• 농업과학연구
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.69-95
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• 1979

우리나라에 있어서 과학적(科學的)인 식물보호연구(植物保護硏究)가 시작된 1900년대초기(年代初期)부터 1975년(年)까지 약(約)70여년간(餘年間)에 이루어진 4,300여건(餘件)의 연구(硏究)를 정리분석(整理分析)하여 식물보호학(植物保護學)의 발달과정(發達過程)을 역사적(歷史的)으로 고찰(考察)하고 장래(將來) 어떠한 방향(方向)으로 발전(發展)해 나아갈 것인가를 예측(豫測)하기 위하여 이 연구(硏究)에 착수(着手)하였다. 이 연구(硏究)를 위하여 수집(蒐集)한 문헌(文獻)의 약(約)80%가 농림업관계(農林業關係) 연구전담기관(硏究專擔機關)인 농촌진흥청(農村振興廳), 각도농촌진흥원(各道農村振興院), 산림청임업시험장(山林廳林業試驗場) 등의 간행물(刊行物)에 수록(收錄)되어 있고 그 다음으로 전후(戰後)에 간행(刊行)되고 있는 한국식물보호학회지(韓國植物保護學會誌)에 상당히 많이 수록(收錄)되어 있으며 이 밖에 국내외(國內外)의 농림관계학술지(農林關係學術誌)나 대학논문집(大學論文集)에도 소수(少數)이기는 하나 수록(收錄)되어 있다. 우리나라 식물보호연구기관(植物保護硏究機關)으로는 농림업관계연구전담기관(農林業關係硏究專擔機關)(농촌진흥청(農村振興廳), 산림청(山林廳), 각도농촌진흥원(各道農村振興院) 등)과 대학(大學)으로 크게 나눌 수 있는데 그 동안의 연구건수(硏究件數)에서 보면 전자(前者)의 기여도(寄與度)는 약(約)80%이고 대학(大學)의 기여도(寄與度)는 약(約)20%로서 대학(大學)의 기여도(寄與度)가 훨씬 낮다. 우리나라 식물보호연구(植物保護硏究)를 시대별(時代別)로 보면 1900년대초기(年代初期)부터 1940년(年)까지 약(約) 40년간(年間)의 현대식물보호학(現代植物保護學)의 도입(導入), 정초기(定礎期)에 이어 1941년(年)부터 1960년(年)까지 약(約)20년간(年間)의 수난기(受難期)를 거쳐 1962년이후(年以後)의 발전기(發展期)에 들어서 있다. 오랜 수난기(受難期)를 거쳤지만 전후(戰後)의 연구(硏究)는 전전(戰前)의 약(約) 2배(倍)나 되며 분야별(分野別)로는 식물병(植物病)에 관한 것 약(約)2.5배(倍), 해충(害蟲)에 관한 것 약(約)1.2배(倍), 잡초(雜草)에 관한 것 약(約)43.8배(倍), 농약(農藥)에 관한 것 약(約)1.5배(倍)로 늘어나 있다. 우리나라 식물보호연구(植物保護硏究)를 작물별(作物別)로 보면 수도(水稻)에 관한 것이 약(約)37%로서 가장 많고 그 다음이 과수(果樹)(13.8%), 특용작물(特用作物)(7.9%), 채소(菜蔬)(6.2%), 수목(樹木)(6%) 기타작물(其他作物)의 순(順)으로 줄어들고 있다. 시대별(時代別)로 볼 때 1930년경(年傾)까지는 과수(果樹)나 특용작물(特用作物)의 보호연구(保護硏究)가 수도(水稻)의 그것보다 많은 과수(果樹) 및 특용작물보호연구시대(特用作物保護硏究時代)라고 할 수 있고 그 후 현재(現在)까지는 수도(水稻)의 보호연구(保護硏究)가 과수(果樹)나 특용작물(特用作物)의 그것보다 훨씬 많은 전전(戰前) 및 전후(戰後) 수도보호시대(水稻保護時代)라고 할 수 있다. 우리나라 식물보호연구(植物保護硏究)를 내용별(內容別)로 살펴보면 전전(戰前)에는 기초연구(基礎硏究)가 방제연구(防除硏究)보다 많았으나 전후(戰後)에는 이와 반대(反對)로 방제연구(防除硏究)가 기초연구(基礎硏究)보다 훨씬 많으며 방제연구(防除硏究)중에서도 약제방제(藥劑防除)에 관한 것이 식물병(植物病) 81%, 해충(害蟲) 77%, 잡초(雜草) 89%로서 특히 전후(戰後) 식물보호연구(植物保護硏究)의 주축(主軸)을 이루고 있다. 이 밖에 내병성(耐病性)이나 내충성(耐蟲性)과 관련(關聯)된 연구(硏究)는 전전(戰前)부터 계속되어온 중요연구(重要硏究)이며 병해충(病害蟲)의 발생예찰(發生豫察)이나 병원균(病原菌)의 Race(생태형(生態型))에 관한 연구(硏究)는 전후(戰後)부터 시작된 중요연구(重要硏究)이다. 잡초(雜草)에 관한 연구(硏究)는 전전(戰前)에도 몇가지 있기는 하지만 본격적(本格的)인 연구(硏究)가 시작된 것은 1960년대이후(年代以後)이며 앞서 적은 바와 같이 약제방제(藥劑防除)에 관한 것이 89%를 차지하고 있다. 농약(農藥)에 관한 연구(硏究)는 전전(戰前)부터 계속 부진(不振)을 면(免)하지 못하고 있으며 도입농약(導入農藥)의 약효검정이외(藥效檢定以外)에 특기(特記)할 만한 큰 업적(業績)은 찾아 볼 수 없다. 우리나라 식물보호연구(植物保護硏究)의 시대적변천(時代的變遷)과 발달(發達)의 계기(契機)가 되었다든가 식물보호(植物保護)의 실제(實際)와 관련(關聯)된 큰 의의(意義)를 지닌 병(病)이나 해충(害蟲)을 몇가지 골라서 따로따로 그 연구(硏究)의 내용(內容)을 살피는 한편 그것이 우리나라 식물보호연구(植物保護硏究)에 있어서 어떤 중요(重要)한 의의(意義)를 지니고 있는가를 고찰(考察)해 보았다. 끝으로 미래(未來)의 우리나라 식물보호연구(植物保護硏究)가 종합방제(綜合防除)를 뒷받침해주는 방향(方向)으로 발전(發展)해 나아갈 것이 예측(豫測)되며 연구영역(硏究領域)의 확대(擴大)와 더불어 우수(優秀)한 연구자(硏究者)의 확보(確保)가 가장 시급(時急)한 문제(問題)가 될 것임을 지적(指摘)하고 이런 측면(側面)에서 대학(大學)의 역할(役割)을 강조(强調)해 두었다.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제70호
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• pp.435-466
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• 2018

사옹원(司饔院) 분원(分院)의 공인(貢人)이었던 지규식이 1891년 1월 1일부터 1911년 윤6월 29일까지 20년 7개월에 걸쳐 거의 매일 쓴 "하재일기(荷齋日記)"에는 국내외 정세와 풍속, 의례, 분원 관련 각종 제반사항, 일상생활사 등을 다방면에 걸쳐 다양하게 기록으로 남기고 있다. 특히 지규식의 신분은 양반계층이 아닌바, 이 같은 신분으로 쓴 일기는 흔치 않다. 그런데 필자가 여기서 주목하는 것은 "하재일기"에 기록된 의례, 그 중에서도 관 혼 상 제례 관련 내용이다. 지규식은 양반이 아닌 신분으로 당시 실제로 행했던 관 혼 상 제례 관련 내용을 "하재일기"에 기록으로 남겼는바, 이러한 일기는 매우 드물 뿐만 아니라 자료적으로도 그 가치가 매우 높이 평가된다. 특히 19세기 말~20세기 초의 관 혼 상 제례의 일면을 엿볼 수 있어 여기에 초점을 맞추었다. 관례의 경우, 일반적으로 정월에 행했는데, 이 시기에는 시행시기의 다변화된 모습을 엿볼 수 있다. 이는 일부 양반가도 예외는 아니었다. 혼례의 경우, 혼사를 논의할 때 개화되어 가는 과정 때문에 그런 것인지는 몰라도 파기하는 경우가 종전보다 흔했던 것으로 보인다. 그리고 택일도 신부 집에서 정했던 것은 아니었던 것 같다. 그리고 중인들이나 평민들의 경우, 신부 집에서 혼례를 치렀지만, 부득이 한 경우에는 신랑 집에서 혼례를 치루기도 했던 것으로 보인다. 지규식 자녀들의 혼례는 전통적 절차를 비교적 충실하게 밟고 있었지만, 양가의 형편과 사정에 따라 유동적으로 적용한 것으로 보인다. 전통적 예법을 무시한 채, 상중에 혼례를 치르거나 신부를 데려와 신랑 집에서 혼례를 거행한 것은, 근대화 과정에서 외래 종교 및 외래문화의 유입과 이식, 일제의 식민통치, 특히 유교적 사회질서 쇠퇴 등도 연관성이 있는 것으로 보인다. 그리고 이 시기에는 이혼도 종전보다 흔했던 것 같다. 상례의 경우, 임종에서 발인하여 하관까지의 기간이 다양한바, 종전보다 다소 변화된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 사대부도 보통 임종서 발인까지 3개월인데, 여기서는 7일인바 이를 안 지키는 양반가도 있었던 것으로 보인다. 그리고 오늘날 일반적으로 행하는 3일장과 초우 재우 삼우제의 흔적을 "하재일기"에서 찾을 수 있는바, 위의 자료들은 그 가치가 매우 높이 평가된다. 제례의 경우, 제사 시간이 일정하지 않았을 뿐만 아니라, 지규식은 기제사를 지내기 전에 재계(齋戒)를 안 했으며, 심지어 제사 전날 술집에 가서 애인을 만나거나 또는 술을 마시기도 하였다. 당시 양반사대부가 하고는 다소 차이를 보이고 있다. 그런데 지규식은 기독교에 입교하고 나서도 기제사를 지냈으며, 천도교에 입교한 후에도 제사를 지냈다. 한편, 지규식은 특별한 경우를 제외하고는 한식과 추석 때 직접 또는 동생이나 아들들을 보내 묘소에 가서 차례(묘제)를 지내게 했다. 그렇다고 지규식이 10월에 묘제를 지냈다는 기록은 찾아볼 수 없다. 그리고 지규식은 돌아가신 아버지를 대상으로 지내는 생일제사를 생신차례라고 하여 거의 매년 지냈다. 그런데 생신차례와 제사를 별개로 지낸 적도 있어 특이하다. 신분제도가 철폐되고 일제가 강점할 무렵의 경기도 광주지역 중인출신 집안의 기제사, 차례와 묘제, 생신차례를 지내는 모습은 양반가의 제례 관행보다는 약간 다르고 덜 엄격하지만, 양반이 아닌 집안의 제례라는 점에서 그 의의가 크다고 하겠다. 이상에서 보듯, "하재일기"에 나타난 관 혼 상 제례의 내용은 자료적으로 그 가치가 매우 높을 뿐만 아니라 민속학적으로도 의미가 크다고 하겠다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.13-40
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• 1972

Much has teed changed in the field of hospital administration in the It wake of the rapid development of sciences, techniques ana systematic hospital management. However, we still have a long way to go in organization, in the quality of hospital employees and hospital equipment and facilities, and in financial support in order to achieve proper hospital management. The above factors greatly effect the ability of hospitals to fulfill their obligation in patient care and nursing services. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal methods of standardization and quality nursing so as to improve present nursing services through investigations and analyses of various problems concerning nursing administration. This study has been undertaken during the six month period from October 1971 to March 1972. The 41 comprehensive hospitals have been selected iron amongst the 139 in the whole country. These have been categorized according-to the specific purposes of their establishment, such as 7 university hospitals, 18 national or public hospitals, 12 religious hospitals and 4 enterprise ones. The following conclusions have been acquired thus far from information obtained through interviews with nursing directors who are in charge of the nursing administration in each hospital, and further investigations concerning the purposes of establishment, the organization, personnel arrangements, working conditions, practices of service, and budgets of the nursing service department. 1. The nursing administration along with its activities in this country has been uncritical1y adopted from that of the developed countries. It is necessary for us to re-establish a new medical and nursing system which is adequate for our social environments through continuous study and research. 2. The survey shows that the 7 university hospitals were chiefly concerned with education, medical care and research; the 18 national or public hospitals with medical care, public health and charity work; the 2 religious hospitals with medical care, charity and missionary works; and the 4 enterprise hospitals with public health, medical care and charity works. In general, the main purposes of the hospitals were those of charity organizations in the pursuit of medical care, education and public benefits. 3. The survey shows that in general hospital facilities rate 64 per cent and medical care 60 per-cent against a 100 per cent optimum basis in accordance with the medical treatment law and approved criteria for training hospitals. In these respects, university hospitals have achieved the highest standards, followed by religious ones, enterprise ones, and national or public ones in that order. 4. The ages of nursing directors range from 30 to 50. The level of education achieved by most of the directors is that of graduation from a nursing technical high school and a three year nursing junior college; a very few have graduated from college or have taken graduate courses. 5. As for the career tenure of nurses in the hospitals: one-third of the nurses, or 38 per cent, have worked less than one year; those in the category of one year to two represent 24 pet cent. This means that a total of 62 per cent of the career nurses have been practicing their profession for less than two years. Career nurses with over 5 years experience number only 16 per cent: therefore the efficiency of nursing services has been rated very low. 6. As for the standard of education of the nurses: 62 per cent of them have taken a three year course of nursing in junior colleges, and 22 per cent in nursing technical high schools. College graduate nurses come up to only 15 per cent; and those with graduate course only 0.4 per cent. This indicates that most of the nurses are front nursing technical high schools and three year nursing junior colleges. Accordingly, it is advisable that nursing services be divided according to their functions, such as professional, technical nurses and nurse's aides. 7. The survey also shows that the purpose of nursing service administration in the hospitals has been regulated in writing in 74 per cent of the hospitals and not regulated in writing in 26 per cent of the hospitals. The general purposes of nursing are as follows: patient care, assistance in medical care and education. The main purpose of these nursing services is to establish proper operational and personnel management which focus on in-service education. 8. The nursing service departments belong to the medical departments in almost 60 per cent of the hospitals. Even though the nursing service department is formally separated, about 24 per cent of the hospitals regard it as a functional unit in the medical department. Only 5 per cent of the hospitals keep the department as a separate one. To the contrary, approximately 12 per cent of the hospitals have not established a nursing service department at all but surbodinate it to the other department. In this respect, it is required that a new hospital organization be made to acknowledge the independent function of the nursing department. In 76 per cent of the hospitals they have advisory committees under the nursing department, such as a dormitory self·regulating committee, an in-service education committee and a nursing procedure and policy committee. 9. Personnel arrangement and working conditions of nurses 1) The ratio of nurses to patients is as follows: In university hospitals, 1 to 2.9 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 4.0 for out-patients; in religious hospitals, 1 to 2.3 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 5.4 for out-patients. Grouped together this indicates that one nurse covers 2.2 hospitalized patients and 4.3 out-patients on a daily basis. The current medical treatment law stipulates that one nurse should care for 2.5 hospitalized patients or 30.0 out-patients. Therefore the statistics indicate that nursing services are being peformed with an insufficient number of nurses to cover out-patients. The current law concerns the minimum number of nurses and disregards the required number of nurses for operation rooms, recovery rooms, delivery rooms, new-born baby rooms, central supply rooms and emergency rooms. Accordingly, tile medical treatment law has been requested to be amended. 2) The ratio of doctors to nurses: In university hospitals, the ratio is 1 to 1.1; in national of public hospitals, 1 to 0.8; in religious hospitals 1 to 0.5; and in private hospitals 1 to 0.7. The average ratio is 1 to 0.8; generally the ideal ratio is 3 to 1. Since the number of doctors working in hospitals has been recently increasing, the nursing services have consequently teen overloaded, sacrificing the services to the patients. 3) The ratio of nurses to clerical staff is 1 to 0.4. However, the ideal ratio is 5 to 1, that is, 1 to 0.2. This means that clerical personnel far outnumber the nursing staff. 4) The ratio of nurses to nurse's-aides; The average 2.5 to 1 indicates that most of the nursing service are delegated to nurse's-aides owing to the shortage of registered nurses. This is the main cause of the deterioration in the quality of nursing services. It is a real problem in the guest for better nursing services that certain hospitals employ a disproportionate number of nurse's-aides in order to meet financial requirements. 5) As for the working conditions, most of hospitals employ a three-shift day with 8 hours of duty each. However, certain hospitals still use two shifts a day. 6) As for the working environment, most of the hospitals lack welfare and hygienic facilities. 7) The salary basis is the highest in the private university hospitals, with enterprise hospitals next and religious hospitals and national or public ones lowest. 8) Method of employment is made through paper screening, and further that the appointment of nurses is conditional upon the favorable opinion of the nursing directors. 9) The unemployment ratio for one year in 1971 averaged 29 per cent. The reasons for unemployment indicate that the highest is because of marriage up to 40 per cent, and next is because of overseas employment. This high unemployment ratio further causes the deterioration of efficiency in nursing services and supplementary activities. The hospital authorities concerned should take this matter into a jeep consideration in order to reduce unemployment. 10) The importance of in-service education is well recognized and established. 1% has been noted that on the-job nurses. training has been most active, with nursing directors taking charge of the orientation programs of newly employed nurses. However, it is most necessary that a comprehensive study be made of instructors, contents and methods of education with a separate section for in-service education. 10. Nursing services'activities 1) Division of services and job descriptions are urgently required. 81 per rent of the hospitals keep written regulations of services in accordance with nursing service manuals. 19 per cent of the hospitals do not keep written regulations. Most of hospitals delegate to the nursing directors or certain supervisors the power of stipulating service regulations. In 21 per cent of the total hospitals they have policy committees, standardization committees and advisory committees to proceed with the stipulation of regulations. 2) Approximately 81 per cent of the hospitals have service channels in which directors, supervisors, head nurses and staff nurses perform their appropriate services according to the service plans and make up the service reports. In approximately 19 per cent of the hospitals the staff perform their nursing services without utilizing the above channels. 3) In the performance of nursing services, a ward manual is considered the most important one to be utilized in about 32 percent of hospitals. 25 per cent of hospitals indicate they use a kardex; 17 per cent use ward-rounding, and others take advantage of work sheets or coordination with other departments through conferences. 4) In about 78 per cent of hospitals they have records which indicate the status of personnel, and in 22 per cent they have not. 5) It has been advised that morale among nurses may be increased, ensuring more efficient services, by their being able to exchange opinions and views with each other. 6) The satisfactory performance of nursing services rely on the following factors to the degree indicated: approximately 32 per cent to the systematic nursing activities and services; 27 per cent to the head nurses ability for nursing diagnosis; 22 per cent to an effective supervisory system; 16 per cent to the hospital facilities and proper supply, and 3 per cent to effective in·service education. This means that nurses, supervisors, head nurses and directors play the most important roles in the performance of nursing services. 11. About 87 per cent of the hospitals do not have separate budgets for their nursing departments, and only 13 per cent of the hospitals have separate budgets. It is recommended that the planning and execution of the nursing administration be delegated to the pertinent administrators in order to bring about improved proved performances and activities in nursing services.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.31-46
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• 1977

관상수재배(觀賞樹栽培)의 현황(現況), 생산(生產), 유통과정(流通過程), 문제점(問題點), 전망(展望)과 개선방안(改善方案)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 관상수재배(觀賞樹栽培)의 일반현황(一般現況) (1) 전국(全國)(서울제외(除外))의 관상수재배면적(觀賞樹栽培面積)과 재배자수(栽培者數)는 각각 1,872.02ha, 2,717명(名)으로서 농수산부(農水產部) 집계(集計)와 많은 차이(差異)가 있는데, 이것은 재배업자(栽培業者)들이 조세부담등(租稅負擔等)의 이유(理由)때문에 정확(正確)한 답(答)을 하지 않은 것으로 보여진다. (2) 직업(職業)은 원예(園藝)(관상수포함(觀賞樹包含)), 농업(農業)을 비롯한 일차산업분야(一次產業分野)의 종사자(從事者)들이 대부분이었으며, 공무원(公務員), 회사원(會社員)도 약간 있었다. (3) 관상수재배자(觀賞樹栽培者)는 학력(學歷)이 높을수록 그 수(數)가 많은 경향(傾向)을 보였으며, 연령(年齡)은 청년층(青年層)보다 장년(壯年)에서 노년층(老年層)이 많은 분포(分布)를 보였다. (4) 관상수재배동기(觀賞樹栽培動機)는 취미(趣味)로 시작, 수익(收益)이 높아서 자산저축적(資產貯蓄的)인 취지(趣旨)에서 공한지활용등(空閑地活用等)의 순(順)으로 나타났으며 재배경력(栽培經歷)은 5~10년(年)이 가장 많고, 대체로 5~15년(年)까지의 재배경력(栽培經歷)을 가진 자가 전체(全體)의 약 $\frac{2}{3}$정도를 차지하고 있었다. (5) 관상수재배장소(觀賞樹栽培場所)는 전(田)이 반이상(半以上)이었으며 그밖에 임야(林野), 답(畓), 하천부지등(河川敷地等)의 순(順)으로 전(田)과 답(畓)을 합(合)하면 66.1%로서 전체(全體) 재배장소(栽培場所)의 2/3나 되었다. (6) 관상수(觀賞樹)의 재배면적(栽培面積)은 1,000~3,000평(坪)의 재배자수(栽培者數)가 가장 많고 그 다음이 3,000~10,000평(坪), 10,000평(坪) 이상(以上), 300~1,000평(坪), 300평미만(坪未滿)의 순(順)으로 1정보(町步)(3,000평(坪))이상(以上)의 재배자(栽培者)가 44.3%로 나타났다. 2. 관상수(觀賞樹)의 생산(生產) (1) 관상수원(觀賞樹園)의 경영형태(經營形態)는 부업(副業), 주업(主業), 겸업순(兼業順)이었으며, 경영방식(經營方式)은 기업경영(企業經營), 반자영(半自營), 자영순(自營順)으로서 관상수재배(觀賞樹栽培)에는 고용노동(雇傭勞動)을 많이 사용(使用)하는 것으로 나타났다. (2) 관상수(觀賞樹)의 재배수종(栽培樹種)은 다양한데 30종(種) 미만(未滿)의 재배자(栽培者)가 전체(全體)의 약 3/4, 30종(種) 이상(以上)의 재배자(栽培者)가 전체(全體)의 약 l/4로 나타났다. (3) 1977년(年) 3월말(月末) 현재(現在) 관상수재배자(觀賞樹栽培者)들이 재배(栽培)하고 있는, 10가지 주요관상수종(主要觀賞樹種)은 (1) 향나무류, (2) 철죽류, (3) 회양목, (4) 은행나무, (5) 단풍나무, (6)목련류, (7) 잣나무류, (8) 주목, (9) 사철나무류, (10) 히말라야시다로 나타났다. (4) 출하(出荷)가 곧 가능(可能)한 수종(樹種)은 (1) 향나무류, (2) 회양목, (3) 철죽류, (4) 단풍나무류, (5) 목련류등이었다. 3. 관상수(觀賞樹)의 유통(流通) (1) 관상수(觀賞樹)의 처분(處分)은 주(主)로 중간상인(中間商人)에게 판매(販賣)하고 있었으며, 관상수유통과정(觀賞樹流通過程)은 5가지로 나누어 볼 수 있는데 대부분 중간상인(中間商人)과 하청자(下請者)를 거치며 심지어는 3~4단계의 중간단계(中間段階)를 거치는 유통경로(流通經路)도 실재(實在)하고 있음이 밝혀졌다. 그러므로 관상수(觀賞樹) 거래가격(去來價格)이 마구 조작되고 있어 피해(被害)와 손해(損害)를 입는 것은 생산자(生產者)와 실수요자(實需要者)들이다. 따라서 생산자(生產者)를 보호육성(保護育成)하고 실수요자(實需要者)들에게 보다 싼 적정가격(適正價格)으로 관상수(觀賞樹)를 공급(供給)할 수 있는 단일유통체제(單一流通體制)의 수립(樹立)이 시급히 강구(講究)되어야 할 것이다. (2) 관상수생산자(觀賞樹生產者)들의 관상수판매가격(觀賞樹販賣價格)은 조사결과(調査結果) 입찰가격(入札價格)의 1/2~1/3, 심지어는 수종(樹種)에 따라 1/41~1/5에 불과한 예(例)도 있음이 나타났다. (3) 중간상인(中間商人)들이 얻는 중간이익(中間利益)은 20~50%정도(程度)를 얻는 사람이 대부분인 것으로 본조사결과(本調査結果) 밝혀졌다. 그러므로 관상수유통(觀賞樹流通)의 합리화(合理化)를 기(期)하기 위해서는 중간상인(中間商人)과 하청자(下請者)를 배제(排除)한 생사자(生產者)가 실수요자(實需要者)에게 직매(直賣)할 수 있는 유통경로(流通經路)의 모색(摸索)이 절실히 요청(要請)되며, 생산자(生產者)의 권리(權利)를 보장할 수 있는 방안(方案)도 아울러 검토(檢討)되어야 할 것이다. 4. 관상수(觀賞樹)에 대한 제반(諸般) 문제점(問題點) (1) 최근(最近) 대기업(大企業)에서 관상수재배(觀賞樹栽培) 진출(進出)을 하고 있는데 대해서 관상수재배자(觀賞樹栽培者)들은 (1) 과잉생산(過剩生產)의 초래(招來), (2) 농가(農家)의 부업적(副業的)인 재배(栽培)에 압박(壓迫)을 주기때문 등등의 이유(理由)로 반대의견(反對意見)이 지배적(支配的)이었는데 관계기관(關係機關)에서는 이에 대한 적절(適切)한 대응책(對應策)을 강구(講究)하지 않으면 안될 것이다. (2) 관상수(觀賞樹)의 평탄지(平坦地) 재배금지(栽培禁止)에 대한 반응(反應)은 반대(反對)한다가 지배적(支配的)인 견해(見解)로서 그 이유(理由)를 (1) 신규(新規) 재배자(栽培者)만 규제(規制)해도 법(法)의 목적(目的)이 달성(達成)된다는 것과, (2) 과거(過去)에 합법적(合法的)으로 식재(植栽)한 관상수(觀賞樹)를 무보상(無補賞)으로 옮겨 심게 하는 것은 위법(違法)이 라는 점(點)을 들고 있다. 한편 "농지(農地)의 보전(保全) 및 이용(利用)에 관한 법률(法律)"에 의하여 농수산부(農水產部)가 집계(集計)한 농지환원대상면적(農地還元對象面積)은 전(田)과 답(畓)을 합(合)하여 1,176.39ha로서 이 법(法) 시행(施行)에 앞서 관상수재배자(觀賞樹栽培者)들에 대한 대책(對策)을 강구(講究)한 후(後) 실시(實施)함이 당연(當然)한 처사(處事)요 정당(正堂)한 절차(節次)라고 생각된다. (3) 관상수(觀賞樹)의 대외수출(對外輸出)은 1970년(年) 최초로 편백, 산수유, 오동나무를 수출하기 시작하여 2~3년간 호조(好調)를 보여오다가 최근 부진(不振)현상을 겪고 있는데, 재배업자(栽培業者)들은 그 이유(理由)를 (1) 정보(情報)가 빈약(貧弱)하고 장려책(裝勵策)이 없기 때문, (2) 수입국(輸入國)의 경제불황(經濟不況), (3) 기호(嗜好)에 맞는 신수종(新樹種)의 개발(開發)이 없기 때문 등등으로 보고 있다. 그러나 관상수수출(觀賞樹輸出)은 이제 대일의존(對日依存)에서 구미제국(歐美諸國)쪽으로 돌려야 할 것이며 관상수(觀賞樹)도 새로운 양묘기술(養苗技術)과 번식기술(繁殖技術)을 요(要)하는 특이수종(特異樹種)을 개발(開發)하는 것이 관상수(觀相樹) 수출진흥방안책(輸出振興方案策)이라 생각된다. (4) 관상수(觀賞樹)를 식재(植栽)하여 수입(收入)이 있기 전(前) 을류농지세(乙類農地稅) 납부여부(納付與否)에 대한 관상수(觀賞樹) 재배업자(栽培業者)들의 반응(反應)은 납부(納付)하지 않았다가 납부(納付)하였다는 반응(反應)보다 많았다. 한편 전반적(全般的)인 관상수재배지(觀賞樹栽培地에) 대한 을류농지세액(乙類農地稅額)은 대체로 적당하다는 반응(反應)보다는 세액(稅額)이 너무 많다고 응답(應答)한 사람이 많이 있는 것으로 보아 관계기관(關係機關)에서는 을류농지세(乙類農地稅)의 과세기준(課稅基準)에 대한 재검토(再檢討)를 하여 적정과세(適正課脫)를 하여야 할 것으로 사료(思料)된다. 5. 관상수재배(觀賞樹栽培)에 대한 전망(展望) 및 개선방안(改善方案) (1) 관상수(觀賞樹)의 경기(景氣)는 짧으면 앞으로 2~3년(年), 길면 5~10년내(年內)에 좋아질 것으로 비교적 낙관적(樂觀的) 반응(反應)을 보이고 있는 반면, 앞으로 회복될 가능성이 없다고 비관적 반응(反應)을 보인 예도 약간 있었다. (2) 관상수생산전환(觀賞樹生產轉換)에 대한 반응은 현상유지, 현보유량처분후(現保有量處分後) 전환(轉換), 염가라도 정리(定理)하겠다는 순(順)이었으며, 장기적(長期的)인 안목(眼目)으로 계속 확장(擴張)하고자 한다는 반응(反應)은 그리 많지 않았다. (3) 관상수(觀賞樹)의 규격표준화(規格標準化)에 대한 반응(反應)은 찬성(贊成)한다는 반응(反應)이 지배적(支配的)이나 반대(反對)한다는 사람들도 약간 있었다. 그들은 그 이유(理由)를 (1) 동일규격(同一規格)이라도 재배기술(栽培技術)에 의한 수형상황(樹形狀況)에 따라 가격차(價格差)가 크기 때문, (2) 조림묘목(造林苗木)과 달라 규격통일(規格統一)이 어렵기 때문이라고 하였다. (4) 관상수유통과정(觀賞樹流通過程)의 정비책(整備策)으로 유통기관(流通機關)에서 계통적(系統的)으로 관상수(觀賞樹)를 판매(販賣), 처분(處分)하는데 대해서 찬성(贊成)한다는 반응(反應)이 훨씬 많았으며, 반대자들은 (1) 유통전담기관(流通專擔機關)이 독점(獨占)할 경우의 횡포와, (2) 유통전담기관(流通專擔機關)이 영리화(營利化) 되기 쉽다는 것을 우려하고 있었다. (5) 관상수(觀賞樹)의 과잉생산(過剩生產)을 방지(防止)하고 우량관상수(優良觀賞樹)를 생산(生產)하기 위한 방편으로 관상수재배(觀賞樹栽培)의 허가제(許可制) 또는 인가제(認可制)가 대두(擡頭)되고 있는데 대해서 반대(反對)한다가 찬성(贊成)한다는 반응(反應)보다 약간 높게 나타났으며, 반대이유(反對理由)로는 (1) 부업적(副業的) 관상수재배(觀賞樹栽培)가 불가능(不可能)하다는 것과, (2) 권력(權力)과 결탁한 부조리(不條理)를 초래(招來)하기 쉽다는 것을 들고 있었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제10권
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• pp.69-100
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• 1968

1 : 탁주양조(濁酒釀造)에 가장 큰 미생물원(微生物源)이 되는 누룩중(中)의 미생물군(微生物群)과 효소(酵素)를 조사하기 위(爲)하여 충남대학교(忠南大學校) 농과대학(農科大學)에서 제조(製造)한 누룩(S)와 시판(市販) 누룩(T)을 공시(供試)하여 사상균(絲狀菌), 호기성세균(好氣性細菌), 유산균(乳酸菌) 및 효모(酵母)를 검색(檢索) 계수(計數)하고 특(特)히 효모(酵母)는 TTC-agar 처리(處理)로서 그 정색별(呈色別)에 따라 유별(類別)하였으며 또한 Amylase 및 Protease 역가(力價)를 측정(測定)하여 얻은 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. (a) S 누룩 1gm. 중(中)에는 Aspergilles eryzae group: $240{\times}10^5$, Black aspergilli: $163{\times}10^5$, Rhizopus: $20{\times}10^5$, Penicillia: $134{\times}10^5$, 호기성(好氣性) 세균(細菌): $9{\times}10^6{\sim}2{\times}10^7$, 유산균(乳酸菌): $3{\times}10^4$개(個)이였으며 T 누룩 1gm.중(中)에는 Aspergilles oryzae group: $836{\times}10^5$, Black aspergilli: $268{\times}10^5$, Rhizopus: $623{\times}10^5$, Penicillia: $264{\times}10^5$, 호기성(好氣性) 세균(細菌): $5{\times}10^6{\sim}9{\times}10^6$, 유산균(乳酸菌): $3{\times}10^4$개(個)이였다. (b) S 누룩중(中) 호기성세균(好氣性細菌)은 $80{\sim}90%$가 Bacillus subtilis 계(系)인것 같았으며 T 누룩의 것은 70%내외(內外)가 구균(球菌)이었고 유산균(乳酸菌)은 양(兩)누룩이 다 약(約) 80%가 구상유산균(球狀乳酸菌)이였다. (c) S 누룩 1gm.중(中)의 효모(酵母)는 약(約) $6{\times}10^4$개(個)로서 이 중(中) TTC Pink 효모(酵母)가 56.5%, Red pink 효모(酵母): 16%, Red 효모(酵母): 8%, White 효모(酵母): 19.5%이었으며 T 누룩 1gm.중(中)의 효모(酵母)는 약(約) 개(個)로서 이 중(中) Pink: 42%, Red Pink: 21%, Red: 28%, White: 9%이였다. (d) S 누룩 1gm.중(中)의 효소력(酵素力)은 액화형(液化型) amylase: $D^{40}^{\circ}_{30}^'=32\;W.V.$, 당화형(糖化型) amylase: 43.32 A.U., Acid protease 181 C.F.U., Alkaline pretease: 240 C.F.U.이였으며 T 누룩 1gm.의 효소력(酵素力)은 액화형(液化型) amylase: $D^{40}^{\circ}_{30}^'=32\;W.V.$, 당화형(糖化型) amylase: 34.92 A.U., Acid protease 138 C.F.U., Alkaline pretease: 31 C.F.U.이였다. 2 : S, T 누룩으로서 탁주(濁酒)를 담금하여 전양조(全釀造) 기간중(期間中) 매(每) 12시간(時間)의 미생물군(微生物群) 및 효소력(酵素力)의 소장(消長)을 측정(測定)하고 주효모(主酵母)라고 인정(認定)한 Pink와 Red 효모(酵母)를 분리배양(分離培養)하여 유산첨가(乳酸添加)로 pH를 4.2로 조절(調節)한 S, T 각구(各區)술덧에 $1{\times}10^6ml$개(個)를 첨가(添加) 양조(釀造)한 각(各)술덧중(中)의 미생물군(微生物群)의 소장(消長)을 측정(測定)하여 얻은 결과(結果)는 다음과 같으며 이 실험에서도 효모(酵母)는 TTC 정색별(呈色別)로 유별(類別) 계수(計數)하였다. (a) 각시료구(各試料區)에서 사상균(絲狀菌)은 담금후(後) $2{\sim}3$일경(日頃)부터 검출(檢出)되지 않았으며 호기성(好氣性) 세균(細菌)은 담금 직후(直後) 술덧 매(每) ml 당(當) S 누룩 사용(使用)의 3구(區)에서 $15{\times}10^7{\sim}35{\times}10^7$개(個), T 누룩 사용(使用)의 3 구(區)에서 $8.2{\times}10^7{\sim}12{\times}10^7$개(個)가 검출(檢出)되어 이중(中) 구균(球菌)은 유산(乳酸) 무첨가(無添加)로 담금한 S 및 T구(區)에서는 36시간경(時間頃)까지 많은 증식(增殖)을 하다가 기후(其後) 급속(急速)히 감소(減少)되고 유산(乳酸) 첨가(添加)로 담금한 SP, SR, TP, 및 TR 구(區)에서는 처음부터 거의 검출(檢出)되지 않고 Bacillus는 각구(各區)에서 다 같이 많은 기복(起伏)이 있는 소장(消長)을 하였으나 말기(末期)에는 초기(初期)의 약(約) $1/5{\sim}1/10$ 수(數)로 감소(減少)되었다. (b) 유산균(乳酸菌)은 담금후(後) 24시간경(時間頃)에 S 구(區)에서는 술덧 매(每) ml 당(當) 약(約) $7.4{\times}10^7$ 개(個)가 검출(檢出)되어 $3{\sim}4$일경(日頃)까지 약(約) $2{\times}10^8$ 개(個)로 증식(增殖)하고 그후(後) 급속(急速)히 감소(減少)되어 말경(末頃)에는 약(約) $4{\times}10^5$ 개(個)가 존재(存在)하였으며 T 구(區)에서는 24시간경(時間頃)에 검출(檢出)되었으며 3일경(日頃)에는 약(約) $3{\times}10^7$ 개(個), 말경(末頃)에는 약(約) $2{\times}10^5$ 개(個)가 존재(存在)하였다. 한편 SP, SR, TP, 및 TR 구(區)에서는 각구(各區)마다 24시간경(時間頃)에 약(約) $4{\times}10^5$ 개(個)로 현저(顯著)히 적은 수(數)가 검출(檢出)되었으며 기후(其後) 별(別) 변동(變動)없는 소장(消長)을 하거나 사멸(死滅)되어 거의 검출(檢出)되지 않았다. (c) 각구(各區)술덧에서 검출(檢出)된 유산균(乳酸菌)은 대부분(大部分) 구상균(球狀菌)이였으며 또한 유산균(乳酸菌)의 소장(消長)은 술덧중(中)에 생성(生成)되는 유산(乳酸) 및 Alcohol 함량(含量)과 부합(符合)되는 경향(傾向)이였다. (d) 효모(酵母)는 24시간경(時間頃)부터 증식(增殖)이 뚜렷하여 술덧 매(每) ml당(當) S 구(區)에서는 약(約) $2{\times}10^8$ 개(個)가 되고 48시간경(時間頃)에는 약(約) $4{\times}10^8$ 개(個)가 되어 계속(繼續)하다가 후기(後期)에 다시 증가(增加)되어 $5{\sim}7{\times}10^8$ 개(個)가 되었으며 T 구(區)에서는 24시간경(時間頃)에 $4{\times}10^8$ 개(個)가 되었고 기후(其後) 기복(起伏)을 보이면서 $2{\sim}5{\times}10^8$ 개(個)로 계속(繼續)하였다. (e) S, T 양구(兩區)술덧중(中)에서 소장(消長)한 효모(酵母)는 TTC Pink 효모(酵母)가 90%이상(以上)을 차지하고 Red pink 및 Red 효모(酵母)는 전양조기간(全釀造期間)을 통(通)하여 $2{\times}10^6{\sim}3{\times}10^7$ 개(個) 사이에서 소장(消長)하였다. (f) SP 에서는 효모(酵母)는 24시간경(時間頃)에 S 구(區)보다 2배(倍)가 되는 약(約) $5{\times}10^8$ 개(個)의 Pink 효모(酵母)가 검출(檢出)되었으며 중기말경(中期末頃)까지는 S 구(區)보다 많은 수(數)이였으나 후기(後期)에는 별차(別差)없는 수(數)가 되었다. (g) SR 구(區)에서 소장(消長)하는 총효모수(總酵母數)는 SP 구(區)와 대차(大差)는 없었으나, 첨가(添加)해준 Red 효모(酵母)는 초기(初期)에 다소(多少) 많이 검출(檢出)되고 3일후(日後)부터는 S 구(區)와 별차(別差)없는 수(數)로 소장(消長)하였으며 TR구(區)에서도 Red 효모(酵母)가 초기(初期)에는 T 구(區)에 비(比)해서 많았으나 중기이후(中期以後)부터는 T 구(區)와 별차(別差)없는 경향(傾向)이어서 Red 효모(酵母)를 가(加)한 구(區)에서도 Pink 효모(酵母)가 훨씬 우세(優勢)함을 보여 본실험(本實驗)에서 검출(檢出)된 Red 효모(酵母)는 탁주양조(濁酒釀造)에서 후기(後期)까지 계속(繼續) 생육(生育)은 하나 많은 증식(增殖)은 하지 않았다. (h) TP 구(區)에서 Pink 효모(酵母)는 2일경(日頃)에 약(約) $5{\times}10^8$ 개(個)가 되어 T 구(區)에 비(比)해서 많고 기후(其後) 감소(減少)되는 경향(傾向)이나 T 구(區)보다는 많으며 후기(後期)에서는 역시(亦是) T 구(區)와 별차(別差)없는 수(數)가 되었다. (i) 술덧중(中)의 효모(酵母) 소장(消長)과 동시(同時)에 Alcohol 생성량(生成量)을 측정(測定)한 결과(結果) Pink 효모(酵母)를 첨가(添加)한 구(區)에서 초기(初期)에 다소(多少) 많은 생성량(生成量)을 보였으나 중기(中期) 이후(以後)는 효모(酵母) 무첨가구(無添加區)와의 차이(差異)를 인정(認定)할 수 없었고 또 Alcohol생성(生成)은 효모(酵母) 총수(總數)와 비례(比例)하지 않았다. (j) 액화형(液化型) Amylase는 담금 후(後) 12시간경(時間頃)까지 가장 강(强)하고 24시간경(時間頃)에 일단(一旦) 감소(減少)되었다가 시간경(時間頃)에 최고(最高)로 증가(增加)된 후(後) 74시간경(時間頃)까지 서서(徐徐)히 감소(減少)되고 기후(其後)는 급(急)히 감소(減少)를 보였다. (k) 술덧발효중(醱酵中) Alkaline protease는 불규칙적(不規則的)이기는 하나 계속(繼續) 감소(減少)되는 소장(消長)이었고 Acid protease는 24시간경(時間頃)에 최고(最高)로 증가(增加)하였다가 급(急)히 감소(減少)된 후(後) 다시 증가(增加)하는 불규칙적(不規則的)인 소장(消長)을 보였으나 Alkaline protease 보다는 계속(繼續) 강(强)하였었다. 3 : 본실험(本實驗)에서 가장 많이 검출(檢出)된 TTC Pink 효모(酵母)와 계속(繼續) 나타난 2주(株)의 Red Pink 효모(酵母) 및 1주(株)의 를 동정(同定)하고 이들의 생리적성질(生理的性質)을 검사(檢査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. (a) TTC Pink 효모(酵母)(B-50P)와 2주(株)의 Red Pink 효모(酵母)(B-54RP 및 B-60RP)는 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 형(型)이였고 Red 효모(酵母)(B-53P)는 Hansenula subpelliculosa 형(型)이였다. (b) 분리동정(分離同定)한 발효력(醱酵力)을 측정(測定)한 결과(結果) 2주(株)의 TTC Red Pink 효모(酵母)가 가장 강(强)하고 Pink 효모(酵母)가 다소(多少) 떨어지며 Red효모(酵母)는 현저(顯著)히 약(弱)함을 보였고 특(特)히 Pink 및 2주(株)의 Red Pink 효모(酵母)는 초발효력(初醱酵力)이 강(强)하여 탁주양조(濁酒釀造)에 적합(適合)함을 알았으며 Red효모(酵母)는 발효력(醱酵力)은 약(弱)하나 Ester생성력(生成力)이 강(强)하여 탁주양조(濁酒釀造)에 중요(重要)한 역할(役割)를 하는것을 알았다. 따라 탁주양조(濁酒釀造)에는 TTC Red Pink 및 Pink로 정색(呈色)되는 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 형(型)이 우량(優良)함을 추정(推定) 할 수 있었다. (c) 분리동정(分離同定)한 4주(株)효모(酵母) 아초산내성(亞硝酸耐性)은 강(强)하였으며 유산내성(乳酸耐性)은 국즙(麴汁) 배지(培地)에서 3%정도(程度)이었으나 Red효모(酵母)는 더 강(强)하였고 Alcohol 내성(耐性)은 Hayduck배지(培地)에서 Pink 및 Red Pink 효모(酵母)는 3%정도(程度)이고 맥아즙(麥芽汁) 배지(培地)에서는 13%정도(程度)이었으나 Red 효모(酵母)는 이들보다 훨씬 약(弱)하였으며 Gelatin 액화(液化)는 2주(株)가 다 40일(日)까지 (-)이였다. 4 : 탁주양조중(濁酒釀造中)의 발효도(醱酵度)는 2일경(日頃)에 총발효율(總醱酵率)의 $70{\sim}80%$가 이루어지고 $3{\sim}4$일경(日頃)까지 90%내외(內外)가 진행(進行)되어 주발효(主醱酵)는 이 시기(時期)에 종료(終了)됨을 보였으며 또한 탁주양조(濁酒釀造)에 있어서 담금한 총전분량(總澱粉量)에 대(對)한 주정(酒精) 발효율(醱酵率)은 65%내외(內外)가 됨을 알 수 있었다. 5 : 제등(齊藤)가 탁주(濁酒)술덧에서 분리(分離)한 Saccharomyces coreanus가 본실험(本實驗)에서 전연(全然) 검출(檢出)되지 않은 이유(理由)는 1930년경(年頃)부터 누룩제조(製造)에 국균(麴菌)을 종균(種菌)으로 접종(接種)하였으며 또한 탁주양조(濁酒釀造)에 일본국(日本麴)도 혼합사용(混合使用)하여서 탁주양조(濁酒釀造)에 있어서 미생물상(微生物相)이 완전(完全)히 달라진 탓이 아닌가 생각되며 이것을 뒷받침 하는 것으로 과거의 약탁주(藥濁酒) 고유미(固有味)가 달라진 것을 들 수 있다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
• /
• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
• /
• pp.17-17
• /
• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.