• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.9-14
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• 2012

Currently a variety of efforts to conserve and restore the injured the Annal of the Joseon Dynasty are continued and many studies about the aging pathway of the beeswax-treated volume have being progressed. In this study, two chambers were set up to assess the influence of VOCs(Volatile Organic Compounds) generated in process of beeswax deterioration. One chamber was closed and the other was continuously ventilated in order to remove the VOCs. In results, the acid compounds of beeswax-treated Hanjis aged in closed chamber was more than that aged in ventilated chamber. The folding endurance of beeswax-treated Hanjis aged in closed chamber was lower than that aged in ventilated chamber. Accumulated acid compounds of beeswax-treated Hanji in closed chamber may cause accelerated aging and strength decrease. In conclusion, accumulated acid compounds can accelerate the aging of beeswax-treated Hanji and cause the severe deterioration of inside of beeswax-treated volume. Therefore, to preserve more safely beeswax-treated volumes of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, it is essential that VOCs emitted from beeswax-treated volume are ventilated.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.25-32
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• 2010

The beeswax-treated volumes of the Annals of Joseon Dynasty, designated as a UNESCO's Memories of the World, have been more seriously damaged than the untreated ones. As a continuous effort to develop the optimal conservation techniques for the damaged beeswax-treated volumes of the Annals, this study examines the effectiveness of wet cleaning on the conservation of the beeswax-treated paper. To do this, wet cleaning is performed on the duplicated beeswax-treated paper and the Hanji that are aged at $105^{\circ}C$ for 30 days using distilled water of $24^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$. As results, it is observed that pH of the both the beeswax-treated paper and the Hanji increase, indicating the removal of the acid of the aged paper samples through wet cleaning. After the wet cleaning, however, the physical properties and viscosity of the Hanji decrease, while those of the beeswax-treated paper increase. It is also found that wet cleaning contributes to enhancement of most optical properties of the Hanji, but not for those of the beeswax-treated paper except for the $b^*$ value. Analyses of UV absorbance of cleaning water demonstrate that both the beeswax-treated paper and the Hanji have typical spectra of chromophore compounds of cellulose.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.64-70
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• 2013

In this study, the effect of soxhlet extraction on dewaxing of the aged beeswax-treated paper was examined. To do this, soxhlet extraction of the aged beeswax-treated paper performed with different reflux conditions and then measured the dewaxing efficiency and change in the various properties such as tensile strength, folding endurance, color and brightness. Also, an artificial aging test was executed in order to investigate the effect of soxhlet extraction on the preservability of the dewaxed paper. As the result of FT-IR analysis, a peak area of CH and COOH group, which are main band of beeswax, was decreased or removed after soxhlet extraction. The decreasing rate of each peaks were increased depending on reflux time. After dewaxing, the physical property such as MIT type folding endurance and tensile strength was decreased. And $L^*$ value and brightness were increased while $a^*$ and $b^*$ value were decreased due to the remove of color compounds in beeswax. The more color deviation (${\Delta}E$) is expected with higher reflux times. As the result of artificial aging, preservability of two dewaxed papers except of DP_SE(C) sample was higher than that of untreated paper i.e. beeswax-treated paper.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.15-24
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• 2010

Many efforts to understand the deterioration processes of the beeswax-treated volume of "The Annals of Joseon Dynasty" have been made. However, most previous studies have focused on individual sample sheet of the beeswax-treated paper but not book volume format. In this study, humid cycling accelerated aging for duplicated beeswax-treated book volume and Hanji book volume were carried out to examine differences in the deterioration of different parts of each volume as well as between the two book volumes during the aging. As results, it is found that the deterioration rate for the beeswax-treated volume is higher than that for the Hanji book volume. Different parts in each volume show different magnitude of deterioration. In particular, outer sides in both beeswax-treated and Hanji book volumes, which are directly exposed to the air, are deteriorated more seriously than inner sides. It is also observed that inner sides are considerably deteriorated during the aging, implying that inner deterioration may have different mechanisms from outer deterioration.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.50-57
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• 2012

In this study, the beeswax extraction methods using organic solvents were examined to develop a optimal dewaxing technology for beeswax-treated Hanji. Thermally-aged beeswax-treated Hanji was dewaxed using four types of extraction methods including dipping, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic washing and shaking methods. Then, the aging stability of the dewaxed Hanji was evaluated in terms of variations in paper strength and in the color of the printed area with muk. The experimental results suggested that the dewaxing methods allowing solvent to flow during extraction showed superior extraction efficiency. The dipping method in which the organic solvent does not flow showed the slowest extraction rate of beeswax compared to three other methods. In terms of variations in tensile strength and folding endurance, however, no obvious differences in the aging stability were observed amongst these four extraction methods. Regarding the aging stability in terms of the color of the printed area with muk, Soxhlet extraction method showed the best performance of dewaxing.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.70-78
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• 2012

The Annals of Joseon Dynasty, which recorded governmental affairs for 472 years (AD 1392-1863) during the Joseon dynasty is an representative paper cultural heritage in Korea. Being recognised their authenticity and values they were designated as the No 151 national treasure of Korea in 1973 and registered as 'The Memories of the World' by UNESCO in 1997. Unusually, some volumes of the Annals were treated by beeswax for the permanent preservation. However, the examinations on the deterioration of the beeswax-treated volumes had been exposed the serious damage than the untreated volumes. In particular, the larger amount of beeswax were worst in deterioration condition. In order to solve these problems, NRICH(National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) of Korea launched the investigation study for the conservation of beeswax-treated volumes of the Annals. Now then, the five study areas have been set up; 1) to understand the damaged condition of the Annals; 2) to analyse the raw materials and production techniques; 3) to test the degradation degree using the duplication samples for understanding the aging factors and mechanism; 4) to develop the conservation techniques through dewaxing and thereafter strengthening the base paper of Hanji; 5) to develop the long-term storage technique using inert gases. On the basis of outcomes from this study, NRICH will plan to establish the systematic conservation and management plan for the beeswax-treated volumes of the Annals in future.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.72-79
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• 2012

In this study, to understand the aging factor and mechanism in different partitions of the beeswax-treated volumes, the duplicated beeswax-treated volume was artificially aged at $80^{\circ}C$ of temperature and 65% of relative humidity and then a physical and optical properties of an aged volumes was analyzed. Also, the degraded components of the beeswax samples isolated from different partitions of aged volumes was measured using a gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). In results, the surface of beeswax-treated volume which is primarily affected by a main aging factors such as light, oxygen, moisture was more deteriorated than the inside of that volume. However, unlike inside of the book volume which was made from paper, the inside of beeswax-treated volume wax was also considerably deteriorated. The inside of the beeswax-treated volume is largely unaffected by the oxygen and humidity during aging due to the water repellency and the air permeation resistance of beeswax. Therefore, it is confirmed that aging factors and mechanisms in the inside of the volume are different from thats of the outside of the volume. This fact was also verified by the results of GC/MS analysis of an beeswax samples which was sampled from different partitions of aged volumes. As result as GC/MS analysis of the beeswax extracted from the outside of the aged volume, the low molecular compounds with a carbon length of $C_9-C_{20}$ (fatty acid, etc) were increased and the compounds with a carbon length of above $C_{34}$ (ester, etc) were also increased. But the compounds with a chain length of $C_{21}-C_{36}$ (hydrocarbon, alcohol, etc) were decreased. In case of the aged beeswax of inside, the low molecular compounds with a carbon length of $C_9-C_{20}$ (fatty acid, etc) and the compounds with a chain length of $C_{21}-C_{36}$ (hydrocarbon, alcohol, etc) were increased. While, the compounds with a carbon length of above $C_{34}$ (ester, etc) were decreased.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.30
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• pp.149-155
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• 2009

Annals of the Joseon Dynasty were composed of 1,229 volumes, and the 475 copies of total annals were wax-treated. Compared to non-wax treated copies, waxed volume of annals were seriously damaged such as crack, stick, discoloration to brown or black, and partially degradation. It is believed that the purpose of wax treatment for some volumes in the annals of the Joseon Dynasty is to prevent paper to deteriorate and to keep for the long time. But, beeswax could be deteriorated itself more rapidly. As a result, the waxed volume was much more damaged than non-waxed volume. Therefore, the investigation of decomposition and deterioration mechanism of beeswax-treated paper which might be used in waxed volume of the annals of the Joseon Dynasty must be done in order to prevent further decomposition and to restore the degraded wax-treated copies of the annals. For basis data of this purpose, physical properties of beeswax-treated paper be analyzed by coating methods. In result, sample products was manufactured reproducibility in lab scale. Specially, beeswax-treated method improved a orientation of papers. And the brushing method was stronger than the dipping method.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.10-16
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• 2013

This study aims to carry out the final evaluation on the deterioration stability of dewaxing and strengthening treatments devised to conserve and restore the beeswax-treated volumes of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. Thus, this study artificially deteriorated dewaxed Hanji, strengthened Hanji and beeswax-treated Hanji with optimized processing conditions applied, and comparatively analyzed the deterioration characteristics of each kind of Hanji. As a result of this study, it turned out that there was the loss of physical strength and the value of $L^*$ was increased and the values of $a^*$ and $b^*$ were decreased from removing beeswax after dewaxing by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Also deteriorated strength during dewaxing was reinforced by strengthening treatment with methylcellulose and it showed higher strength than beeswax-treated Hanji. From the evaluation on deterioration stability after dewaxing and strengthening, it turned out that deterioration stability of strengthened Hanji is the superior. Therefore, it is presumed that conservation of aged beeswax-treated Hanji can be improved and extended when dewaxing and strengthening are applied under optimum conditions.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.98-105
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• 2011

Patterns and levels of aging vary between the book volume and sheets, even though both are made from the same paper materials. In case of book format, the outside is more easily affected than inner side by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and air. In this study, the change in optical properties after dry heating accelerated aging was comparatively analyzed to understand the difference of the optical aging characteristics between outside and inner side of the duplicated beeswax-treated volume. It is found that the cover pages of the beeswax-treated volumes were more optically deteriorated than their middle pages. This indicates that outer sides of aging book volume directly exposed to the air is more vulnerable to serious deterioration than inner sides. Also, aromatic compounds such as benzoic acid and cinnamic acid were observed in the investigation of UV/VIS absorbance of the beeswax in each aged sample.