• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.541-548
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• 2010

In this study, contamination levels of 7 N-nitrosamine were investigated in processed meat products (n=51), processed fish products (n=62), salted fish pickles (n=20), and beer and malt beverages (n=21) using a GC/PCI-MS/MS method. The limits of detection (LOD) of the N-nitrosamines ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 ${\mu}g$/kg. In addition, methods were used to estimate the recovery of 7 N-nitrosamines, which ranged from 84 to 112%. N-nitrosamines were detected in 89 (58%) out of 154 samples. The exposure of an entire population group to N-nitrosamines through food intake was estimated using the average body weight of the total population and average daily food consumption, to perform risk assessment based on reports of a national health and nutrition survey. The results indicated that the daily intake of N-nitrosamines over a life time was $4.92{\times}10^{-7}$ mg/kg b.w./day. The margin of exposure (MOE) for the general population, estimated using the benchmark dose lower confidence limit 10 ($BMDL_{10}$) of N-nitrosodimethylamine, was 208,939, which was found to be safe.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.453-457
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• 2011

The effect of the amount of water added during fermentation on the quality of takju (rice beer) was investigated. Takju was made by adding water 2-fold (A), 4-fold (B), 5-fold (C), and 6-fold (D), respectively, of the rice weight (w/w). Although the amount of takju increased in proportion to the amount of water added before fermentation, the amounts of B, C, and D were 1.17-1.19 times larger than the amount in A, and the total acidities of B, C, and D were 1.34, 1.40 and 1.46 times higher than those in A after adjusting alcohol content to 6%(v/v). Moreover, the sensory preferences for B, C, and D were higher overall than those for A, which was suggested to be due to the amount of sweet, sour, and bitter tastes as well as body in A. Different types of takju could be made by changing the amount of water added before fermentation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.162-166
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• 1994

A rapid gas chromatographic (GC) profiling method for the simultaneous analysis of volatile and nonvolatile organic acids was applied to alcoholic beverages (white wine, red wine, brandy, and beer). It involves the solid-phase extraction of organic acids using Chromosorb P as the sorbent and diethyl ether as the eluent with subsequent triethylamine treatment. The resulting triethylammonium salts of acids were directly converted to volatile tert.-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives, which were analyzed by dual-capillary column GC and GC-mass spectrometry. From the alcoholic beverages studied, more than 29 organic acids were detected. When the simplified retention infer (RI) spectra of organic acids, and the direct comparisor method between alcoholic beverages and a test sample were attempted to identify a test sample, it was quickly recognized to be a red wine with the 998 ppt match quality value.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.298-306
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• 2006

A rapid, simple and sensitive validated spectrophotometric methods have been described for the assay of neomycin and streptomycin either in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed methods were based on the oxidation of the studied drugs by a known excess of potassium permanganate in acidic medium and estimating the unreacted permanganate with amaranth dye (method A), acid orange II (method B), indigocarmine (method C), and methylene blue (method D), in the same acid medium at a suitable lmax=521, 485, 610 and 664 nm, respectively. Beers law is obeyed in the concentration range of 5-10 and 2-7 mg mL-1 for neomycin and streptomycin, respectively. The apparent molar absorptivity and sandell sensitivity values are in the range 5.47-6.20104, 2.35-2.91105 L mol-1 cm-1 and 7.57-8.59, 5.01-6.2 ng cm-2 for neomycin and streptomycin, respectively. Different variables affecting the reaction were studied and optimized. The proposed methods were applied successfully to the determination of the examined drugs either in a pure or pharmaceutical dosage forms with good accuracy and precision. No interferences were observed from excipients and the results obtained were in good agreement with those obtained using the official methods.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.3
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• pp.330-342
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• 1990

One might have a retrospect on the relationship between the forest and human being from the viewpoint of ecological perspective. It is no doubt that most of the fossil humans should have lived on the forest and the latter provided foods and shelters for humans from their beginning stages, Since the so-called agricultural revolution, humans have extensively started to exploit the forest which had beer, their cradle. The industrial revolution has created another situation against the forest in terms of the quality of ecosystem. These two revolutions have set up the so-called civilization which seems to have been based on the sacrificial oblation of the forest. The cradle for human being has been kept exterminating for the shake of "economic development and miracle." This might be a synoptic history of relationships between the forest and human beings in a sense. designates the behavioral aspects of human being against the forest and people consider the forest only as exploitable resource in this context, and the latter means that people live on the forest and strive to adapt the order of forest ecosystem. The resourcism has developed a strategy of colonialism to exploit the forest and provided a winner's position for the human beings against the forest, This idea and behavioral perspective seems to have started the backfire against the exploiter who is the owner of the civilization. However, there are different philosophies and ideas to view the relationship between the forest and human beings. People within the forest who are mostly considered as "primitives" still keep their idea of the ontology of the forest. There is a theoretical assumption of the "socionatural system" to look into the ecosystem. The forest could be viewed in the above frame of analysis. There are five variables : environment, resource, technology, organization, and ideology. Ideological aspect of the forest can be explained in the context of belief systems. Forest has a meaning of religion and rituals and people within the forest should admire it in anyway of religious reasons. This aspect of the forest cannot be separated from the environmental aspect of the forest. People within the forest acknowledge and practice the above idea. People outside the forest have lost the idea, however, at the cost of acquiring the civilization. They have expelled themselves from the forest and divided the socionatural system of the forest by way of colonialism. The efforts like agroforestry and social forestry would be strategies for recovering the idea of ontology of the forest as well as the sense of community including the forest and human being. People within the forest will be a prospective model for the future socionatural system of the forest for the people outside the forest. At this point, an ecological anthropologist can work with the forest specialists.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.35-55
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• 2004

Effects of job stress and drinking motivations on the drinking behavior of Korea's mentally challenged in sheltered employment. The purpose of this article was to investigate job stress, drinking motivations, and factors influencing the drinking behavior of Korea's mentally challenged. The 97 subjects' average job stress level was slightly below average. The subjects were found to experience salary-related stress the most out of the five sub-areas of job stress. The strongest motivations of drinking was the social motivation. In terms of drinking behavior, the most common drinking frequency was 3-4 times a year. The most common drinking amount was two 500cc mugs of beer. The significant predictors to explain the variance of the frequency of drinking was motivations to cope with, age, and salary-related stress. The mentally challenged drink more often when they have coping motivations and salary-related stress, and when they are younger. The significant predictors to explain the variance of the amount of drinking was motivations to emotional uplifting, drinking colleagues, stress from role overload. The mentally challenged drink more when they have motivations to emotionally uplift themselves and less role overload-related stress and as they drink alone.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1979

Up to the present there were the blood transfusion and the use of apparatus not to sterilize at surgical operation and medical treatments in well known infectious ways of hepatitis B virus. But all its ways were still not surely known. As the other ways of hepatitis B virus infection, it was suggested that contagion such as kissing, sexual contact, homosexuality, and varieties discharged out human body urine, stool, tear, salivary, menstrual blood, Vaginal discharge etc, and low economic status, unsanitary environmental life, alcohol and smoking related to hepatitis B virus infection. From 800 waitress who frequently contact with a lot of drinker with low economic status and unclear environmental life, this study were investigated HBs Ag (Hepatitis B surface antigen) known marker for hepatitis B virus infection in their serum, and a few conditions of their private life in order to known dangerous rate b~ing exposed to the source of hepatitis B virus infection as comparison with control group. The results were summarlized as following 1. The positive rate of HBs Ag (4.3%) was significantly higher in waitress than in control group(1.1%). 2. In waitress old, 20-24 ages group was the most as 59.5%, and positive rate of HBs Ag was trend of higher in twenties than thirties. 3. Among the waitress, one that it was less than a year were the most (62.4%) in the period to work at restaurant business, and positive rate of HBs Ag was trend of higher in propotion to period to work at there. 4. Among the waitress, one who entertained to beer hall was the most (46%), and they were trend of higher in positive rate of HBs Ag (6.3%) than other waitress. 5. Among the waitress, one to drink with smoking, and only to drink, and only to smoke, and not to drink and smoke 66.1%, 21.5%, 4.6% and 7.8%. Espically in one to drink with smoking, ther was trend of indicating the high positve rate of HBs Ag, and it was made suspicion of the relationship of alcohol smoking, contact with a lot of drinker, unclear environment to hepatitis B virus infection. In the above results, it was found that dangerous rate being exposed in hepatitis B virus infection was high in the waitress. Therefore there are required for active preventions against hepatitis B virus infection them. Also as it is possible to be infectious source in public health that waitress infected to viral hepatitis, it is thought that appropriate rules about them.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.189-195
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• 1997

To cope with increasing importance of water stress in food crop production, characteristics and cultivar differences in physiological responses of winter barley plants to water stress during seedling stage were studied employing three covered-barley, Milyang 12, Durubori, and Olbori, one naked-barley, Baekdong, and one two-row beer-barley, Hyangmaeg. Water stress was given to barley plants by withholding watering in soil-culture pots or by adding P.E.G. (polyethylene glycol, M. W. 4,000) to the nutrient culture solution. When water stress was imposed by withholding watering for 10 days to the seedlings grown in pot-soil for 10 days after emergence, leaf water potential of 5 cultivars was decreased almost to the same degree, from control -3.5 bar to the water stressed -26.6 bar. However, growth and some physiological responses were differently affected by cultivars: The plant height was decreased by 16-26％ : seedling dry weight by 25∼42％ ; chlorophyll content by 21∼39％ ; second leaf survival rate by 8∼18％ ; and free proline content per gram of leaf dry weight was increased from control 0.2∼0.5mg to the water stressed 5.8∼13.2mg. Drought resistances of 5 barley cultivars, based on the leaf survival rate and the decreased rate in seedling dry weight at the end of stress treatment, were high in the order of 3 covered-barley＞naked-barley＞two-row barley.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2013

Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is a by-product of beer manufacturing. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary fiber extracts from brewer's spent grain on quality characteristics of chicken patties. The total fiber content of BSG dietary fiber extracts after extraction increased from 58.11% to 68.57%, and the extracted dietary fiber extracts were added to chicken patties at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%, respectively. The effects of the BSG dietary fiber extracts on pH, color, cooking loss, reduction in patty diameter, salt-soluble protein solubility, texture, and sensory characteristics of chicken patties were evaluated. The addition of BSG dietary fiber extracts decreased pH and lightness values, and increased redness and yellowness. Chicken patties formulated with 3-4% BSG dietary fiber extracts had the lowest cooking loss among all treatments (p<0.05). The diameter of chicken patties was not affected by the addition of BSG dietary fiber extracts. Additionally, no significant difference was observed in salt-soluble protein solubility after adding 3% BSG dietary fiber extracts compared to that in the control. Textural and sensory properties were different among the chicken patties, and the 3% BSG dietary fiber-added chicken patty had the highest acceptability. Our results indicate that 3% BSG dietary fiber extract can be used as a good source of dietary fiber for improving the quality characteristics of chicken patties.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1029-1034
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• 2000

A suitable method of sample treatments to minimize the analytical interferences was presented in order to determine bisphenols [bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE), and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE)] in various canned beverages coated with epoxy resin by the reversephase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) equipped with a fluorescence detector and the gas chromatography with mass selective detection. The recovery test of bisphenols was performed using 1, 5, and 10 ${\mu}g/L$ bisphenols spiked beverages with the combined technique of the solid-phase extraction (SPE) and the liquid-phase extraction (LPE). Both BPA and BADGE showed quite adequate resolutions in HPLC-chromatograms. The recoveries of BPA obtained by LPE with diethyl ether were higher than those obtaind with methylene chloride on coffee, shikhye and fruit juice. For cola and tea, the recoveries of BPA obtaind by SPE were higher than those by LPE with diethyl ether. The recoveries of BADGE were less than those of BPA for all beverage samples treated by either SPE or LPE method. In survey of bisphenols for eighteen commercial canned beverage samples, BPA contents of coffee, cola, tea, shikhye, and fruit juice were in the range of $1.3{\sim}11.6,\;0.5{\sim}0.9,\;1.0{\sim}1.3,\;2.4{\sim}7.9$, and $3.0{\sim}3.4\;{\mu}g/L$, respectively, but there was no detection of BPA in beer sample.