• Resources Recycling
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.3-9
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• 2008

The measurement of physicochemical properties and chemical composition of SSA(sewage sludge ash) has been carried out and the preparation of lightweight material has also been performed using SSA for reuse as building or construction materials. For this aim, lightweight material has been prepared by forming the mixture of SSA, lightweight filler and inorganic binder followed by calcination at elevated temperature and characterized in terms of density and compressive strength. The pH of fly ash was found to be slightly alkaline, pH 8.69, due to the addition of caustic soda in order to neutralize the acidic gas while the pH of bottom ash was 6.48 Heavy metal leachability based on the standard leach test was also found to be below the detection limit for Cd, Cu, Pb, As and Cr of SSA. As far as the compressive strength of lightweight material was concerned, the compressive strength of lightweight material using fly ash was higher than that of lightweight material using bottom ash.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.59-66
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• 2022

To investigate the rate-determining step of nickel, cobalt and copper electrowinning, experiments were conducted by varying the electrolyte temperature and agitation speed using a rotating disc electrode. Analyzing the rate-determining step by calculating the activation energy in the electrowinning process, it was found that nickel electrowinning is controlled by a mixed mechanism (partly by chemical reaction and partly by mass transport), cobalt is controlled by chemical reaction, and copper is controlled by mass transfer. Electrowinning of nickel, cobalt and copper was performed by varying the electrolyte temperature and agitation speed, and the comparison of the current efficiencies was used the determine the rate-determining step.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.3-9
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• 2007

Dismantlement of lithium primary batteries without explosion is required to recycle the lithium primary batteries which could be exploded by heating too much or crushing. In the present study, the optimum discharging condition was investigated to dismantle the batteries without explosion. When the batteries were discharged with $0.5kmol{\cdot}m^{-3}$ sulfuric acid, the batteries became inert after 4 days at $35^{\circ}C$ and after 1 day at $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. This result shows that higher temperature accelerates inert of the batteries. Because loss of metals recycled increases when the batteries are discharged only with the sulfuric acid, discharging process using acid solution and water was newly proposed. When the batteries were discharged with water during 24 hours after discharging with $0.5kmol{\cdot}m^{-3}$ sulfuric acid during 6 hours, the batteries discharged were dismantled without explosion. Because decrease in loss of metals was accomplished by new process, the recycling process of the batteries could become economic by the 2-step discharging process.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.58-68
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• 2024

Critical minerals such as nickel, cobalt and lithium, are known as materials for cathodic active materials of lithium ion batteries. The consumption of the minerals is expected to grow with increasing the demands of electric vehicles, resulting from carbon neutrality. Especially, the demand for LIB (lithium ion battery) recycling is expected to increase to meet the supply of nickel, cobalt and lithium for LIB. The recycling of EOL (end-of-life) LIB can be achieved by leaching EOL LIB using inorganic acid such as HCl, HNO₃ and H₂SO₄, which are regarded as hazardous materials. In the present study, the potential use of MSA (Methanesulfonic acid), as an alternative lixiviant replacing sulfuric acid was investigated. In addition, leaching behaviors of NCM black mass leaching with MSA was also investigated by studying various leaching factors such as chemical concentration, leaching time, pulp density (P/D) and temperatures. The leaching efficiency of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), lithium (Li), and manganese (Mn) from LIB was enhanced by increasing concentration of lixiviant and reductant, leaching time and temperature. The maximum leaching of the metals was above 99% at 80℃. In addition, MSA can replace sulfuric acid to recover Ni, Co, Li, Mn from NCM black mass.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.57-70
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• 2011

To address global climate change, various governments are investing in electric vehicle research and, especially in Korea, the application of electric vehicles to public transportation. The lithium batteries used in electric vehicles typically have an expected life cycle of 2-5 years. If electric vehicles become commonly used, they will generate many discarded batteries that could be harmful to the environment. Additionally, lithium batteries are potentially explosive and should be handled appropriately. Thus, reverse logistics issues are involved in handling expired batteries efficiently and safely. Reverse logistics includes the collection, recycling, remanufacturing, and discarding of waste. This study developed a reverse logistics process for electric vehicle batteries after analyzing the as-is process for lead and lithium batteries. It also developed possible disposal regulations for electric vehicle batteries based on current laws regarding conventional batteries.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2015.11a
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• pp.54-55
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 리튬-이온(Lithium-ion) 폐배터리 효율적인 재활용을 위한 발전된 SOC 추정방법의 필요성과 간단한 개념을 언급하고자 한다. 배터리는 노화되면 용량이 줄어들고 임피던스의 크기가 증가해 기존의 새 배터리의 SOC 추정방법으로는 정확한 추정이 어렵다. 따라서, 폐배터리를 안전하고 효율적으로 사용하기 위해서는 그에 맞는 SOC 추정방법이 필요하다. 따라서, 폐배터리의 간단한 개념을 설명하고, 동일한 배터리 등 가회로모델과 EKF 알고리즘을 적용한 새 리튬-이온 셀과 노화된 리튬-이온셀의 SOC 추정결과를 비교하고 노화에 따른 배터리 파라미터값의 변화를 분석해봄으로서 발전된 SOC 추정방법의 필요성에 대해 논의해보고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2018.11a
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• pp.127-128
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• 2018

최근 전 세계적으로 온실가스에 의한 환경 문제가 심각해짐에 따라 수송 분야에서 친환경 에너지를 사용하는 요구가 확대되고 있다. 철도분야에서도 이산화탄소 배출 통제와 더불어 추진에너지로서의 배터리의 사용을 검토하고 있고 관련된 연구가 증가하고 있다. 전기자동차에 비해 철도차량의 배터리는 대용량이 필요하며 철도운영 특성상 초기 도입 비용은 물론 유지관리 비용도 발생된다는 한계점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 배터리를 적용한 철도차량의 경제성을 높이기 위해 철도차량용 폐배터리의 재활용 방안에 대해서 연구해 보겠다. 이를 위해 현재 전기자동차분야의 폐배터리 재활용 동향에 대해 알아보고 철도차량용 배터리의 재활용 가능성을 검토해보겠다.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.144-150
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• 2022

In this paper, we analyze the current research technology trends through the literature reviews of technical outlines of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, domestic and overseas policy trends, etc. After analyzing the literature, we found out while the re-use and recycling of waste batteries and the in-wheel motor systems are essential areas for the development of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, the related research is not quite sufficient, so the direction for further research is proposed at the conclusion.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.151-155
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• 2022

In this paper, we analyze the current research technology trends through the literature reviews of technical outlines of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, domestic and overseas policy trends, etc. After analyzing the literature, we found out while the re-use and recycling of waste batteries and the in-wheel motor systems are essential areas for the development of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, the related research is not quite sufficient, so the direction for further research is proposed at the conclusion.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.83-89
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• 2020

For the past few decades, as part of efforts to protect the environment where fossil fuels, which have been a key energy resource for mankind, are becoming increasingly depleted and pollution due to industrial development, ecofriendly secondary batteries, hydrogen generating energy devices, energy storage systems, and many other new energy technologies are being developed. Among them, the lithium-ion battery (LIB) is considered to be a next-generation energy device suitable for application as a large-capacity battery and capable of industrial application due to its high energy density and long lifespan. However, considering the growing battery market such as eco-friendly electric vehicles and drones, it is expected that a large amount of battery waste will spill out from some point due to the end of life. In order to prepare for this situation, development of a process for recovering lithium and various valuable metals from waste batteries is required, and at the same time, a plan to recycle them is socially required. In this study, we introduce a nanoscale pattern transfer printing (NTP) process of Li2CO3, a representative anode material for lithium ion batteries, one of the strategic materials for recycling waste batteries. First, Li2CO3 powder was formed by pressing in a vacuum, and a 3-inch sputter target for very pure Li2CO3 thin film deposition was successfully produced through high-temperature sintering. The target was mounted on a sputtering device, and a well-ordered Li2CO3 line pattern with a width of 250 nm was successfully obtained on the Si substrate using the NTP process. In addition, based on the nTP method, the periodic Li2CO3 line patterns were formed on the surfaces of metal, glass, flexible polymer substrates, and even curved goggles. These results are expected to be applied to the thin films of various functional materials used in battery devices in the future, and is also expected to be particularly helpful in improving the performance of lithium-ion battery devices on various substrates.