• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.450-455
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• 1998

한국에 널리 분포하고 있는 곰솔, 리기다, 잣나무, 적송의 에탄올추출물과 각 용매 분획물을 이용하여, in vitro assay로서 spore rec-assay와 Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay법으로 시료자체 변이원성 유무와 4가지 양성변이원 물질(MNNG, 4NQO, Trp-P-1 및 B(a)p)에 대한 돌연변이 억제효과를 고찰하였다. 곰솔, 리기다, 잣나무, 적송의 에탄올 추출물은 spore rec-assay와 S. typhimurium를 이용한 mutagenicity assay에서 변이원성을 나타내지 않았다. 돌연변이 억제 시험에서는 4가지 시료 모두 농도 증가에 따른 억제율을 나타내었고 또 각각의 시료들의 분획물 중 잣나무와 소나무의 에테르 분획물들이 간접변이원인 Trp-P-1의 변이원성에 대하여 다른 분획물에 비하여 높은 억제율을 보여주었다.

• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경독성학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.195-195
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• 2003

It is well known that diesel exhaust particulate matter contains mutagenic PAHs, such as benzo[${\alpha}$]pyrene, benz[${\alpha}$]anthracene, chrysene, etc. Therefore it is suspected that these chemicals act on estrogen receptor and reveal endocrine-disrupting effects. Recent attention has focused on causative chemicals of endocrine-disrupting effects. We examined the estrogenic activity of respirable diesel exhaust particulate matter derived from diesel powered vehicle. PM2.5 diesel exhaust of vehicle was collected using a high volume sampler equipped with a cascade impactor. Diesel exhaust samples were fractionated according to EPA methods. The presence of estrogenic and antiestrogenic chemicals in PM 2.5 diesel exhaust was determined using E-screen assay. To quantitatively assess the estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities in diesel exhaust particulate matter, estradiol equivalent concentration (bio-EEQ) was calculated by comparing the concentration response curve of the sample with those of the estrogen calibration curve. Weak estrogenic activities and strong antiestrogenic activities were detected in the crude extract and moderately polar fractions. Higher antiestrogenic potency was observed with higher EROD activities in aliphatic and aromatic compounds fraction. In conclusion, estrogenic/antiestrogenic-like activities were present in diesel exhaust particulate matter. However, the health consequences of this observation was unknown, the presence of these activities may contribute to and exacerbate adverse health effect evoked by diesel exhaust particulate matter.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.317-323
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• 1994

페놀성 물질의 함량이 높게 분석된 9개 시료(감잎, 들깨씨, 모과, 생강, 호두, 쑥, 칡뿌리 메밀, 수수)를 선택하여 소화효소에 대한 활성저해, 식품오염세균에 대한 항균성, 그리고 Ames 법에 의한 돌연변이원성 및 항돌연변이원성을 살펴보았다. 소화효소 활성저해를 실험한 7개시료중 모과만이 $\alpha-amylase$에 대해 97%의 활성저해를 보였고, 무경쟁저해를 나타냈다. Pretease에 대하여 모과, 감잎, 쑥은 각각 86%, 51%, 20%의 저해효과를 보였고, 이때 쑥시료는 비경쟁저해를 나타냈다. Lipase는 모든 식품에 의해 50%이상 활성화되었다. $\alpha-amylase$의 활성저해는 축합형 탄닌함량과 높은 상관관계(r=0.89)를, protease는 총페놀함량과 높은 상관관계(r=0.84)를 보였다. 표준물질인 tannie acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, catechin과 7개 식품시료의 총페놀 분획을 얻어 항균성 효과를 실험한 결과 tannic acid는 3균주에 대해 비교적 높은 항균력을 보였고, 들깨, 수수, 칡뿌리는 E. coli에 대해 높은 항균력을 보인 반면 Salmonella enteritidis와 Streptococcus faecalis에 대해서는 시료들간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 표준물질 및 9개 식품의 총페놀 분획은 모두 Salmonilla typhimurium TA98과 TA100에 대해 돌연변이원성을 보이지 않았다. 한편 benzo[a]pyrene을 이용한 항돌연변이원성 실험결과 tannic acid는 TA98의 경우 $40{\sim}80%$, TA100의 경우 $70{\sim}95%$의 강한 항돌연변이원성을 나타냈다. TA100에 대해 모과는 30%의, 호두는 44%의 항돌연변이원성을 보였으나 기타 식품에서는 항돌연변이원성을 관찰할 수 없었다.용액에 침지하여 $-35^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 시료가 저장 85일경과 후에도 품질면에서 가장 우수하였다.찹쌀 또는 멥쌀만 사용한 경우보다 두 원료를 혼합했을 경우에 그 효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 없다는 것을 보여준다.열속도는 급속히 증가하였다.하였다. 6. 수분(水分) potential 엽수분함량(葉水分含量)이 동일(同一)한 조건(條件)에서 콩보다 인삼(人蔘)이 낮았으며, 수분(水分) potential과 광합성(光合成) 및 기공식도도(氣孔傳導度)와는 고도(高度)의 정(正)의 상관(相關)이있었다. 7. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)를 종합(綜合)해 볼 때, 인삼(人蔘)의 광합성(光合成)이 타식물(他植物)보다 낮은 것은 기공식도도(氣孔傳導度)와 수분(水分) potential이 낮은 것과도 밀접(密接)한 관계(關係)가 있을 것으로 생각된다.g\;/\;\ell$ 처리(處理)의 대부분(大部分)이 주당(株當) 본수(本數)가 거의 1개체(個體) 정도(程度)이도 발육상태(發育狀態)도 불량(不良)하였으나 NAA $4mg\;/\;\ell\;Kinetin\;2mg\;/\;\ell$ 그리고 활성탄(活性炭) $1g\;/\;\ell$ 첨가처리(添加處理)에서 만이 주당(株當) 본수(本數)가 2.3개이고 개체당(個體當) 발근수(發根數)가 월등(越等)히 많았다. 5. 실험결과(實驗結果) 마 경절편(莖節片) 배양(培養)의 Shoot유가(誘起)에 가장 효과적(效果的)인 배지(培地)는 1/8MS+1AA $2mg\;/\;\ell+Kinetin\;2mg\;/\;\ell$+활성탄(活性炭) $1g\;/\;\ell$ 이였으며, White+NAA $4mg\;/\;\ell+Kinetin\;2mg\;/\;\ell$+활성탄(活性炭)$1g\;/\;\ell$ 로 처리(處理)하는 것이 바람직한 결과(結果)를 얻었다.후

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.109-117
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• 2001

번데기동충하초(Cordyceps militaris(L. ex fr.) Link)의 수소전자공여능 및 항돌연변이원성을 살펴본 결과 부탄을 분획물과 에틸 아세테이트 분획물에서 수소전자공여능이 다른 시료에 비해 2배 이상 높게 나타났다. 항돌연변이원성 실험결과에서는 직접변이원인 MNNG, 4NQO 그리고 간접변이원인 B($\alpha$)P, Trp-P-1에 대해서 유의성 있는 돌연변이 억제효과를 보였다. MNNG(0.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate)의 경우 S. typhimurium TA100 균주에서는 시료농도 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate에서 에탄을 추출물이 78.1%인데 반해 부탄을, 물 분획물에서는 각각 90.4%와 87.6%로 매우 높은 억제효과가 나타났다. 4NQO(0.15 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate)에 대한 S. typhymurium TA98 균주의 경우 에틸 아세테이트 분획물의 경우 80.4%였고, TA100 균주에서는 부탄을 분획물이 88.6%의 억제효과를 보였다. 또한 간접변이원의 경우 B($\alpha$)P(10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate)을 사용한 경우 에틸 아세테이트와 부탄을 분획물은 시료농도 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate에서 85% 이상의 높은 억제율을 나타내었다. Trp-P-1(0.15 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate)에서는 TA98 균주의 경우 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate 농도에서 핵산 분획물과 부탄을 분획물이 각각 90.2%, 87.6%로 높은 억제율을 보여주었고, TA100 균주에 대해서는 에틸 아세테이트 분획물이 90.1%로 억제효과가 가장 높게 나타났다. 또한 같은 농도에서 부탄올과 물 분획물에서 각각 87.0%와 75.4%의 억제율을 나타내었다. 번데기동충하초 에탄을 추출물 및 분획물은 시료 농도증가에 따라 TA98과 TA100 균주 모두에서 각 변이원에 대한 돌연변이 억제효과도 증가하였다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.100-105
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• 2004

생열귀나무의 잎을 시료로 생리활성 기능을 검색하기 위해 메탄올, 에탄올, 클로로포름 및 물 추출물을 조제하였다. 얻어진 추출물 대하여 DPPH 자유라디칼 소거법에 의한 항산화성 효과와 S. thphimurium TA98과 TA100을 이용한 항돌연변이원성 효과를 검토하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 생열귀나무 잎의 용매별 추출수율은 물 추출물이 24.8%로 가장 높았으며, 그 다음으로는 메탄을 추출물 (21.3%), 에탄올 추출물 (17.0%) 및 클로로포름 추출물 (5.6%) 순으로 높은 수율을 나타내었다. 생열귀나무 잎의 각 추출물의 수소전자공여능 $IC_{50}$/(Inhibition concentration)을 측정한 결과 물, 메탄올, 에탄을 추출물의 경우 대조구인 butyl-hydroxytoluene, 비타민 C, 알구토코페놀과 유사하게 나타나 항산화 억제효과가 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 생열귀나무 잎의 메탄을 추출물의 항돌연변이 효과는 TA98 균주에 대하여 세 종류의 변이원 물질 모두 농도 증가에 따라 억제율이 증가함을 나타내었으며, 생열귀나무 잎의 클로르포름 추출물 결과는 TA98 균주에 대하여 3가지 변이원 물질 모두 농도 증가에 따라 억제율이 증가함을 나타내었다. 생열귀나무 잎의 에탄을 추출물의 경우 TA98 균주에 대하여 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate의 농도를 첨가하였을 때 B($\alpha$)P에 대해 79.8%의 억제율로 가장 높은 수치를 나타내었고, 생열귀나무 잎의 물 추출물은 TA98 균주에 대하여 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate의 농도 첨가에서 B($\alpha$)P에 대해 67.2%의 억제율을 보였다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.223-230
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• 2014

This study was performed to enhance contents of low molecular ginsenoside using steaming and fermentation process in low quality fresh ginseng. For increase in contents of Rg2, Rg3, Rh2 and CK in low quality fresh ginseng, a steaming process was applied at $90^{\circ}C$ for 12 hr which was followed by fermentation process at Lactobacillus rhamnosus HK-9 incubated at $36^{\circ}C$ for 72 h. The contents of ginsenoside Rg1, Rb1, Rc, Re and Rd were decreased with the steaming associated with fermentation process but ginsenoside Rg2, Rg3, Rh2 and CK increased after process. It was found that under the steaming associated with fermentation process, low molecule ginsenosides such as Rg2, Rg3, Rh2 and CK were increased as 3.231 mg/g, 2.585 mg/g and 1.955 m/g and 2.478 mg/g, respectively. In addition, concentration of benzo[${\alpha}$]pyrene in extracts of the low quality fresh ginseng treated by the complex process was 0.11 ppm but it was 0.22 ppm when it was treated with the steaming process. This result could be caused by that the most efficiently breakdown of 1,2-glucoside and 1,4-glucoside linkage to backbone of ginsenosides by steaming associated with fermentation process. This results indicate that steaming process and fermenration process can increase in contents of Rg2, Rg3, Rh2 and CK in low quality fresh ginseng.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.18-24
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• 2015

Urinary mutagenicity is widely recognized as a useful biomarker for the assessment of mutagen exposure level in human. In this study, we optimized the several parameters affecting the activity of Urinary mutagenicity using highly sensitive mutation test(microsuspension assay) instead of the conventional Ames test. First of all, we chose YG1024 as a highly sensitive strain from three str ains of Salmonella typhimurium(TA98, TA100, YG1024) using r epr esentative mutation substances, such as Benzo[a]pyrene, 2-Aminonaphthalene, 2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole($MeA{\alpha}C$) and cigarette total particulate matter(TPM). And we established the several kinds of test conditions such as number of bacter ia, concentr ation of metabolic activation system and incubation time for the most sensitive reaction. Also, we optimized efficient pre-treatment method using commercial C18 column. As a r esults, this method was shown a aver age of 94 % recovery value and 13 % relative standard deviation. When we compared the Urinary mutagenicity between several participants, we confirmed that compar ative measurements were possible for different levels of urine mutagenicity. In conclusion, the optimized highly sensitive mutation test to measure the Urinary mutagenicity may be useful in biological monitoring of mutagen exposure level.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.270-276
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• 2012

This study was performed to enhance contents of low molecular weight ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 using an ultra high pressure and steaming process in wild cultured-Root in wild ginseng. For selective increase in contents of Rg3 and Rh2 in cultured wild ginseng roots, an ultra high extraction was applied at 500MPa for 20 min which was followed by steaming process at $90^{\circ}C$ for 12 hr. It was revealed that contents of ginsenosides, Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd, were decreased with the complex process described above, whereas contents of ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 were increased up to 4.918 mg/g and 6.115 mg/g, respectively. In addition, concentration of benzo[${\alpha}$]pyrene in extracts of the cultured wild ginseng roots treated by the complex process was 0.64 ppm but it was 0.78 ppm when it was treated with the steaming process. From the results, it was strongly suggested that low molecular weight ginsenosides, Rh2 and Rg3, are converted from Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd which are easily broken down by an ultra high pressure and steaming process. This results indicate that an ultra high pressure and steaming process can selectively increase in contents of Rg3 and Rh2 in cultured wild ginseng roots and this process might enhance the utilization and values of cultured wild ginseng roots.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2010

The present study was conducted to investigate the antimutagenic potential of the methanolic extract from the leaves of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas, IB) with the SOS chromotest (umu test) and Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100. The anticarcinogenic effects were also studied by calculation of the $IC_{50}$ on human cancer cell lines and investigating the function of gap junction in rat liver epithelial cells. The IB extract inhibited dose-dependently the ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity induced spontaneously at concentration of more than 200 mg/ml in S. typhimurium TA 1535/pSK 1002, and decreased significantly (p < 0.01) the ${\beta}$-galactosidase activities induced by mutagen 6-chloro-9-[3-(2-chloroethylamino)proylamino]-2-methoxyacridine dihydrochloride (ICR) at dose of more than 0.4 mg/0.1 ml. The IB extract showed no effect on the spontaneous reversions of S. typhimurium TA 98 and 100 but benzo(${\alpha}$)pyrene (BaP)-stimulated reversions were decreased dose-dependently (p < 0.01) at the concentration of more than 100 mg/ml. The $IC_{50}$ value of stomach cancer cells was lower than that of normal rat liver epithelial cells, but the values of colon and uterine cancer cell lines were similar to those of normal rat liver epithelial cells. The transfer of dye through gap junctions was not affected by treatment of the IB extracts at any concentration during treatment periods. The simultaneously treatment of IB extract and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) effectively prevented the inhibition of dye transfer induced by TPA 1 hour after treatment at all exposed concentrations. The number of gap junctions was significantly (p < 0.01) increased by the treatment with IB extract at concentrations of more than 40 ${\mu}g$/ml. The inhibition of the expression of gap junction proteins by TPA (0.01 ${\mu}g$/ml) was recovered dose dependently by the simultaneous treatment of IB extracts. Our data suggest that Ipomea batatas has antimutagenic and anticarcionogenic activity in vitro.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2015

Owing to the increase in price of cigarettes in Korea, herbal cigarettes have received increasing attention as a non-smoking aid; however, its safety has hardly been studied. We analyzed some of the toxic components in the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarettes, performed a mutagenicity test on smoke condensates for safety assessment, and compared the results with the corresponding values of a general cigarette with the same tar content. Herbal cigarette "A" was smoked using automatic smoking machine under ISO conditions in a manner similar to general cigarette "T". The tar content measured was higher than that inscribed on the outside of a package. The mainstream smoke of herbal cigarette "A" did not contain detectable levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines and nicotine. Carbon monoxide and benzo(${\alpha}$)pyrene contents in herbal cigarette "A" were higher than those in the general cigarette "T". The phenolic contents such as hydroquinone, resorcinol, and catechol in herbal cigarette "A" were higher than those in the general cigarette "T", but cresol contents in herbal cigarette "A" were lower than those in the general cigarette "T". The content of aromatic amines such as 4-aminobiphenyl in herbal cigarette "A" was higher than that in the general cigarette "T"; however, this difference was not statistically significant. On the other hand, 1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, and 3-aminobiphenyl contents in herbal cigarette "A" were lower than those in the general cigarette "T". The smoke condensates of herbal cigarette "A" exhibited a higher mutagenic potential than the condensates from the general cigarette "T" at the same concentration. We concluded that the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarette contains some toxic components, the smoke condensates of herbal cigarettes are mutagenic similar to general cigarette because of combustion products, and that the evaluation of the chemical and biological safety of all types of herbal cigarettes available on the market.