• 대기
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.593-606
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• 2021

The Korea Meteorological Administration/National Institute of Meteorological Sciences (KMA/NIMS) has monitored atmospheric CO₂ at Anmyeondo (AMY) World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch Programme (GAW) regional station since 1999, and expanded its observations at Jeju Gosan Suwolbong station (JGS) in the South and at Ulleungdo-Dokdo stations in the East (ULD and DOK) since 2012. Due to a recent WMO CO₂ scale update and a new filter (NIMS) to select baseline levels at each station, the 22 years of CO₂ data are recalculated. After correction for the new CO₂ scale, we confirmed that those corrected records are reasonable within the compatibility goal (±0.1 ppm of CO₂) between KMA/NIMS and National Oceanic and Atmosphereic Administration (NOAA) flask-air measurements with the new scale. With the new NIMS filter, CO₂ baseline levels are now more representative of the large-scale background compared to previous values, which contained large CO₂ enhancements. Atmospheric CO₂ observed in South Korea is 4 to 8 ppm greater than the global average while the amplitude of seasonal variation is similar (10~13 ppm) to the amplitude averaged over a comparable latitude zone (30°N-60°N). Variations in CO₂ growth rate are also similar, increasing and decreasing similar to global values, as it reflects the net balance between terrestrial respiration and photosynthesis. In 2020, atmospheric CO₂ continued increasing despite the COVID-19 pandemic. Even though fossil emission was reduced (around -7% globally), we still emitted large amounts of anthropogenic CO₂. Overall, since CO₂ has large natural variations and its source was derived from not only fossil fuel but also biomass burning, the small fossil emission reduction could not affect the atmospheric level directly.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.414-421
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• 2007

Background: Nursing intervention studies often suffer from a selection bias introduced by failure of random assignment. Evaluation with selection bias could under or over-estimate any intervention's effects. PS matching (PSM) can reduce a selection bias through matching similar Propensity Scores (PS). PS is defined as the conditional probability of being treated given the individual's covariates and it can be reused to balance the covariates of two groups. Purpose: This study was done to assess the significance of PSM as an alternative evaluation method of nursing interventions. Method: An intervention study for patients with some baseline individual characteristic differences between two groups was used for this demonstration. The result of a t-test with PSM was compared with a t-test without matching. Results: The level of HbA1c at 12 months after baseline was different between the two groups in terms of matching or not. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the effects of a quasi-random assignment. Evaluation using PSM can reduce a selection bias impact that affects the result of the nursing intervention. Analyzing nursing research more objectively to reduce selection bias using PSM is needed.

• 항공우주시스템공학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.36-41
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• 2014

KAFASAT is a CubeSat which has a high level mission of testing the possibility of establishing the LEO satellite constellation providing the role of communication nodes and quasi-realtime image recognition of battlefield in accordance with the aspect of future-war-environment. The high level mission is developed using the Pugh selection method, which is one of system engineering tools. In order to accomplish the high level mission objectives and deduce engineering level requirements, system engineering tools such as Analytic Hierarchy Process and Quality Function Deployment are used. The subsystem synthesis in the context of system engineering process is done using a developed integrated design environment. The paper also includes the conceptual design results of the KAFASAT, which can be used as a baseline for upcoming preliminary design.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.512-522
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 GMM(Gaussian Mixture Model)에 기반한 실시간문맥독립화자식별시스템[1][2]의 성능향상을 위하여 프레임선택(Frame Selection)방법과 프레임가중치(Weighting Model Rank)방법을 혼합한 hybrid방법을 제안한다. 본 시스템에서는 GMM의 파라미터를 최적화하기 위하여 MLE(Maximum likelihood estimation)방법과 인식 알고리즘으로 ML(Maximum Likelihood)을 기본적으로 사용하였다. 제안한 hybrid 방법은 두 단계로 이루어진다. 첫째, 화자모델과 테스트 데이터를 이용하여 프레임단위로 유사도를 계산하고, 가장 큰 유사도 값과 두 번째로 큰 유사도 값의 차를 계산한 후, 차가 문턱치보다 큰 프레임만을 선택한다 두 번째로, 선택되어진 프레임에서 계산되어진 유사도 값 대신에 가중치 값을 사용하여 전체 스코어를 계산한다. 특징 파라미터로서는 켑스트럼과 회귀계수를 사용하였으며, 학습과 테스트를 위한 데이터베이스는 채집기간이 다른 여러 데이터베이스들로 구성되어 있으며, 실험을 위한 데이터는 임의의 단어를 선택하여 사용하였다. 화자인식실험은 기본 시스템에 프레임선택방법, 프레임가중치방법, 제안한 Hybrid방법을 각각 적용하여 실험하였다. 실험결과, 프레임선택방법에 비해 평균 4%, 프레임가중치방법에 비해 평균 1%의 인식률 향상을 보여, 본 논문에서 적용한 hybrid방법의 유효성을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.109-126
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• 1993

Refractory periodontitis manifest progressive attachment loss in a rapid and unrelenting manner regardless of the type or frequency of therapy applied. The purpose of this study was ta evaluate the relation between the level of cytokines in GCF and periodontopathic microflora with disease activity of refractory periodontitis. Selection of patients with refractory periodontitis (7 males, 3 females) were made by long term clinical observation including conventional clinical history and parameters. Teeth that showed pocket depth greater than 6mm were selected as sample teeth. Subjects were examined at baseline and after 3 months. Prior to baseline test, individual acrylic stent was fabricated. Reference grooves were made on each sample tooth site. Pocket depth and attachment loss were measured by Florida Probe. Gingival index was measured at 4 sites each sample teeth. Disease activity was defined as attachment loss of ${\ge}$ 2.1mm, as determined by sequential probing and tolerance method. The pattern and amount of alveolar bone resorption was observed with quantitative digital subtraction image processing radiography. Morphological analysis of subgingival bacteria was taken by phase contrast microscopy. Predominant cultivable bacterial distribution and frequency were compared between disease-active and disease-inactive site using immunofluorescence microscopy and selective microbial culturing. Levels of $interleukin-l{\beta}$, 2, 4, 6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in GCF and blood serum sample were quantified by ELISA. In active sites, P. intermedia was significantly increased to compare with inactive site. $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-2, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in GCF were increased in active sites and IL-2 in serum was increased in active patients significantly. Alveolar bone loss in active site was correlated with $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-2 in GCF. And loss of attachment in active site was correlated with IL-2 in GCF. These results demonstrate that IL-2 in serum, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-2, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in GCF, P, intermedia might be used as possible predictors of disease activity in refractory periodontitis before it is clinically expressed as attachment loss and quantitative alveolar bone change.