• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.283-288
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• 2006

Trichoderma harzianum YC459 (Th 459), isolated from sawdust compost, was effective in controlling cucumber and tomato gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea under controlled and plastic film tunnel conditions. A water suspension of the wettable powder formulation of Th 459 significantly $(P\leq0.05)$ reduced the severity of cucumber gray mold by foliar spraying at all tested concentrations from $10^5\;to\;10^8$ colony forming unit (cfu)/ml in repeated experiments. The control efficacy was maintained at least seven days with the average control value of 70% in cucumber pot tests. Mixing one to eight grams of the granular formulation ($10^8cfu/g$ dry weight) of Th 459 into one liter nursery potting mix at seeding also significantly $(P\leq0.05)$ reduced the severity of cucumber gray mold by suppression of lesion formation three weeks after treatment. Application of mixing granular formulation at seeding in combination with foliar spraying during cultivation provided a more significant reduction $(P\leq0.05)$ of cucumber gray mold than granule mixing or leaf spray alone. The foliar spraying of the formulated wettable powder of Th 459 significantly $(P\leq0.05)$ reduced the infection of tomato fruits by B. cinerea as effective as the chemical fungicide, dichlofluanid, in three plastic film tunnel experiment trials. It is suggested that effective control of gray mold of cucumber and tomato can be provided by both treatment of Th 459 into potting mix and foliar spray through induction of systemic resistance and direct inhibition of the pathogen.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.22-32
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• 2017

An experiment was set to assess the effect of mixed plantings on initial growth and biomass yield of two common plantation tree species of Bangladesh namely Acacia auriculiformis (A) and Gmelina arborea (G). Study was carried out in the nursery bed of the Seed Research Laboratory and Nursery of Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Chittagong University (IFESCU), Bangladesh during February to November, 2015. The treatments consisted of two pure planting plots (100% A and 100% G) and five mixed planting plots (50%A: 50%G, 35%A: 65%G, 25%A: 75%G, 65%A: 35%G and 75%A: 25%G) of these two species. In nursery, seedlings were raised in a randomized blocks with four replicates of seven treatment plots. Periodic increments on height (cm), collar diameter (cm) and leaf/phyllode number of the seedlings was taken in every month and continued up to 10 months. The growth and biomass yield of seedlings were measured 10 months after the first seed was emerged. The effects of mixed plantation on growth and biomass were compared to that of seedlings grown in pure plantation. At the age of 10 months it was found that G. arborea seedlings were significantly tallest (240.13 cm) when planted with A. auriculiformis in a proportion of 25%A: 75%G, whereas A. auriculiformis were tallest in the pure 100% A plot, with an average mean height of 135.36 cm. Maximum collar diameter (1.38 cm) was recorded for G. arborea in the mixed plots 75%A: 25%G. Fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots of the seedlings were found significantly (p<0.05) highest in 50%A: 50%G plot for G. arborea. G. arborea also showed highest quality index when mixed with A. auriculiformis in a proportion of 50:50, with an average value of 8.96. The results revealed a positive correlation between seedling growth and various planting patterns.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.89-93
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• 1985

질소(窒素)와 무기양(無機陽)이온이 다른 작물(作物)보다 풍부한 연초제조부산물(煙草製造副産物)인 담배부스러기를 재료(材料)로 하여 비료물질(肥料物質)을 개발하려고 하였다. 담배부스러기를 무게감소율(減少率)로 50%되게 탄화(炭化)시킨 후 유리된 칼륨으로 인한 염기성을 pH 7.0정도 되게 질산(窒酸)과 인산(燐酸)으로 중화(中和)하면 질소(窒素) 4%{유기태(有機態) 질소(窒素)(담배부스러기에 함유(含有)된 질소) 2%, 질산태실소 2%}, 인산(燐酸) 2%, 칼륨6%이상(以上)인 비료물질(肥料物質)이 되었다. 관행(貫行)의 연초육묘시(煙草育苗時)에 시비(施肥)되는 전체(全體) 질소량(窒素量)을 위의 중화이분탄화물(中和泥粉炭化物)로서 전량기비(全量基肥)로 $1kg/110{\ell}$ 정도를 상토(床土)와 혼합시용하여 육묘(育苗)한 결과 관행(貫行)과 같이 추비(追肥)를 시용(施用)하지 않고도 양호(良好)한 생육(生育)을 보였다. 이러한 효과(效果)는 속효성인 질산태질소와 완효성인 담배가루 구성물질의 유기태질소(有機態窒素)가 탄화물(炭化物)에 함유(含有)되고 또한 다량함유(多量含有)된 칼륨이 영양원(營養源)으로 되기 때문인 것으로 생각되었다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.150-161
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• 2001

The current socioeconomic climate has meant more children spend more time alone at home even for dining. This study was performed to characterize modem Korean childrens´food ecology based on mealtime atmosphere. A total of 705 elementary school students, 347 girls and 358 boys took part in the study. They were chosen evenly from the Seoul metropolitan areas, provincial cities, or rural areas, and were asked to fill out a questionnaire. The questionnaire was categorized to determine various factors related to food ecology, life styles, and health related symptoms. The average age of the study subjects was 11.5 years. The average height, weight, body mass index, and Rohrer index were 143.2cm, 37.6kg, 18.2 and 127.2 respectively. A significant number of children(39.2%) answered their bed time was between 11 and 12 pm. Only 28.3% answered that the whole family has breakfast together, and 47.7% have dinner together. A considerable number of children, 17.8% for breakfast and 6.9% for dinner, answered they eat alone. Most of the children answered they like to have dinner with the whole family. Half of the children answered they do not feel hungry before having breakfast. Proportions of children for their favorite meal time were 66.8%, and 25.4% and 7.8% for dinner, school lunch, and breakfast respectively. The largest proportions of children, 53.3% and 68.7%, have breakfast and dinner at home. Most of the children(75.2%) never purchase their dinner. Forty two% of the children answered they like school lunch, however, 60% of children answered they leave portions of lunch uneaten occasionally or always. Only 38.0% and 46.2% of the children have nutritionally adequate diet for breakfast and dinner. Children having more meals with the whole family possessed a more positive attitude towards breakfast compared to the children who eat with the whole family less frequently. In conclusion, Korea children are exposed to different health threatening food ecology problems related to changing environments, and consistent concern and support from community nutritionists are required.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제10권12호
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• pp.3971-3976
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 버려지는 굴패각을 상수도관 내부의 부식방지를 위한 세라믹 코팅제의 원료물질로 활용하고자 굴패각의 물리화학적 특성 및 소성가공 특성에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 굴패각은 92.08%가 탄산칼슘($CaCO_3$)으로 이루어져 있었으며, 분쇄된 굴패각 입자의 형태는 대부분 타원형 형태를 나타내었다. 그리고 소성 처리된 굴패각의 특성은 소성온도가 높고 소성시간이 경과할수록 무게감소량 및 칼슘함량이 증가하는 경향을 나타내어 소성온도를 높이고 입자크기를 작고 균일하게 할수록 소성가공이 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. 이에 소성가공 처리된 굴패각은 정수장 및 상하수도관의 내부 부식방지를 위한 세라믹 코팅제의 원료물질로써 재활용이 가능할 것으로 판단하였다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.499-508
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• 2017

Objectives : Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs in response to a variety of conditions. The unloading to muscle occurs clinically in limb immobilization, bed rest, spinal cord injury and peripheral nerve damage, resulting in significant loss of muscle mass and force production. Muscle disuse is accompanied by an increase in apoptotic signaling, which mediates some of the responses to unloading in the muscle. In this study we tested the hypothesis that Daeyeoung-jeon extract would improve muscle recovery after reloading following disuse. Method : Twenty young male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the studies. The hindlimb immobilization was performed with casting tape to keep the left ankle joint in a fully extended position. No intervention was performed on the right leg and used as intact region. The Rats in Daeyeoung-jeon treated group (DYJ) were orally administrated Daeyeoung-jeon water extract, and rats of Control group were given with saline only. After 2 weeks of immobilization, all animals were sacrificed, and the whole gastrocnemius muscles were dissected from both legs. The morphology of right and left gastrocnemius muscles in both DYJ and Control groups were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Moreover, to investigate the immobilization-induced muscular apoptosis, the immunohistochemical analysis of Bax and Bcl-2 was carried out. Results : Daeyeoung-jeon represented the significant protective effects against the reductions of the left gastrocnemius muscles weight and average cross section area to compared with Control group. The treatment with Daeyeoung-jeon extract significantly reduced the immunoreactivity of BAX and increased the immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 in gastrocnemius muscle compared with Control group. Conclusion : Daeyeoung-jeon has protective effects against immobilization-induced muscle atrophy by regulating the activities of apoptosis-associated BAX/Bcl-2 proteins in gastrocnemius muscle.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.55-66
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• 2009

Background: The purpose of this research was to investigate the factors affecting the low back pain of workers in hospital. 214 subjects waking at two general hospitals in Yosu city participated in this survey. Subjects consisted of doctors, nurses, medical engineers, officers and general laborers. The survey data were collected by a written questionnaire which made out by themselves for 25 days, from fourth August to 29th August, 2008. Methods: The questionnaire consisted of four categories, general, occupational, working habitual and the daily living characteristics. The collected data were analyzed by Chi-square test based on the present or absent of low back pain. Results: 1. In the general characteristics, low back pain had no significant relationship to all factors, sex, ago, body mass index, weight and height. 2. In the occupational characteristics, the phase of distribution of low back pain had statistical significant differences in the working hours a week, satisfaction of pay, satisfaction of occupation(p<0.05). However low back pain did not significantly related to the kind of occupation, period of work and degree of stress. 3. In the habitual characteristics, low back pain was significantly influenced by working posture, frequency of using lumbar and heavy material lifting, monotonous repetition of working operation and noise(p<0.05). No significant difference was shown in the factor of convenience of chair. 4. In the daily living characteristics, low back pain shown the significant differences in walking time a day, status of health and smoking pattern(p<0.05). there were, however, no significant differences in the aspect of the kind of house and bed, sleeping attitude, driving, riding time on the vehicle, exercising, frequency of cultural life and drinking alcohol. Conclusion: when I see above resultants totally, it appears a higher incidence caused by working environment rather than living habit and then consequently compared to hospital workers, they also have high incidence like others. In order to reduce incidence of low back pain and enjoy the our life we need to educate ourselves preventing program for low back pain and try to effort for preventing of low back pain on each department and individual.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.281-294
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• 2012

Filtration using granular media such as quarried sand, anthracite and granular activated carbon is a well-known technique used in both water and wastewater treatment. A relatively new pre-filtration method called pebble matrix filtration (PMF) technology has been proved effective in treating high turbidity water during heavy rain periods that occur in many parts of the world. Sand and pebbles are the principal filter media used in PMF laboratory and pilot field trials conducted in the UK, Papua New Guinea and Serbia. However during first full-scale trials at a water treatment plant in Sri Lanka in 2008, problems were encountered in sourcing the required uniform size and shape of pebbles due to cost, scarcity and Government regulations on pebble dredging. As an alternative to pebbles, hand-made clay pebbles (balls) were fired in a kiln and their performance evaluated for the sustainability of the PMF system. These clay balls within a filter bed are subjected to stresses due to self-weight and overburden, therefore, it is important that clay balls should be able to withstand these stresses in water saturated conditions. In this paper, experimentally determined physical properties including compression failure load (Uniaxial Compressive Strength) and tensile strength at failure (theoretical) of hand-made clay balls are described. Hand-made clay balls fired between the kiln temperatures of $875^{\circ}C$ to $960^{\circ}C$ gave failure loads of between 3.0 kN and 7.1 kN. In another test when clay balls were fired to $1250^{\circ}C$ the failure load was 35.0 kN compared to natural Scottish cobbles with an average failure load of 29.5 kN. The uniaxial compressive strength of clay balls obtained by experiment has been presented in terms of the tensile yield stress of clay balls. Based on the effective stress principle in soil mechanics, a method for the estimation of maximum theoretical load on clay balls used as filter media is proposed and compared with experimental failure loads.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.931-942
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• 1999

The aim of this research is to grasp the relation between lumbago incidence rate and research hypothesis in the effects of sex life of the middle-aged couples in Taejon area upon lumbago. And so, this writer had questionaired the 400 middle-aged couples in five gus, Taejon megalopolis -Jung-gu, Seo-gu, Dong-gu, Yuseong-gu, and Taedeok-gu - from April 21, 1998 to May 10, 1998. Of them, total 209 question papers were drawn back; male 102, female 107. Analysis of the data is as follows. 1. 145(69.37%) subjects of total 209 had experience in lumbago after their sexual lives. 2. In the number of sex life a week, one or two times of lumbago incidence rate were the most rate as 41.55% and each other had a statistically significant relation (P 0.01). 3. In age and lumbago incidence rate, their thirties was 37.75% and each other had a significant relation (P 0.05). 4. In weight and lumbago incidence rate, the level of $50kg{\sim}60kg$ was highest and each other didn't have a significant relation (P 0.05). 5. In the mean time of sexual life, the period of $11{\sim}20$ minutes was 29.47% and each other had a significant relation (P 0.01). 6. In week time zone of sexual life and lumbago incidence rate, midnight was the highest rate, 36.23% and each other didn't have a significant relation (P 0.05). 7. In the lumbago incidence rate according to bedroom structure of sexual life, a bed was 38.17% and each other had a significant relation (P 0.05). 8. In the lumbago incidence rate according to sexual posture, a normal position showed the highest rate, 46.12% and each other didn't have a significant relation (P 0.05). Putting the abovesaid results together, lumbago has relation to the number of sex life a week, age, the mean time of sexual life, and bedroom structure of sexual life. Therefore, it is thought that it is necessary that middle-aged couples periodically study the educational programs to make an education for lumbago prevention, etc. the key points.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.491-496
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• 2009

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a common phenomenon during the prolonged muscle disuse caused by cast immobilization, extended aging states, bed rest, space flight, or other factors. However, the cellular mechanisms of the atrophic process are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the expression of muscle-specific RING finger 1 (MuRF1) during atrophy of the rat gastrocnemius muscle. Histological analysis revealed that cast immobilization induced the atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle, with diminution of muscle weight and cross-sectional area after 14 days. Cast immobilization significantly elevated the expression of MuRF1 and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. The starvation of L6 rat skeletal myoblasts under serum-free conditions induced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and the characteristics typical of cast-immobilized gastrocnemius muscle. The expression of MuRF1 was also elevated in serum-starved L6 myoblasts, but was significantly attenuated by SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK. Changes in the sizes of L6 myoblasts in response to starvation were also reversed by their transfection with MuRF1 small interfering RNA or treatment with SB203580. From these results, we suggest that the expression of MuRF1 in cast-immobilized atrophy is regulated by p38 MAPK in rat gastrocnemius muscles.