• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.15-24
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• 2010

Many efforts to understand the deterioration processes of the beeswax-treated volume of "The Annals of Joseon Dynasty" have been made. However, most previous studies have focused on individual sample sheet of the beeswax-treated paper but not book volume format. In this study, humid cycling accelerated aging for duplicated beeswax-treated book volume and Hanji book volume were carried out to examine differences in the deterioration of different parts of each volume as well as between the two book volumes during the aging. As results, it is found that the deterioration rate for the beeswax-treated volume is higher than that for the Hanji book volume. Different parts in each volume show different magnitude of deterioration. In particular, outer sides in both beeswax-treated and Hanji book volumes, which are directly exposed to the air, are deteriorated more seriously than inner sides. It is also observed that inner sides are considerably deteriorated during the aging, implying that inner deterioration may have different mechanisms from outer deterioration.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.9-14
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• 2012

Currently a variety of efforts to conserve and restore the injured the Annal of the Joseon Dynasty are continued and many studies about the aging pathway of the beeswax-treated volume have being progressed. In this study, two chambers were set up to assess the influence of VOCs(Volatile Organic Compounds) generated in process of beeswax deterioration. One chamber was closed and the other was continuously ventilated in order to remove the VOCs. In results, the acid compounds of beeswax-treated Hanjis aged in closed chamber was more than that aged in ventilated chamber. The folding endurance of beeswax-treated Hanjis aged in closed chamber was lower than that aged in ventilated chamber. Accumulated acid compounds of beeswax-treated Hanji in closed chamber may cause accelerated aging and strength decrease. In conclusion, accumulated acid compounds can accelerate the aging of beeswax-treated Hanji and cause the severe deterioration of inside of beeswax-treated volume. Therefore, to preserve more safely beeswax-treated volumes of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, it is essential that VOCs emitted from beeswax-treated volume are ventilated.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.72-79
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• 2012

In this study, to understand the aging factor and mechanism in different partitions of the beeswax-treated volumes, the duplicated beeswax-treated volume was artificially aged at $80^{\circ}C$ of temperature and 65% of relative humidity and then a physical and optical properties of an aged volumes was analyzed. Also, the degraded components of the beeswax samples isolated from different partitions of aged volumes was measured using a gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). In results, the surface of beeswax-treated volume which is primarily affected by a main aging factors such as light, oxygen, moisture was more deteriorated than the inside of that volume. However, unlike inside of the book volume which was made from paper, the inside of beeswax-treated volume wax was also considerably deteriorated. The inside of the beeswax-treated volume is largely unaffected by the oxygen and humidity during aging due to the water repellency and the air permeation resistance of beeswax. Therefore, it is confirmed that aging factors and mechanisms in the inside of the volume are different from thats of the outside of the volume. This fact was also verified by the results of GC/MS analysis of an beeswax samples which was sampled from different partitions of aged volumes. As result as GC/MS analysis of the beeswax extracted from the outside of the aged volume, the low molecular compounds with a carbon length of $C_9-C_{20}$ (fatty acid, etc) were increased and the compounds with a carbon length of above $C_{34}$ (ester, etc) were also increased. But the compounds with a chain length of $C_{21}-C_{36}$ (hydrocarbon, alcohol, etc) were decreased. In case of the aged beeswax of inside, the low molecular compounds with a carbon length of $C_9-C_{20}$ (fatty acid, etc) and the compounds with a chain length of $C_{21}-C_{36}$ (hydrocarbon, alcohol, etc) were increased. While, the compounds with a carbon length of above $C_{34}$ (ester, etc) were decreased.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.98-105
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• 2011

Patterns and levels of aging vary between the book volume and sheets, even though both are made from the same paper materials. In case of book format, the outside is more easily affected than inner side by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and air. In this study, the change in optical properties after dry heating accelerated aging was comparatively analyzed to understand the difference of the optical aging characteristics between outside and inner side of the duplicated beeswax-treated volume. It is found that the cover pages of the beeswax-treated volumes were more optically deteriorated than their middle pages. This indicates that outer sides of aging book volume directly exposed to the air is more vulnerable to serious deterioration than inner sides. Also, aromatic compounds such as benzoic acid and cinnamic acid were observed in the investigation of UV/VIS absorbance of the beeswax in each aged sample.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.30
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• pp.149-155
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• 2009

Annals of the Joseon Dynasty were composed of 1,229 volumes, and the 475 copies of total annals were wax-treated. Compared to non-wax treated copies, waxed volume of annals were seriously damaged such as crack, stick, discoloration to brown or black, and partially degradation. It is believed that the purpose of wax treatment for some volumes in the annals of the Joseon Dynasty is to prevent paper to deteriorate and to keep for the long time. But, beeswax could be deteriorated itself more rapidly. As a result, the waxed volume was much more damaged than non-waxed volume. Therefore, the investigation of decomposition and deterioration mechanism of beeswax-treated paper which might be used in waxed volume of the annals of the Joseon Dynasty must be done in order to prevent further decomposition and to restore the degraded wax-treated copies of the annals. For basis data of this purpose, physical properties of beeswax-treated paper be analyzed by coating methods. In result, sample products was manufactured reproducibility in lab scale. Specially, beeswax-treated method improved a orientation of papers. And the brushing method was stronger than the dipping method.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.56-62
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• 2014

This study aims to investigate the applicability of supercritical fluid extraction as a dewaxing technique to restore the beeswax-treated volume of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty in various deterioration and damage conditions. Thus, this study analyzed the dewaxing efficiency and changes in physical and morphological properties before and after dewaxing, by applying the optimal supercritical fluid extraction dewaxing condition ($70^{\circ}C$, 40 MPa, $CO_2$, Co-solvent 20% DCM, 2 hour) to 3 kinds of beeswax-treated paper with different deterioration rates (dry artificial aging of 10, 20 and 30 days at $120^{\circ}C$). After dry artificial aging at $120^{\circ}C$ for 30 days, the average molecular weight of the beeswax-treated specimen was $1.856{\times}10^5g/mol$, showing deterioration about 80% of the beeswax-treated paper before dewaxing. It was a similar level to the molecular weight of the bees-waxed volume of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty that has a higher degree of damage. As a result of analyzing the dewaxing efficiency through FT-IR analysis, this study discovered that it was possible to effectively dewax beeswax-treated paper in the range of deterioration 20 to 80% with this supercritical fluid extraction dewaxing technique applied. As a result of analyzing changes in the physical and morphological properties before and after dewaxing, the viscosity tended to decrease to a slight degree, and since no morphological deformation or damage of stencil fibers was found, it was concluded possible to conduct stable dewaxing through this supercritical fluid extraction technique.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.70-78
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• 2012

The Annals of Joseon Dynasty, which recorded governmental affairs for 472 years (AD 1392-1863) during the Joseon dynasty is an representative paper cultural heritage in Korea. Being recognised their authenticity and values they were designated as the No 151 national treasure of Korea in 1973 and registered as 'The Memories of the World' by UNESCO in 1997. Unusually, some volumes of the Annals were treated by beeswax for the permanent preservation. However, the examinations on the deterioration of the beeswax-treated volumes had been exposed the serious damage than the untreated volumes. In particular, the larger amount of beeswax were worst in deterioration condition. In order to solve these problems, NRICH(National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) of Korea launched the investigation study for the conservation of beeswax-treated volumes of the Annals. Now then, the five study areas have been set up; 1) to understand the damaged condition of the Annals; 2) to analyse the raw materials and production techniques; 3) to test the degradation degree using the duplication samples for understanding the aging factors and mechanism; 4) to develop the conservation techniques through dewaxing and thereafter strengthening the base paper of Hanji; 5) to develop the long-term storage technique using inert gases. On the basis of outcomes from this study, NRICH will plan to establish the systematic conservation and management plan for the beeswax-treated volumes of the Annals in future.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.10-16
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• 2013

This study aims to carry out the final evaluation on the deterioration stability of dewaxing and strengthening treatments devised to conserve and restore the beeswax-treated volumes of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. Thus, this study artificially deteriorated dewaxed Hanji, strengthened Hanji and beeswax-treated Hanji with optimized processing conditions applied, and comparatively analyzed the deterioration characteristics of each kind of Hanji. As a result of this study, it turned out that there was the loss of physical strength and the value of $L^*$ was increased and the values of $a^*$ and $b^*$ were decreased from removing beeswax after dewaxing by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Also deteriorated strength during dewaxing was reinforced by strengthening treatment with methylcellulose and it showed higher strength than beeswax-treated Hanji. From the evaluation on deterioration stability after dewaxing and strengthening, it turned out that deterioration stability of strengthened Hanji is the superior. Therefore, it is presumed that conservation of aged beeswax-treated Hanji can be improved and extended when dewaxing and strengthening are applied under optimum conditions.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2008

The annals of Joseon Dynasty is the most valuable resource containing the record of Korean history and has been known as one of the UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. In some period, wax-treated paper was used in the annals of Joseon Dynasty to prevent the damage from pests. But, wax-treated volumes were discolored to brown, white or black, and partially cracked by the stiffened wax. It means that wax-treated volumes were damaged by the hardening and oxidizing of wax. The wax is considered as the first reason in damages on the wax-treated volume. Therefore, in this study we analysed the oxidation index of Korea traditional paper(Hanji) which is used as the restoration paper of the waxed volume in the annals of Joseon Dynasty by using FT-IR. As the analysis of FT-IR, the traditional two-layed stamping paper (Hanji sample F), which was treated by starch in its surface, was shown the most stable state after the accelerated ageing test.