• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.298-303
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• 1995

The biological control effect of Trichoderma harzianum on the Fusarium wilt of strawberry and several factors affecting on its efficacy were examined through pot experiments. T. harzianum grown on wheat barn, rice straw, rice hull, sawdust or barley straw was respectively incorporated into the pathogen-infected soil, and significantly suppressed the strawberry wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae. The wheat bran or rice straw culture of T. harzianum suppressed the disease incidence more effectively than other substrates for culture, decreasing it to 68% of the untreated control. The conidial suspension of T. harzianum alone or the suspension mixed with crab shell also effectively reduced the disease incidence. The control effectiveness of T. harzianum was high in acid soil (pH 3.5~5.5). In sandy loam soil, the disease incidences and population densities of the pathogen were decreased by the treatment of T. harzianum, while there was no significant effect of T. harzianum on the pathogen in loam soil.

• 한국초지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국초지조사료학회 2002년도 창립 30주년 International Symposium
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• pp.5-56
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• 2002

The problems in the current domestic forage production were evaluated, and the prospective improvement was suggested in this paper. Grassland development in forest, production of high quality forages in upland and paddy land, efficient utilization of rice straw, development of new varieties of forages suitable for our environmental conditions and imported forages were described Among them, preferential production and utilization of forages using paddy field after rice harvest . should be enlarged for domestic supply of forages in Korea. Several studies were carried out to select the promising forage crops and barley cultivars for whole crop silage production, to determine productivity, nutritive value and production cost of forages produced in paddy field, and feeding effect of forages with Hanuwoo and milking cow for whole crop silage with forages produced in paddy field, 1999 to 2001, and also discussed restraint factors and activation plans for enlargement of forage production in paddy land. The promising forage crops in paddy field were rye and barley for Middle region, and rye, barley, early maturing Italian ryegrass and wheat for Southern region. The promising barley cultivars for whole crop silage in paddy field were Albori in Suwon, Keunalbori, Milyang 92, Saessalbori, and Naehanssalbori in Iksan, and Keunalbori, Albori, Naehanssalbori, and Saegangbori in Milyang, respectively. Silage production, quality and animal palatability of silage by trench and round bale were also compared. The production yields of whole crop barley silage(WBS) were 17,135kg as a fresh matter, and 6,011kg as a dry matter per ha, and the quality of WBS was 2∼3 grade, while that of rice straw silage was 4 grade as a farm basis. The production cost of WBS per kg was 83won as a fresh matter, and 238won as a dry matter. Feeding of WBS as forages on Hanwoo was very desirable for the improvement of live-weight gain, beef quality and farm income, particularly in growing stage of Hanwoo. Milk production and income were also increased, and feed cost was decreased by feeding of WBS. The daily voluntary intake of WBS in milking cow was 26.3kg as a fresh matter(DM 7.7kg) per head. Milk production when WBS was fed, was very similar to that of imported hay feeding such as Kentucky bluegrass or domestic corn silage. The issues to be solved in near future f3r stable forage production and supply in paddy land are sustainable livestock-forages policy, development & seed production of new varieties of barley, rye, Italian ryegrass and other promising forages, efficient demand & supply system of forages, solidification for mass production and utilization of forages, efficient application management of animal slurry on paddy field considering environmental agriculture/livestock industry, and break k development of bottleneck technique in production field. Domestic production & supply of high cost agricultural machine (round baler, wrapper, handler and so on), plastic wrapping film, and silage additives are also important.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.21-25
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• 1990

볏짚, 보리짚, 산야초(山野草) 그리고 활엽수(闊葉樹)와 침엽수(針葉樹)의 낙엽(落葉)을 채취(採取)하여 실험실(實驗室) 조건하(條件下)에서 90일간(日間) 부숙(腐熟)시키면서 경시적(經時的)으로 재료(材料)를 취(取)하여 산가수분해(酸加水分解)한 후(後) 단당류(單糖類)의 함량(含量)을 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 부숙기간(腐熟其間)이 경과(經過)함에 따라 유기물중(有機物中) 단당류(單糖類)의 함량(含量)이 감소(減少)하였다. 중간단계(中間段階)(45일(日))에서는 일시적인 함량(含量)이 증가(增加)가 나타났다. 2. 보리짚이 볏짚보다 빠른 속도(速度) 부숙(腐熟)하였는데 활엽수낙엽(闊葉樹落葉)이 침엽수낙엽((針葉樹落葉)보다 빨리 부숙(腐熟)되었다. 3. 단당류(單糖類)의 함량(含量)은 산야초(山野草)나 산림낙엽(山林落葉)보다 볏짚 및 보리짚에 더 많았다. 4. 식물성(植物性) 단당류(單糖類)와 미생물성(微生物性) 단당류(單糖類)의 정량적(定量的) 구별(區別)은 불가능(不可能)하였다. 5. 단당류중(單糖類中) Glucose가 가장 많았으며 가장 적게 함유(含有)된 당(糖)은 Fucose이었다. Ribose는 검출되지 않았다. 6. 부숙기간(腐熟期間)이 경과(經過)함에 따라 Glactose의 상대적(相對的) 함량(含量)도 증가(增加)하였다. 7. 부숙기간(腐熟期間)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 Fucose의 상대적(相對的) 함량(含量)이 감소(減少)하였으며, Rhamnose도 이와같은 경향이었다. 다만, 볏짚의 경우 Rhamnose의 상대적(相對的) 함량(含量)은 오히려 증가(增加)하였다. 8. 부숙(腐熟) 90일경 각(各) 시료(試料)가 함유(含有)하고 있는 단당류(單糖類)의 양(量)은 다음과 같은 순서이었다. 볏짚 : Glucose > Xylose > Arabinose > Galactose > Rhamnose > Mannose > Fucose 보리짚 : Glucose > Xylose > Arabinose > Galactose> Mannose > Rhamnose > Fucose 산야초 : Glucose > Xylose > Galactose Arabinose > Rhamnose Mannose > Fucose 활엽수낙엽 : Glucose > Arabinose> Xylose Galactose > Mannose > Rhamnose = Fucose 침엽수낙엽 : Glucose > Xylose > Galactose > Arabinose Mannose > Rhamnose > Fucose.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.957-965
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• 2005

The effect of ammoniation with urea and with soybean meal (SBM) as a source of urease on the nutritive value of wheat straw was evaluated in sheep. Twenty-four male Najdi lambs were used in a 3${\times}$2 factorial design, in which the animals were allocated to three straw treatments: 0% urea-treated (NT), 6% urea-treated (UT) and 2.2% urea-supplemented (US) straws. Each straw treatment was either supplemented or non-supplemented with 70 g SBM $kg^{-1}$ straw during the treatment time with urea, giving a total of six straw treatments. Each of these treatments was individually fed ad libitum to 4 lambs, together with 300 g of barley grain/head/day. Total N content of UT and US straws increased significantly (p<0.001) as compared to NT straw. The degree of urea hydrolysis, either with or without SBM addition, was nearly similar. Lambs fed either UT or US straw based diets had significantly (p<0.01) and numerically (p>0.05) higher straw DM intake (g $d^{-1}$ $kg^{-1}$ $BW^{0.75}$), compared to those fed NT straw based diet. Apparent DM or OM digestibilities increased significantly (p = 0.014) in lambs fed UT diet, and numerically (p>0.05) in lambs fed US diet as compared to those fed NT diet. Fiber (CF, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose) digestibility increased to a similar magnitude, averaging 20.2 (p<0.001) and 7.8% (p<0.07); this corresponds to 35 (p<0.001) and 51% (p<0.001) in N digestibility and approximately 78 (p<0.017) and 105% (p<0.002) in N retention, for UT and US diets, respectively, as compared to NT diet. However, the UT diet had higher (p<0.01) fiber digestibility over the US diet. Addition of SBM tended to improve (p = 0.09) straw DM and digestible OM intakes, while significantly increasing (p<0.001) total and digestible CP intakes across all diets. Lambs fed on US diet had higher ruminal ammonia N than those fed on UT (p<0.05) or NT (p<0.001) diets. However, ruminal pH and molar proportion of the volatile fatty acids did not differ (p>0.05) among the treatment diets. This study suggests that US and UT treatments, particularly the latter, improved straw intake, digestibility and N utilization by lambs compared to NT treatment. On the other hand, addition of SBM as a source of urease had a negligible effect on urea hydrolysis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1690-1695
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• 2001

Wheat straw was treated on laboratory scale with 4% urea at a moisture level of 50% along with different amounts of acetic acid (AA) to fix various levels of ammonia nitrogen (15, 30, 45 and 60%) evolved from urea and stored for 4 weeks. Chemical composition of the treated samples revealed a significant (p<0.01) increase in N content of the samples where AA was added. The N content of the ammoniated straw was only 1.21% which increased to 2.58 with the addition of AA to trap 30% $NH_3-N$. The concentration of free $NH_3-N$ in the straw was significantly (p<0.01) less when more than 15% $NH_3-N$ was trapped with AA. There was significant increase (p<0.01) in N disappearance and depression in NDF and hemicellulose disappearance, when AA was used to trap 30% $NH_3-N$. Large scale treatment of wheat straw with 4% urea at a moisture level of 50% along with AA (to trap 30% $NH_3-N$) increased the N content, but not as much as in laboratory scale treatment. In vivo experiment conducted on nine adult male buffaloes divided into three groups revealed no difference in the intake of DM, OM, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose among group I (ammoniated straw), group II (AA treated ammoniated straw) and group III (AA treated ammoniated straw +1 kg barley grain), but the intake was significantly (p<0.05) more in groups where AA treated straw was fed as compared to only ammoniated straw fed group. However EE digestibility was depressed in group II. The digestibility of cellulose and hemicellulose both depressed significantly (p<0.05) in group II and III as compared to group I. Animals in all the 3 groups showed positive nitrogen balance and it was significantly more in group II and III as compared to group I. DCP intake was significantly (p<0.05) more in group II and III as compared to group I, but there was no significant difference among the three groups in TDN intake. It can be concluded that AA (to trap 30% $NH_3-N$) is effective in capturing the excess ammonia released during urea ammoniation of straw and improving its nutritive value, as well as animal performance.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.43-50
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• 1979

보리 주요품종 강보리. 부농. 수원 177호 올보리 및 밀탕 006를 공논하여 강보리에 공시품종을 혼합비율에 따라 혼합하여 각품종의 특성을 상호보완시키므로서 안전다수획을 얻을 수 있는 조합선발과 혼합비율을 구명하고저 실험하였던바 그 결과의 요약은 아래와 같다. 1 각품종의 출수기 2~6 일, 성숙기는1~8 일 차이가 있었으나 혼합구의 출수 및 성숙기는 외韻견상 차이를 구별하기 어려웠으며 혼합비율이 높은 품종의 출수 및 성숙기와 비슷하였다. 2. 각품종의 간장은 약 0~11 cm의 차이가 있었으나 표현형상으로 혼합구의 간장 차이가 적었으며 간장의 변이늘 양품종의 간장 범위내에 있었다. 3. 포장도복과 좌절하중이 상이한 각품종을 혼합하였을 경우 포장도복과 좌절하중이 약한 품종보다 강한 쪽으로 작명하여 남부지방의 도복이 기한 곳에서 상호보완효과가 컸었고 강보리의 혼합이 도복을 상당히 경감시 컸 다. 4. 강보리＋부농 혼합구는 $^{\circ}C$ 당수수와 수당립수가 증가되면서 우입중이 낮아지지 않었고 강보리＋밀양 006 혼합구도 $^{\circ}C$ 당수수와 천립중이 증가되면서 수장입수의 감소가 적어 수량구성요소의 상호보완능력이 컸었다. 5. 수량에 있어서 강보리＋부농. 강보리＋밀양 006 혼합구는 주요형질의 수충능력이 있어 증수되었는데 중부지방보다 도복이 많은 남부지방에서 그 효과가 높고 적정 혼합비율은 강보리 20%. 부농, 밀양 006 80%로 혼합하는 것이 증수되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.213-223
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• 2012

In this study, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the total mixed ration with fermented feed (TMRF) and total mixed ration (TMR) by rumen in vitro fermentation and their effects on the growth performance and blood characteristics of Hanwoo steers. In experiment 1, three Hanwoo steers ($600{\pm}47$ kg), each permanently fitted with a ruminal cannula were used. In this experiment, three diets designated as T1, TMRF (18.4% fermented feed, tall fescue, mammoth wild rye forage and whole crop barley); T2, TMRF (17.7% fermented feed, rice straw and whole crop barley); and T3, TMR (rice straw, whole crop barley and probiotics, but no fermented feed), which were subjected to rumen in vitro fermentation for 48 h. The results demonstrated that DM disappearance rate gradually increased with advancing fermentation time, but T1 and T2 were higher than the T3 (p<0.05) from 3 h to 12 h, but insignificant (p>0.05) at 24 and 48 h. None of the specific VFAs were affected except for acetic and non volatile lactic acids, which were produced more in T2 than in T1 and T3 at 24 h and 48 h of incubation. A/P was lower in T1 and T2 than inT3 at 24 h (p<0.05) and 48 h (p>0.05) of incubation. These results confirmed that TMRF-related treatment shows a superior performance to that of TMR during the ruminal fermentation period. In experiment 2, the three diets in experiment 1 plus 1 more control diet (concentrates, probiotics and 2% rice straw of body weight) were fed to the 48 Hanwoo steers ($160{\pm}10$ kg) for a period of 168 d. The results demonstrated that the daily and total live weight gain and feed efficiency were higher (p<0.05) in the TMRF and TMR groups than in the control group. SGOT, SGPT and BUN (p<0.05) were reduced in TMRF relative to the control and TMR groups by 168 d which confirmed that TMRF shows better blood profiles than the TMR and control groups. Overall, these results appear to show that TMRF has better in vitro ruminal characteristics than those of TMR; growth performance and blood profiles were also found to be superior in TMRF than in the TMR and control groups. Thus, our findings suggest that TMRF-based feed supplies are favorable for Hanwoo cattle.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.184-191
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• 1976

북방형(北方型) 목초(牧草)의 하고성(夏枯性) 방제(防除)하기 위하여 1976년(年) 7월(月)1일(日)부터 8(월)月14일(日)까지 Orchard grass, Tall fescue, Red clover, Alfalfa, Crabgrass의 5초종(草種)에 보리짚을 $100g/m^2$, $200g/m^2$, $300g/m^2$ 피복(被覆)하고 목초(牧草)의 성장(成長), 수량(收量) 및 영양성분(營養成分)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 보리짚 피복(被覆)에 의하여 피복구(被覆區) 지온(地溫)은 무처리구(無處理區)에 비(比)하여 $1.0{\sim}3.04^{\circ}C$의 강하현상(降下現象)을 나타내었다. 피복처리구(被覆處理區)는 무처리구(無處理區)에 비(比)하여 6.0~45%의 성장효과(成長效果)를 나타내었다. $100g/m^2$ 피복구(被覆區)는 무처리구(無處理區)에 비하여 32.77%의 증수효과(增收效果)를 나타내었고 $300g/m^2$구(區) 이상은 부식(腐蝕)에 의하여 7.75%의 감수현상(減收現象)을 표현(表現)하였다. 피복처리구(被覆處理區)에서 생산된 목초(牧草)는 무처리구(無處理區)에 비하여 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 및 가용무질소물(可溶無窒素物)의 증가(增加)를 가져왔고 조지방(粗脂肪), 조섬유(粗纖維) 및 조회분(粗灰分)은 감소현상(減少現象)을 나타내었다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.184-184
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• 2017

Organic matter is very important and essential factor to maintain productivity of paddy field. But as meat consumption and the demand of grain increase, the demand of forage also increased gradually in Korea. So the amount of organic matter in paddy field have been declined gradually by the reduction of return of rice straw for the forage use for cattle. There is not enough alternative resources for forage, we guess this trend of organic matter decline in paddy field would continue for the time being in Korea. So this study was performed to confirm the variation of organic matter and change of rice yield to select suitable rice cultivars which yield reduction is small in condition of organic matter decrease in paddy field. To confirm the change of rice growth and yield in condition of organic matter decrease in paddy field, we transplanted 10 rice cultivars which yield reduction are small in low fertilizer condition. We transplanted it Buan where double cropping of winter barley continues several years on June 10. Planting density were $70plants/3.3m^2$ Fertilizer amount was $N-P_2O_5-K_2O=9-4.5-5.7kg/10a$ and fertilizer split application of nitrogen was basal-tillering stage-panicle initiation = 50-20-30%. And in the other cultivation management, we observed rice standard culture of NICS. In paddy field where withdraw straws of barley and rice, the organic matter content showed tendency to decrease as the years go on. During rice cultivation season, organic matter decreased little by little, but it increased again after rice harvest season. Rice yield was more in order of Sodami, Chunghaejinmi and Saenuri. We judge that there is an advantage in rice yield of rice cultivars which have later heading date because of suitable ripening temperature. Although Sobibyeo and Shindongjinbyeo showed high yield, head rice yield decreased severely owing to chalky and cracked rice.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.411-419
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• 1996

보리입모중 벼 파종에 있어서 보리짚 시용에 따른 경운방법과 질소시용량별 관개수중에 용출된 각 성분함량 변화를 검토하였던 바, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. pH는 무경운재배에서는 시비수준간 차리가 없었으나 경운재배에서는 컸으며, 10일까지는 시비수준이 높을수록 pH가 높았으나 그 이후는 비슷하였다. 2. EC는 무경운에 비해 경운재배에서 높았으며, 경운의 유 ㆍ무에 관계없이 시비수준이 높을수록 EC도 높았다. 시기별로 보면 10일에 최고수준에 도달하였다가 그 후 감소경향이나, 20일에는 초기와는 달리 시비수준이 높을수록 EC가 감소하였고, 그 감소폭은 경운재배에서 컸다. 3. 용존산소는 무경운에 비해 경운에서 높았으며, 시비량이 많을수록 낮은 경향을 보였다. 경운방법별로는 무경운에서는 시용후일수가 경과됨에 따라 다소 증가하는 경향이었으며, 무처리에 비해 매우 낮았으나, 경운재배에서는 초기에 매우 높고 10일에 급격히 감소하였으며 그 후 다시 증가하였다. 4. NH$_4$-N는 경운의 유 ㆍ무에 관계없이 시비수준이 높을수록 높았으나, 20일에는 시비량간 차이는 없었다. 경운방법간에는 무경운에서는 10일까지 높고 그 후 감소를 보였으나 경운에서는 초기(5일)에 매우 높았다가 급격히 감소하였고, 15일에 다시 감소하였으나 20일에는 거의 발현되지 않았다. NO$_3$-N는 무경운에서는 처리일수 및 시비수준간의 차이가 매우 컸으며, 10일에 최고수준을 보였고, 그 후 20일까지 급격히 감소하였다. 경운구에서는 처리일수가 경과함에 따라 감소경향을 보였으나, 시비수준간 차이는 보이지 않았다. 5. PO$_4$$^{3-}$ 은 경운재배에 비해 무경운재배에서 높았으며, 두처리 모두 시비수준이 높을수록 높았으나, 무경운재배에 비하여 경운재배에서는 시일의 경과에 따라서도 차이가 크지 않았고 함량도 낮았다. 6. 양이온함량은 모두 경운 유 ㆍ무에 관계없이 시비수준이 높을수록 높은 경향을 보였고, 10일에 최고수준을 보인 후 완만한 감소를 나타냈으며, $K^{+}$, $Ca^{2+}$에 비해 $Mg^{2+}$이 보다 낮은 함량을 보였다.