• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 1988

Studies on species compostion, promary production of benthic algal assemblage were carried out along a channel of the salt marsh near Inch'on, Kyonggi Bay, Korea. Possible biological, physical and KDICical factors controlling the aglal assemblage were also examined. The oveall diatoms were encountered one hundred and thirty-seven taxa, of which the dominant species were Paralia sulcata and Cymatosira belgica. These two species accounted for 32.6% relative abundance throughout the study period. Diatom taxa had no clear seasonal pattern in abundance analysis. But at the algal blooming period in spring, euglenoids occurred with a high abundance. The chlorophyll a content of benthic algae showed definite seasonal pattern. The algal biomass of the appeared to influence the spatial fluctuation in the algal biomass of the channel was regulated primarily by water content of sediment. Grazing by zoobenthos apperaed to influence the spatial fluctuation in the algal biomass of the sediment surface. The algal photosynthesis was measured in the laboratory with oxygen method. Photo-synthetic rate was independent of the temperature under the lower irradiance. The gross production from March to November was estimated to be 190g C/m2 at the channel slope. Photosynthetic efficiency was 0.37% on the basis of the photosyntherically active radiation for the study period.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.117-133
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• 1987

The diatoms were investigated at three lowland swamps in Haman county form July, 1983 to July, 1984 on monthly interval. Seasonal changes of standing crops, the variation of dominant species and species composition were studied. The maximum of standing crops showed bimodal pattern at Chilnalpol and Yujnnup. Dominant species were Navicula crytocephala, Cocconeis placentula, Achnanthes minutissima, Achnanthes lanceolata, Synedra ulna, Eunotia lunaris. Dominant species changed seasonally. Total 166species of diatom were identified. Three lowland swamps supported a rich diatom flora composed of many species typically associated with benthic diatom.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.610-619
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• 2018

This study was carried out in August and September 2016 to investigate the species composition and biomass of benthic diatoms in Yubu Island, Gomso Bay, Imja Island, and Yeoja Bay tidal flat of Southwestern coast. There were 181 species of 48 genera in Yubu Island tidal flats, 194 species of 51 genera in Gomso Bay tidal flats, 224 species of 64 genera in Imja Island tidal flats and 188 species of 56 genera in Yeoja Bay tidal flats. A total of 274 species of 70 genera appeared. Pennales appeared more widely than Centrales and were dominated by Paralia sulcata and Navicula spp. Biomass of Yubu Island tidal flat ranged from $18.8-136.1mg\;m^{-2}$, $31.9-215.7mg\;m^{-2}$ in Gomso Bay, $2.9-120.2mg\;m^{-2}$ in Imja Island and $10.1-147.7mg\;m^{-2}$ in Yeoja Bay. The range of total biomass from 4 areas was $2.9-215.7mg\;m^{-2}$. The concentration of phaeopigment and degradation product of chlorophyll-a was $1.7-470.8mg\;m^{-2}$ in Yubu Island tidal flat, $52.3-277.2mg\;m^{-2}$ in Gomso Bay, $0.6-78.9mg\;m^{-2}$ in Imja Island and $39.1-346.3mg\;m^{-2}$ in Yeoja Bay. Compared with the results reported in this study area and the domestic tidal flats, it cannot be directly compared and evaluated due to various factors such as the timing of the survey, the frequency of the survey, the analysis method and geography. The southwestern coast of Korea has a variety of benthic diatoms and the high concentration of chlorophyll-a is the main determinant of primary productivity.

• ALGAE
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.207-215
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• 2003

Dynamics of phytoplankton communities were investigated at five stations in Youngsan River from December 1995 to November 1996. Phytoplankton were identified to the total of 466 taxa, which were composed of 136 genera, 438 species, 27 varieties and 1 forma. The standing crops ranged 1,163-50,765 cells ${\cdot}ml^{-1}$ during the investigation periods. The variation of classes was in order to Chrysophyceae - Bascillariophyceae - Chlorophyceae at St. 1 and was only Bacillariophyceae at the other stations. The dominant species were 12 taxa including Aulacoseira ambigua, A. garnulata, Cyclotella meneghiniana, C. pseudostelligera, Chlorella vulgaris, Dinobryon sertularia, Flagilaria elliptica, Monoraphidium contortum, Micractinium pusillum, Nitzschia palea, Scenedesmus grahneisii and Stephanodiscus hantzschii f. tenuis. The standing crops of dominant species ranged from 10.6% to 94.7%. The genus Dinobryon in Chrysophyceae was dominant species at St. 1 in December 1995, but not recorded in the other months. The dominant species were composed with the planktonic diatoms from winter to spring and were the tychoplanktonic and the benthic species at St. 2-5 from summer to fall. The relationships between total standing crops and water temperature, pH, $NH_4$, $NO_2$, $NO_3$ and $PO_4$ showed low positive or negative coefficients. Stephanodiscus hantzschii f. tenuis had low positive or negative coefficients with water temperature, $NH_4$, $NO_2$, $NO_3$ and $PO_4$. The fluctuations of standing crops in the Youngsan river phytoplankton community were not caused by a single factor but controlled by the complex factors with interaction between phytoplankton community and envirowmental factors.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.191-197
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• 2020

Species belonging to the genus Tryblionella are important members of the diatom assemblages of benthic environments such as tidal flats. Their proper identification is thus of great importance in terms of taxonomy, ecology, as well as environmental sciences. However, many species of the genus have been neglected and/or misidentified during diatom studies of Korean tidal flats possibly due to the small size of the species. Lack of proper references for the identification of the species is also noted. To better understand the diversity of Tryblionella species, sediment samples were taken from various tidal flats of the Yellow Sea. Light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations have shown the presence of Tryblionella adducta and T. hyalina, which have not been previously reported from Korean tidal flats. The former was found mostly from sand flats and the latter from mudflats. It is expected that the present study would contribute to a better understanding of the diversity and ecology of benthic diatoms of the Korean tidal flats.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2005

To investigate the seasonal distribution and grazing impacts of benthic protozoa in mud flat, their abundance, biomass and grazing rates of benthic protozoa were evaluated at interval of two or three month in Gangwha Island from April, 2002 to April, 2004. Heterotrophic flagellates and ciliates accounted for an average 98% of benthic protozoa biomass. Abundance and carbon biomass of heterotrophic flagellates ranged from $0.2{\times}10^5$ to $5.9{\times}10^5\;cells\;cm{-3}$ and from 0.02 to $9.2\;{\mu}gC\;cm^{-3}$, respectively. Biomass of heterotrophic flagellates was high in spring and fall, and showed no differences among stations. Abundance and biomass of heterotrophic flagellates decreased with the depth and were high within the surface 2.5 m sediment layer. The majority of heterotrophic flagellates were less than $10\;{\mu}m$ in length, and few euglenoid flagellates were larger than $20\;{\mu}m$. Abundance and carbon biomass of ciliates ranged from $0.1{\times}10^3$ to $17.8{\times}10^3\;cells\;cm^{-3}$ and from 0.02 to $9.1\;{\mu}gC\;cm^{-3}$, respectively, and those of ciliates were high in spring and fall. Biomass of ciliates was high within the surface 2.5 mm sediment layer and was higher at st. J2 and st. J3 than st. J1. Among the revealed benthic ciliates, the hypotrichs were the most important group in terms of abundance and biomass. During the sampling periods, an average 66% of benthic protozoa biomass was covered by ciliates. The seasonal distribution of benthic protozoa showed an almost similar fluctuation pattern to that of chlorophyll-a. The results suggest that the biomass of benthic protozoa were mainly controlled by prey abundance, for example, diatoms. Based on ingestion rates, benthic protozoa removed from 13.4 to 40.7% of bacterial production and from 20.1 to 36.4% of primary production. Ingestion rates of benthic protozoa on bacteria and microphytobenthos were high in April. Benthic protozoa in this study area may play a pivotal role in the carbon flow of the benthic microbial food web during spring.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 2012

Spills of $M/V$ Hebei Spirit on $7^{th}$ December 2007 caused a seriously damage to the ecosystem of Korean coast. Of these, microbial communities (i.e., attached benthic micro-algae) were reported to be sentive to the environmental change so it can be used for ecological risk assessment. Our experiment was designed to examine the ecological risk assessments for oil pollutant using benthic attached algal community on the artificial substrates of acrylic plates. Field monitoring in the culture system was conducted in Jangmok Bay. The abundances of attached micro-algae on artificial substrates gradually increased with increasing of sampling times. Among them, diatoms were the most important colonizer of coastal water, with the genera $Cylindrotheca$ and $Navicular$ most abundant. In particular, developed the culture system has correctly measured qualitative and quantitative abundance of attached micro-algae because same acrylic plates as artificial substrates were used. Thus, this culture system may be directly applied to the ecological risk experiments of microbial community structure from oil pollutants.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2003

Seasonal fluctuations of physico-chemical and biological aspects of the environment were studied in Vladivostok harbour (Golden Horn Bay, the East Sea/Sea of Japan). The benthic community structure was described with a focus on size-spectra (bacteria, meio- and macrofauna) related with the chemical environment and chemical fluxes in sediment and to reveal their possible ecological role in the process of bioremediation of the environment. Samples from two sites with different concentrations of heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cr, Ni Cd, Co) and petroleum hydrocarbon were assessed by a number of methods. These included plate counts of culturable bacteria, observation through a scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). These approaches were complemented with microscopic assessments of the diversity of the benthic community. The specific communities had a limited number of species, tolerant to abnormally high levels of toxic compounds. The dominant species were presented by several sho.1-lived small polychaetes (Capitella capitata) and nematodes (Oncholaimium ramosum). The highest population density was recorded in microbenthos, in various diatoms, various physiological groups of bacteria which participate in biomineralization: marine heterotrophic bacteria, which oxidized oil, black oil in addition to groups resistant to heavy metals. They have the entire set of mechanisms for neutralizing the negative effect of those compounds, forming the detrital food web and biogeochemical circulation of material in sediments, which results in the biological self-recycling of sea basins. Macro- and meiobenthic organisms were more sensitive to a greater extent of $H_2S$ and petroleum hydrocarbons than to metal content, but the within-site rankings were the same as those achieved for microbiological analyses.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.197-205
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• 2013

Even though seedling production of Haliotis discus hannai has fully developed, the culture of benthic diatom as a live food for larvae is still a barrier to solve in commercial hatchery. The farmer depends on mixed microalgae which are non-selectively attached on the plate by flowing of natural seawater. The adequate diatom on the plate for the larvae in terms of quality and quantity is always significant bottleneck in the hatchery. In this study, two benthic diatom species, Caloneis schroederi and Rhaphoneis sp. were separately cultured in mass and inoculated to four tons' settlement tank of the larvae. And the larvae and the spats were cultured for nineteen and nine weeks, respectively. The result on seedling production of H. discus hannai with this method was compared to that of the farmer's traditional method as a control. With regard to variation of species composition of benthic diatom on the plate, C. schroederi and Rhaphoneis sp. were dominant for first three weeks after inoculation. But the diverse diatoms mainly, Navicula, Amphora, Cylindrotheca, Licmophora, Pleurosigma began to attache on the plate from the 4th week. The larvae attached 2.5 times more in C. schroederi tank than in the control tank. The final total biomass of the seeds in Rhaphoneis sp. tank was 3.2 times more than that of the control tank. The retared-spats in the seedling production also showed significantly higher growth and survival in the spat fed Rhaphoneis sp. or C. schroederi than those in the control group. We suggest that C. schroederi is proper for settlement of the larvae and Rhaphoneis sp. is appropriate for the growth of the larvae and spats in the commercial hatchery of H. discus hannai.

• ALGAE
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.471-477
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• 2006

Amphora costata W. Smith 1853 is a down thrown diatom species and also known as metal corrosive ship-fouling organism. A. costata was isolated from Alang ship breaking yard, Alang and evaluated the toxicity tolerance and growth responses of the cultures exposed to different doses of toxic and relatively accessible heavy metals, such as Fe, Mn, Cd, Co, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb in the constantly monitored laboratory culture conditions. The strongest toxic effect was observed on A. costata exposed to Cd even at relatively low concentrations as compared to other metals. The following trend of decreasing order of toxicity i.e. Cd>Zn>Ni>Co>Pb>Cu>Fe was observed, when they were exposed to equal concentration and expose time.