• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.698-703
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• 1994

In spore rec-assay using B. subtillus H17(rec) and M 45(rec) , the ethanol extract of buckwheat leaves showed antimutagenicity in condition of low concentrations, but its did comutagenicity in condition of high concentrations. In Ames test, the ethanol extract of buckwheat leaves reduced the mtabenicity of N-methyl-N' -nitro-N-nitrosoguaidine (MNNG), benzo (a) pyrene(B($\alpha$)P), 2-amino-fluorene(2AF), and 3-amino -1, 4-dime-thyl-5-H-pyrido(4, 3-b) indol(Trp-P-1) in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. The ethanol extract was fractionated by hexane, ethylacetate, butanol and water. Among Them hexane fraction showed the highest inhibition rate on the mutagenicity of B($\alpha$)P, and so did chloroform fraction on the mutagenicity of MNNG in S. typhimurium Ta98 and TA100. To elucidate the antimutagenic mechanism of the ethanol extract, it was mixed and co-incubated with various metagens, S9 mix, and the bacteria with different experimental orders and different reaction times. The ethanol extract did not affect reversion rate of pre-mutated. S.typhimurium. However, when the ethanol extract was added to the mutagens before their interaction with S.typhimurium , it reduced the mutation rate to 152$\pm$12-273$\pm$18 colonies/plates in case of MNNG, and 135$\pm$13-195$\pm$10 colonies/ plates in case of B($\alpha$)P), showing strong desmutagenic activity.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.315-320
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• 2004

Alpha-viniferin was previously isolated as a cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor from Carex humilis (Cyperaceae) and is an oligomeric stilbene compound with benzofuran (BF) moieties in its chemical structure. In the present study, a chemically synthetic BF compound, named as 3,3-dimethyl-2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18-hexadecahydro-1H-benzo[b] cyclopentadeca[d]furan-1-one, was discovered to inhibit bacterial lipo polysaccharide (LPS)-induced prostaglandin $E_2$ $(PGE_2)$ production in macrophages RAW 264.7. The BF compound exhibited a selectively preferred inhibitory effect on COX-2 activity over COX-1 activity. Furthermore, BF compound inhibited LPS-induced COX-2 expression at transcription level. As a down-regulatory mechanism of COX-2 expression shown by BF compound, suppression of nuclear factor $(NF)-{\kappa}B$ activation has been demonstrated. BF compound inhibited LPS-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ transcriptional activity and nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, in parallel, but did not affect LPS-induced degradation of inhibitory ${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ protein $(I{\kappa}B{\alpha})$. Taken together, anti-inflammatory effect of BF compound on $PGE_2$ production was ascribed by its down-regulatory action on LPS-induced COX-2 synthesis in addition to inhibitory action on enzyme activity of COX-2.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.213-222
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• 1992

We investigated effects of several chemical carcinogens, i.e., $benzo({\alpha})pyrene$ (BP),7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), nitrosomethyl urea (NMU), and nicotine on the replication, cytolyticity, DNA synthesis, and protein synthesis of type 1 herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) in viral infected Vero cell monolayers. We observed that the BP and DMBA did not show such activity. All chemical carcinogens did not inhibit the synthesis of viral DNA, but the expression of gamma viral proteins that are expressed from the newly synthesized progeny viral DNA was somewhat notably inhibited by BP and DMBA. However, the synthesis of alpha and beta viral proteins was not altered by the chemical carcinogens. These data indicate that the gamma viral proteins expressed from the newly synthesized DNA in the presence of chemical carcinogens in the culture medium may be defective. This is further supported by the fact that the virus fail to replicate in the presence of these chemical carcinogens, in spite of viral DNA and proteins are somewhat normally synthesized.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.268-275
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• 2004

To investigate the potential application of the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay to carp as an aquatic pollution monitoring technique, gill, liver, and blood cells were isolated from carp exposed to a direct-acting mutagen, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), or indirect mutagen, $benzo[\alpha]pyrene$ $(B[\alpha]P)$, then the DNA strand breakage was analyzed using the assay. Based on testing 5 different cell isolation methods and 6 electrophoretic conditions, the optimized assay conditions were found to be cell isolation by filter pressing and electrophoresis at a lower voltage and longer running time (at 0.4 V/cm for 40 min). In preliminary experiments, gill and liver cells isolated from carp exposed to MNNG in vitro exhibited DNA damage signals even with 0.5 ppb exposure, which is a much higher dose than previously reported. In the gill cells isolated from carp exposed to 0.01-0.5 ppm MNNG in vivo, significant dose-and time-dependent increases were observed in the tail for 4 days. As such, the linear correlation between the relative damage index (RDI) values and time for each dose based on the initial 48-h exposure appeared to provide effective criteria for the genotoxicity monitoring of direct-acting mutagenic pollution. In contrast, the in vivo exposure of carp to 0.25-1.0 ppm of $B[\alpha]P$ for 7 days resulted in dose-and time-dependent responses in the liver cells, in which 24-h delayed responses for metabolizing activation and gradual repair after 48 h were also observed. Thus, the negative-sloped linear correlation between the RDI and time at each dose based on the initial 48 h appeared to provide more effective criteria for the genotoxicity monitoring of indirect mutagenic pollution.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.59-73
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• 1974

Fifteen derivatives of phthalide were synthesized from m-hemipinic, hydrastic and 4,5-benzophthalic anhydride with acetic, phenylacetic, p-methoxyphenylacetic, p-nitrophenylacetic, ${\alpha}$-nephthylacetic and succinic acid by the Gabriel condensation. In the same way, 13 derivatives of phthalimidine and 4 derivatives of ${\alpha,\beta}$ -benzisothiazoline-1, 1-dioxide were synthesized from diphenylmaleimide, phthalimide, saccharine and 4,5-benzo-phthalimide with previous 6 acids. 3-Substituted derivatives of m-hemipinic anhydride, hydrastic anhydride and 4,5-benzophthalic anhydride were treated with formamide and seven 3-substituted imidines could be synthesized. In case of 4,5-benzophtha lide, two isomers,4,5-benzophthalidene-3-acetic acid and 4,5-benzophthalidene-1-acetic acid, can be obtained theoretically, but only one product we got, and the chemical structure of it was identified by the following way. It was hydrolyzed and then decarboxylated, and this decomposed product was identical with 1-acetyl-2-naphthoic acid which was synthesized from .betha.-naphthylamine. This indicates that by the Gabriel condensatioin 4,5-benzophthalide only produces 4,5-benzophthlidene-3-acetic acid, that is ${\alpha}$-carbonyl substitute.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.195-202
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• 2009

This study was accomplished that analysis of seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked or nonsmoked processing foods by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The calibration line was constructed with injected different levels of standard concentration. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification(LOQ) showed higher linearity ($r^{2}$=0.998) reasonably, and recovery exhibited 0.033-0.666 $\mu$g/kg, 0.108-2.217 $\mu$g/kg and 69.31-90.14%, respectively. As a result, the samples using smoked tuna as smoked materials contained seven PAHs with different range from 0.256 to 0.486 $\mu$g/kg. The benzo[a]pyrene, indicator of PAHs, was detected to below the LOQ in two samples. Concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene in three samples were below the 2 $\mu$g/kg which is the limit of regulation. Smoked tuna sauces were detected from 0.321 to 0.552 $\mu$g/kg and not detected in drying powders. PAHs of smoked meat products were ranged from 0.720 to 2.027 $\mu$g/kg and are higher than concentration of tuna smoked samples. PAHs were very low in non-smoked foods including mustard, herb, and roasted meats.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2009

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) contents were evaluated in sesame oils from sesame seeds of different origins and in commercial samples using HPLC with fluorescence detection. The sesame seeds, which had been harvested from India, China, and Korea, were roasted at $250^{\circ}C$ for 25 min, and the commercial sesame oils were purchased from a local market. The recoveries for eight PAHs spiked into the sesame oils ranged from 80.2 to 99.2%. The mean levels of total PAHs in the sesame oils harvested from China, Korea, and India were 3.97, 1.57, and 1.20 ${\mu}g$/kg, respectively. The PAH contents in the commercial sesame oils ranged from 0.79 to 2.15 ${\mu}g$/kg.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.109-117
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• 2001

Cordyceps militaris is a parasitic fungus that has been used as a Chinese medicine for the treatment of fatigue, debility, kidney disease, tuberculosis, asthma and cardiac insufficiency etc. This study was carried out to determine the antioxidative and antimutagenic effects of Cordyceps militaris using DPPH free radical donating method and Ames test, respectively. They were extracted with ethanol and then further fractionated to n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water, stepwise. Among five fractions, the EtOAc and BuOH fractions showed the highest electron donating activities, about 2-fold higher than other fractions. In Ames test, most of the extracts had strong antimutagenic effects against the mutagenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide(4NQO), benzo($\alpha$)pyrene(B($\alpha$)P) and 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol (Trp-P-1). The EtOH extracts of C. militaris (200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate) showed 62.8%, 74.4% and 67.2% inhibitory effects on the mutagenesis induced by 4NQO, B($\alpha$)P and Trp-P-1, respectively, against TA98 strain, whereas 78.1%, 78.6%, 78.6% and 82.7% inhibition were observed on the mutagenesis induced by MNNG, 4NQO, B($\alpha$)P and Trp-P-1, respectively, against TA100 strain. Especially, the BuOH fraction showed the highest antimutagenic effects against mutation induced by MNNG.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.100-105
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• 2004

The objective of this study was carried out to investigate biological activities effects of Korean leaf from Rosa davurica Pall. in vitro. They were extracted with methanol, ethanol, chloroform and water. Methods of the antimutagenic used in this experiment were well-known bacterial short term tests which include Ames test and the antigenotoxic used in this experiment was DPPH radical scavenge. All extracts (ethanol, methanol, water) except chloroform extract exhibited 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity with IC$\_$50/ of 11.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL, 6.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL, 4.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. In Ames test, most of extracts had strong antimutagenic effects against the mutagenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 3-amino-l,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol(Trp-P-I) and benzo(${\alpha}$)pyrene(B(${\alpha}$)P). The extracts of leaves (200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate) showed approximately 60∼80％ inhibitory effect on the mutagenesis induced by 4NQO, Trp-P-1 and B(${\alpha}$)P against TA98 strain, whereas 60∼80％ inhibition were observed on the mutagenesis induced by MNNG, 4NQO, Trp-P-1 and B(${\alpha}$)P against TA100 strain. respectively.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.527-537
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• 1997

This study was performed to determine the effects of antimutagenicity of Porturaca oleracea L. in Korea. In Ames test, the ethanol extract of Poturaca oleracea L. inhibited mutagenic activity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG), , 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide(4NQO), benzo($\alpha$)pyrene (B($\alpha$)P) and 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido-(4,3-b)indole (Trp-P-1) in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. But hot-water extract Poturaca oleracea L. only Inhibited mutagenic activity of MNNG in Salmonella typhimurium TA100, On 4NQO, the ethanol extract 100-1,600$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate of Porturaca oleracea L. showed a slight inhibitory effect of 13-48%, 4-47% in TA98 and TA100, respectively, but on MNNG, it showed higher inhibitory effect of 6-86% in TA100, And the treatment of 1,600$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate of ethanol extract of Porturacea L. had strong antimutagenicity with 74-87% inhibition against TA98 and TA100 induced by B(a)P and with 85-93% inhibition against TA98 and TA100 induced by Trp-P-1. The ethanol extract was fractionated with ether. chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol and water. Among them, most of the fraction except water fraction showed strong antimutagenicity effects against mutation induced by 4-NQO, MNNG, B(a)P and Trp-P-1. Chloroform fraction had strong antimutagenicity with 91% inhibition against TA100 induced by MNNG, diethyl etherfraction had strong antimutagenicity with 92%, 98% inhibition against TA98 and TA100 induced by 4NQO, Chloroform fraction had strong antimutagenicity with 97% inhibition against TA100 induced by B (a)P and diethyl etherfraction had strong antimutagenicity with 98% inhibition against both strain Induced by Trp-P-1, respectively.