pretreatment with glibenclamide. In a whole ceIl patch clamp condition, lemakalim largely increased outward K currents. These outward K currents were blocked by TEA, glibenclamide and a high concentration of intracelIular EGTA (10 mM). Volatage-gated Ca currents were not affected by lemakalim. In inside-out patch clamp experiments, lemakalim increased the opening frequency of the large conductance $Ca^{2+}-activated$ K channels $(BK_{Ca},\;Maxi-K).$ From these results, it is suggested that lemakalim induces hyperpolarization by opening K-channels which are sensitive to internal Ca and such a hyperpolarization leads to the inhibition of the spontaneous contraction.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.65-74
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• 2010

Purpose : To understand the impact on the strength or restoration force by the change of heating temperature when soldering 18-8 stainless steel round wire which is the chrome-nickel class for dental orthodontic device production. Methods : The following conclusions were made upon the results from tensile strength test, 3 point bending test, and $90^{\circ}$ bending fatigue test with 24 samples that had been applied with condition 1 (before heat treatment - natural) and condition 2 (after heat treatment - mooring 30 seconds after heating up to $500^{\circ}C$, $700^{\circ}C$, and $900^{\circ}C$) to ${\phi}0.4mm$, ${\phi}0.7{\beta}mm$, 18-8 stainless steel round wire (spring hard) by Jinsung Company. Results : When it was heat-treated at $900^{\circ}C$, both ${\phi}0.4mm$ and ${\phi}0.7mm$ showed very low tensile strengths compared to the heat treated cases at $500^{\circ}C$ and $700^{\circ}C$ Yield strengths of both ${\phi}0.4mm$ and ${\phi}0.7mm$ showed very low compared to the heat treated cases at natural, $500^{\circ}C$, and $700^{\circ}C$, as well. Upon the results of 3 point bending test, the heat treated case at $900^{\circ}C$ showed very low in both ${\phi}0.4mm$ and ${\phi}0.7mm$, compared to the heat treated cases at natural, $500^{\circ}C$, and $700^{\circ}C$. Tensile strength of both ${\phi}0.4mm$ and ${\phi}0.7mm$ as well, showed very low compared to the heat treated cases at natural, $500^{\circ}C$, and $700^{\circ}C$. Upon the results of $90^{\circ}$ bending fatigue test, the heat treated case at $900^{\circ}C$ showed the highest wave node resistance in both ${\phi}0.4mm$ and ${\phi}0.7mm$. Conclusion : This study concluded that heating temperature change during wire soldering impacts on the characteristics of orthodntic wire.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2008

Introduction: It has been proposed that narcolepsy and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) have overlapped symptom profile and pathophysiology. This study was aimed at measuring and comparing changes in EEG frequency band of REM sleep in narcolepsy and RBD, applying EEG spectral analysis method. Methods: Nine patients diagnosed as narcolepsy and the same number of RBD patients were studied. Spectral analysis of the REM sleep EEG was performed in each patient on 9 epochs selected evenly from the first, second, and third REM periods. Then, we compared frequency band percentages of REM sleep EEG in narcolepsy and RBD. Results: Narcolepsy patients had significantly higher delta frequency ratio than RBD ones (p=0.00). In alpha and beta2 frequency bands, RBD patients showed higher percentage than narcolepsy ones. Slow wave sleep was more prevalent in narcolepsy patients. But, no difference of REM sleep percentage was found between the two groups (p=0.93). Conclusion: Higher delta frequency ratio in REM sleep of narcolepsy patients than RBD ones reflects that sleep-promoting mechanism is more dominant in narcolepsy than in RBD.