• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.423-428
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• 1996

Optimum conditions for hydrolysis were investigated to enhance water-solubilities of protein-bound polysaccharides in the basidiocarps of Ganoderma lucidum by treating chymotrypsin. We also attempted with Ganoderma lucidum residue remaining after extracting hot water-soluble compoents in Ganoderma lucidum. After hydrolyzing under optimum conditions (20 ppm chymotrypsin, 2% Gampderma lucidum or 6% Ganoderma lucidum residue, at pH 10 and at $ 40^{\circ}C$), the amounts of total protein and carbohydrate of hydrolysate were measured. Michaelis constant, $K_{m}$, and maximum rate, $V_{max}$, calculated by Lineweaver-Buck plot for the hydrolysis of Ganoderma lucidum were 1.73% and 0.073%/min respectively and those for hydrolysis of Ganoderma lucidum residue were 2.40% and 0.033%/min respectively. The amount of polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (100 g) treated with chymotrypsin was only 3.07 g, but significantly increased amount (14.34 g) of polysaccharides was isolated from Ganoderma lucidum residue (100 g) treated with chymotrypsin. The protein-bound polysaccharide was isolated from the non-hydrolyzed and hydrolyzed sample and molecular weights of the polysaccharide were measured by Sepharose CL-48 gel filtration.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.1 s.84
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• pp.86-90
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• 1998

Anti-complementary (immuno-stimulating) activities of the polymers produced from submerged mycelial culture, natural and artificially cultivated basidiocarps of Phellinus linteus were compared. Activity $(ITCH_{50})$ of polymer extracted from natural and artificial cultivated basidiocarps of P. linteus was 65.77% and 63.94%, respectively, which is not significant difference. However, the activities which were significantly low were found from endo-polymer (41.95%) and exo-polymer (21.87%) produced by submerged culture of P. linteus.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.118-125
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• 1992

Interspecific fusion products were obtained by protoplast fusion induced by polyethylene glycol, from auxotrophic mutants, Pleurotus cornucopiae and P. florida. The fusants were classified into allodiploidy, stable heterokaryon, and spontaneously segregated heterokaryons. Fruiting body of the clamped or clampless fusants was produced by light-dark cycle on the sawdust medium in glass bottles. Most of these clampless fusants produced mature basidiocarps. The pilei showed various mixed colors resembling the parents. All fruit bodies presented clamp connections except two fusants. When small tissues of stipe from basidiocarps were cultured on a complete medium, mycelial colonies grew more vigorously than that of the original clampless fusants. Five fusants in three crosses were analysed with the distribution of progenies and segregation of genetic characters by random spore analyses. The genetic markers were shown to segregate and recombine in the first generation of monospores isolated from basidiocarps. The analysis indicated the heter-okar-yosis and strong evidence for haploidy of vegetative nuclei, a sexual cycle consisting of nuclear fusion and meiosis. Genotypes of a large number of auxotiophic progenies were not detected. The aberration ratio of segregants indicated the gene interaction resulting from different genome structure between vegetatively incompatible species.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 1991

In the traditional medicine, the basidiocarps of Poria cocos (Fr.) Wolf naturally collec­ted have been widely used as a traditional remedy for dropsy, diarrhea, gonorrhea and nervous disease more than 3500 years ago. It was recently found to be composed of the particular compounds having antitumor effects. Therefore, its demand has been gradually increased, whereas it is still dependent upon the natural harvest. The artificial cultivation of P. cocos was carried out to observe the morphological characteristics and to investigate the cultural characteristics of P. cocos isolates collected. The morphological characteristics of its basidiocarps was observed. The physiological aspects of its isolates were also investigated.

• Mycobiology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.190-193
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• 2001

Four strains of Phellinus spp. was identified based on internal transcribed spacer(ITS) region of rDNA sequence analysis and morphological characteristics. Basidiocarps of all strains were effused-reflexed and hymenial surface was poroid. Hyphal system was dimitic and basidiospore was globose to ellipsoid. The amplification of ITS regions produced a DNA fragment of 500 to 780 by in all strains examined. The determined sequences were analyzed for the reconstruction of phylogenetic tree. From these results, Phellinus sp. KM-1, KM-2, and KM-4 was identified as P. hartigii, P. baumii, and P. linteus, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.2 s.73
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• pp.105-113
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• 1995

The mycelia of Lepista nuda were isolated from the different basidiocarps, collected from the forests of Robinia pseudo-acaciae and mixed forests of R. pseudo-acaciae and Quercus serrata. On the different woods, the growths of mycelia collected were compared with those transferred from Applied Mycology Division, RDA. Also, the measurements of dry weight loss, as growth of mycelia, were correlated to the productions of carbon dioxide on the different wood substrates. The growth of mycelia was observed to be best on the woods of R. pseudo-acaciae; followed by the growth on the woods of Morus alba. The growth rate of mycelia appeared to be various, depending on the different kinds of wood substrates. The soild-cultures of the mycelia on the sawdust of the R. pseudo-acaciae woods and the grains of sorghum and corn were conducted, but the basidiocarps were not obtained from these. Therefore, this mycelium collected was believed to be important as new mushroom utilizing the different woods resources instead of Q. serrata.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.128-137
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• 1997

The effects of cylindan, a polysaccharide isolated from the basidiocarps of Agrocybe cylindracea, on murine sarcoma 180 tumor and murine immune cells were examined after intraperitoneal administration. Cylindan exhibited a marked life extension effect in mice against ascite forms of sarcoma 180 and Lewis lung carcinoma at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day, although it did not show any direct cytotoxicity against sarcoma 180, X5563, and MM46 murine tumor cells. Cylindan increased numbers of bone marrow stem cells as well as peritoneal exudate cells in flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. The tumor bearing mice group apparently showed the increase of macrophages and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mouse spleen cells during the early stage of tumor growth. But during the later stage, the control group decreased immune cells and cylindan restored the decreased immune cells in the tumor bearing mice to the normal level. In non-specific immune response, cylindan stimulated the bacterial phagocytosis and acid phosphatase production in macrophages. It also activated components of the alternative complement pathway and natural killer activity against YAC-1 lymphoma. In number of plasma cells as token of stimulation of the differentiation of B lymphocytes. In cellular immunity, cylindan restored the depressed response of delayed type hypersensitivity in the tumor bearing mice to 60% of the normal level and increased the interleukin-2 (IL-2) responsiveness in the IL-2 dependent CTLL-2 cells. These results suggest that cylindan did not show direct cytotoxic effects on tumor cells but restored the decreased immune response of the tumor bearing mice.

• Mycobiology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.70-75
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• 2002

The mycelia were directly isolated from eight species of fungal basidiocarps, confirmed to the ectomycorrhiza in the roots from the fields(forestry); Suillus bovinus, Paxillus involutus, Lactarius hysginus, Russula fragilis, Lepista nuda, Lyophyllum shimeji, Tricholoma matsutake, and Russula integra. The mycelia were pure-cultured with several transferring in various agars, and inoculated to the roots of pine(Pinus densiflora) seedling by in vitro method. After ten months growth under artificially aseptic conditions, all pine seedlings inoculated were stimulated at the growth-height, whereas those not inoculated were nearly dead. Also, the ramifications of ectomycorrhizal pine roots formed in the synthetic in vitro systems and were various according to the different mycelia. Synthesis of ectomycorrhiza were clearly confirmed in ten months growth, but not distinguished at this moment. It was clearly proved that the mycelia isolated caused the ectomycorrhizae in the roots of pine seedlings.

• Mycobiology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2018

Amylosporus sulcatus sp. nov. is described from Nonggang Nature Reserve, southern China, on the basis of morphological and molecular data. The morphological description and illustrations for the new species are provided. The species is characterized by pileate and stipitate basidiocarps. The pileus surface is obviously concentrically and radiately sulcate and tomentum, and the pore surface is snow white. Phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer and nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA confirmed it to be a new species.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.52-59
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• 2005

The Aphyllophorales is a large order containing about 2,000 known species. Many of these are the bracket and coral fungi. The vast majority of these fungi are saprophytic on the plant debris. Many species are significant in decomposing plant remains, as they are able to digest cellulose or lignin that occurs in plant cell walls. Many of these fungi have been involved in everyday human affairs. A few were used medicinally by the Greeks and Romans as a remedy for many complaints, including colic, fractured limbs and bruises. Other bracket fungi have been used as curry combs for horses, as snuff, as razor strops and as a source of dye for clothing. The texture of the basidiocarp may be similar to that of cork, wood, leather, paper, or cartilage. Unlike the basidiocarps of the Order Agaricales, the basidiocarps of the Aphyllophorales are not fleshly and moist. Division of the members of the Aphyllophorales into genera was originally made on the basis of gross morphology of the basidiocarp and hymenium and Donk(1964) recognizes 22 families in this order. The species and genus whose typical in Aphylloporales were listed in Table. with related information. The ITS region sequence of some genus were found by BLAST search. Sequences retrieved from GenBank were visually aligned by the program CLUSTAL G. As a result, the medicinal mushroom was separated in four groups. In this multiple alignment, the sequence analysis among Fomes group, Inonotus group and Phellinus group showed high genetic similarity except Hericium group and Sparassis group.