• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.41-53
• /
• 1997

Geochemical data of soil and water samples were presented in order to assess the environmental impart for drinking water sites. Microscopic observation of rock samples and physical and chemical analysis of soil and water samples were undertaken. The geology of study areas are classified into three groups such as granitic rocks, meta-sedimentary rocks and sedimentary rocks. Enrichment of heavy metals derived from those rocks is not found in this study areas. Soils were analyzed for Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr using AAS extracted by HNO$_3$+HClO$_4$ and 0.1 N HCl. Heavy metal concentrations in soils are within the range of those in uncontaminated soils. In comparison of metal contents extracted by 0.1 N HCl and HNO$_3$+HC1O$_4$, less than 10% of the heavy metals are present in the exchangeable fraction. In particular, an pollution index has been proposed to assess the degree of soil contamination. Pollution index in soils are between 0.03 and 0.47 therefore, soils are not polluted with heavy metals. Deep groundwaters within granitic rocks have been evolved into Na$\^$＋/-HCO$_3$$\^$-/ type, whereas other deep groundwaters evolved into Ca$\^$2＋/-HCO$_3$$\^$-/ type. The predominance of Na$\^$＋/ over Ca$\^$2＋/ in deep groundwaters within granitic rocks is a result of dissolution of plagioclase, but for sedimentary and meta-sedimentary rocks, dissolution of calcite is a dominant factor for their hydrogeochemistry. The pH, conductivity and contents of the most dissolved ions in the water increase with depth. Shallow groundwaters, however, are highly susceptible to pollution owing to agricultural activities, considering the fact that high contents of nitrate, chloride and potassium, and high K/Na ratio are observed in some shallow groundwaters. In a thermodynamic approach, most natural water samples are plotted within the stability fields of kaolinite and smectite. Therefore, microcline and other feldspars will alter to form clay minerals, such as kaolinite and smectite. From the modelling for water-rock interactions based on mass balance equation, models accord well with behavior of the ions and results of thermodynamic studies are derived.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.244-251
• /
• 1991

This study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of magnesium-and boron-enriched complex fertilizer(CF, N-P$_2$O$_{5}$-K$_2$O-MgO-B$_2$O$_3$: 14-10-12-3-0.2) on the maintenance and management of hilly pasture. The effectiveness of CF was compared to those of some straight fertilizers (SF). This first part of the study was concerned with the soil chemical properties and the mutural balances of mineral nutrients in the soils of a mixed grass-clover and a pure grass swards. The results of a two-year field experiment are summarized as follows: 1. The Mg contents in the soils of the CF plots were higher than those of the SF plots. On the other hand, the Ca contents were higher in the SF plots than in the CF plots. The contents of Mg and Ca, and CEC, except K, in both the CF and SF plots were considerably below the optimum levels. At the normal application rate of NPK, the contents of available P$_2$O$_{5}$ were close to the optimum level in both the CF and SF plots. 2. The contents of exchangeable Mg were lower than the K contents in soils of all the plots. At the normal application rate of NPK, the Mg contents in the CF plots, but not in the SF plots, were close to the critical level for general crops (0.29me Mg/100g soil). The Mg contents in soils of all the plots, however, were considerably below the critical level for pasture forages and grazing cows (0.41me/100g). 3. Considering the desirable base saturation level of soil, the saturation levels of Ca and Mg were insufficient in both the CF and SF plots. The saturation levels of Mg in the CF plots, however, were relatively good compared with the SF plots. The equivalent ratios or Mg/K, Ca/Mg. Ca:Mg:K, and %Mg of CEC in soils were generally unfavorable in all the plots. These ratios of the CF plots, however, were relatively better than those of the SF plots. 4. Considering the contents of exchangeable Ca and Mg in soils, it is suggested that the application of slaked magnesium lime as a soil amelioration might be desirable for the fundamental increment of those contents at pasture establishment.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.5-8
• /
• 1981

This study concerns itself with the development of a new model of comprehensive health service for rural communities of Korea. The study was conceived to resolve the problems of both underservice in rural communities and underutilization of valuable health manpower, namely the nurses, the disenchanted elite health personnel in Korea. On review of the current situation, the greatest deficiencies in the Korean health care system were found in the availability of primary care at the peripheries of md communities, in the dissemination of knowledge of disease prevention and health care, and in the induction of and guidance for active participation by the clientele in health maintenance at the personal, family and community level Abundant untapped health resources were identified that could be brough to bear upon the national effort to extend health services to every member of the Korean Population. Therefore, it was Postulated that the problem of underservice in rural communities of Korea can be structurcturally resolved by the effective mobilization and organization of untapped health resources, and that. a primary care Nursing Service System offers the best possibility for fulfillment of rural health service goals within the current health man-power situation. In order to identify appropriate strategies to combat the present difficulties in Korean rural health services and to utilize nurses and other health personnel in community-centered health programs, a search was made for examples of innovative service models throughout the world. An extensive literature survey and field visits to project sites both in Korea and in the United States were made. Experts in the field of world health, health service, planners, administrators, and medical and nursing practitioners in Korea, in the United States as well as visitors from other Asian countries were widely consulted. On the basis of information and inputs from these experts a new rural health service model has been constructed within the conceptual framework of community development, especially of the innovation diffusion Model. It is considered especially important that citizens in each community develop capacities for self-care with assistance and supports from available health professionals and participate in health service-related decisions that affect their own well-being. The proposed model is based upon the regionalization of health care planning utilizing a comprehensive Nursing Service System at the immediate delivery level The model features: (1) a health administration unit at each administrative level; (2) mechanisms for community participation; (3) a continuous source of primary health care at the local community level; (4) relative centralization of specialty care and provision of tertiary or super-specialty care only at major national metropolitan centers; and (5) a system for patient referral to the appropriate level of care. This model has been built around professional nurses as the key community health workers because their training is particularly suited and because large numbers of well-trained nurses are currently available and being trained. The special element in this model is a professional nurse-guided, self-care facilitating primary care Community Nursing Service System. This is supported by a Nursing Extension Service as a new training and support structure. (See attached diagrams). A broad spectrum of programs was proposed for the Community Nursing Service System. These were designed to establish a balance of activities between the clinic-centered individual care component and the field activity-centered educational and supportive component of health care services. Examples of possible program alternatives and proposed guidelines for health care in specific situations were presented, as well as the roles and functions of the key health personnel within the Community Nursing Service System. This Rural Health Service Model was proposed as a real alternative to the maldistributed, inequitable, uncoordinated solo-practice, physician-centered fee-for-service health care available to Koreans today.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.53-66
• /
• 2018

The information of surface reflectance ($R_{sfc}$) is important for the heat balance and the environmental/climate monitoring. The $R_{sfc}$ sensitivity to error-induced variables for the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) retrieval from geostationary-orbit satellite observations at 300-500 nm was investigated, utilizing polar-orbit satellite data of the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Ozone Mapping Instrument (OMI), and the radiative transfer model (RTM) experiment. The variables in this study can be cloud, Rayleigh-scattering, aerosol, ozone and surface type. The cloud detection in high-resolution MODIS pixels ($1km{\times}1km$) was compared with that in GEMS-scale pixels ($8km{\times}7km$). The GEMS detection was consistent (~79%) with the MODIS result. However, the detection probability in partially-cloudy (${\leq}40%$) GEMS pixels decreased due to other effects (i.e., aerosol and surface type). The Rayleigh-scattering effect in RGB images was noticeable over ocean, based on the RTM calculation. The reflectance at top of atmosphere ($R_{toa}$) increased with aerosol amounts in case of $R_{sfc}$<0.2, but decreased in $R_{sfc}{\geq}0.2$. The $R_{sfc}$ errors due to the aerosol increased with wavelength in the UV, but were constant or slightly decreased in the visible. The ozone absorption was most sensitive at 328 nm in the UV region (328-354 nm). The $R_{sfc}$ error was +0.1 because of negative total ozone anomaly (-100 DU) under the condition of $R_{sfc}=0.15$. This study can be useful to estimate $R_{sfc}$ uncertainties in the GEMS retrieval.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.170-176
• /
• 2002

The objective of this study was to investigate the current status of calcium fortification in processed foods for obtaining basic data on nutrition fortification policy and nutrition labeling, Surveyed samples were the products fortified wish calcium among processed products sold in department store and large mart in Seoul from Aug. 1998 to Aug. 1999. But supplementary health food or special nutritious food and weaning food and infant formula were excluded from them. We examined the kinds and numbers of added nutrients except calcium and the amounts of calcium per 100 g product and nutrient labeling of calcium-fortified foods. Surveyed products were 81 foods and they were grouped in grain products, milk and milk products, processed meat and fishes, ramyuns, retort pouch foods, fruit juice and drinks. and others. Calcium fortification was found in wide food groups, especially in snack foods and carbonated beverages. In relation to surveyed products, most of them were fortified with only calcium. The number of added nutrients in the product were relatively various in comparison with each food groups. In addition to calcium, the most frequently added nutrient was DHA, and were followed vitamin, mineral, oligosacchride, fiber, etc. This result showed that the kind(s) and the number(s) of nutrient added to product did not consider nutrition balance of calcium-fortified foods. Units of calcium content were decided by companies, therefore consumers confused labelled content with mouth dose of calcium and the comparison of the amounts added calcium among products was difficult. The amounts of calcium in products were from 16.4 to 1226 mg Per 100 and from 2.5 to 27.6% RDA (recommended daily allowance) per serving size. The amounts of calcium in many products were less than 10% RDA per serving size, whole appraisal about fortified content was needed. And for nutrient labeling on calcium, they used various term whether it is approved by law or not.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.83-98
• /
• 2018

This paper makes a theoretical approach to the differences between transaction tax and capital gains tax when the financial instruments are traded and imposed taxes in K-OTC market, a newly emerging off-board market. Since it is difficult to reduce risk to the level which investors would like to pursue - depending on the taxation methods of portfolio-composed financial instruments - when it comes to forming a synthetic bond to hedge risk, this paper also seeks for effective taxation methods to make this applicable. First of all, to thoroughly review the taxation balance of synthetic bonds, this paper analyzed the effects of the transaction tax and capital gains tax imposed upon synthetic bonds according to the changes in final stock price and strike price in K-OTC market, and analyzed after-tax profit differences among them depending on whether income tax deduction took place or not. As a result of the research upon the tax gap in transaction tax and capital gains tax according to the changes of final stock prices, it was shown that imposing transaction tax is more likely to be effective for some level of risk hedging with replicating portfolio considering taxation policies and financial markets, since the effect of the transaction tax has a much lower tax gap than that of capital gains tax. In addition, in relation to whether income tax deduction was permitted or not, it was proved that the effect of the transaction tax and the capital gains tax vary depending on the variation in the strike price. Above all, it was shown that if the strike price is lower than the stock price, the transaction tax will be less affected by the existence of income tax deduction than the capital gains tax, while both will be equally affected by the existence of income tax deduction if the strike price is higher than the stock price. Further study would be to demonstrate the validation of this in the K-OTC market with actual financial instruments and, also, to seek for a more systematic hedging method by using a ratio analysis approach to the calculation of the option transaction tax

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.42 no.12
• /
• pp.1930-1939
• /
• 2013

It has been reported that Chungkukjang, one of Korean traditional fermented soybean products, may improve hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. In this study, we sought to investigate the immunoenhancing effects of Chungkukjang in ovariectomized mice. For the first period, female SLC ddy mice were either sham-operated (Sham; n=27) or ovariectomized (OVX; n=27). As a basal diet, ovariectomized mice were fed low-calcium diet for faster induction of osteoporosis for six weeks, and those in the Sham group were fed AIN-76 diet. For the second period, half of the OVX group (n=9) and the Sham group (n=9) were fed a Chungkukjang-based diet (CKJ); whereas the other half (OVX; n=9/ Sham; n=9) were fed a casein-based diet (CSI) for 8 weeks. After a second period, we collected the blood via heart puncture and measured the splenocytes proliferation, T lymphocyte subsets by flowcytometry, and levels of serum cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-${\gamma}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$) by ELISA assay. The OVX+CKJ group showed higher splenocytes proliferation, higher ratio of CD4/CD8, and lower levels of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ cytokines compared to the OVX+CSI group. The Sham+CKJ group showed cytokine productions, such as higher levels of IL-10 and IFN-${\gamma}$, and lower levels of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ compared to the Sham+CSI group. The result of this study suggests that Chungkukjang may lower the proinflammatory cytokine levels in both the OVX and Sham groups. In addition, Chungkukjang could make a balance of T cell subset proliferations and enhance the splenocyte proliferations in the OVX group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.215-222
• /
• 1991

The difference between Kimchi, Japanese pickles, Korean Salted and fermented fish intestines and Japanese Salted and fermented fish intestines was investigated by comparising composition of inorganic cation in them. A high-performance liqid chromatography was used for the determination of Na, K, Ca and Mg in Kimchi, Japanese pickles and Salted and fermented fish intestines. The Kimchi samples analyzed were produced in the home, in the restaurant, in the nunnery and by food manufactures in Korea, and the pickles used were produced by food manufactures in Japan, and Salted and fermented fish intestines used were produced by food manufactures in Korea or Japan. The results obtained were summarized as following: (1) Sodium chloride in Kimchi was $1.8{\pm}0.37%$, $2.8{\pm}0.60%$ in Asazuke, Japanese picles which the fresh vegitables was seasoned with sodium chloride and seasoning, $1.8{\pm}0.32%$ in Japanese Kimchi, Japanese pickles which the fresh vegitables was seasoned with the mixture of sodium chloride, garlic powder, red peper's powder and seasoning, $5.3{\pm}0.66%$ in Shoyu Zuke, Japanese pickles which the salted vegetables was seasoned with sodium chloride and seasoning after desalting. (2) Na/K value in Kimchi was $1.7{\pm}0.17$ and $4.6{\pm}1.44$ in Asazuke, $2.6{\pm}0.85$ in Japanese Kimchi and $27.3{\pm}6.79$ in Shoyu zuke respectively. (3) Kimchi contained more K and Ca than Japanese pickles. (4) Kimchi remarkably contained the Ca originating to salted and fermented fish intestines. As the results of this study, it was presumed that while Kimchi and Japanese pickles is well known as a food that contributed to high blood pressure, Kimchi and Japanese Kimchi might not cause the high blood pressure because they have an excellent balance of Na/K value and low Na content. And also it was considered that these differences might be caused by the difference of th food taste between and Korean and Japanese people.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.129-138
• /
• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the operating characteristics, water balance and chemical properties of compost during the composting with pig slurry on-farm trial. The composting plant with sawdust pile filteration was done in a forced aeration inside a house and equipped with a turning machine moving on a rails. The composting pit was 4.6m wide, 53m long and the maximum height was 2m. A field scale aerobic composting facility was tested the composting efficiency of high moisture pig slurry. The sawdust materials remained 6 months. Pig slurry was added to compost pile every other day during 6 months run. The temperature in compost pile and compost house, and input and output of moisture were measured during composting process. The result are summarized as follows; 1. The temperature of compost was varied in range of at $22.4^{\circ}C{\sim}71.1^{\circ}C$. After turning, the composting temperature decreased to $50^{\circ}C{\sim}36^{\circ}C$ during $3{\sim}5$ hours, and then raised to $64.5^{\circ}C$ 2. The temperature of compost house was maintained $20^{\circ}C{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, and relative humidity was varied in range of $50{\sim}99%$. 3. BOD, CODcr and SS of leachate water was reduced 89.5%, 81.2%, 97.5%, respectively. 4. The content of heavy metal in the final compost was lower those of Korea standards. 5. The amount of effluent was 10.2%. Total evaporation during composting Period were 74.8%. The amount of slurry per $1m^3$ sawdust was $3.16m^3$ without treatment of effluent output.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.182-191
• /
• 1999

A study was conducted for the determination of application rate of pig-dung composted with sawdust (referred as pig manure hereafter) for wetland rice. The study involved the field experiments with the cultivation of rice under different rates of application of pig manure in combination of different rates of chemical fertilizers, in a wetland rice soil. The field experiment involved following treatments : (I) Without fertilizer, (II) Standard rate of chemical fertilizers based on soil testing($98-73-71kg\;ha^{-1}$ as $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$), (III) $2.1Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of pig manure $>+80-37kg\;ha^{-1}$ of $N- K_2O$ as chemical fertilizer(Less $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ contained in the compost), (IV) $4.2Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of pig manure+ $62-3kg\;ha^{-1}$ of $N-K_2O$as chemical fertilizer(Less $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ contained in the compost), (V) $10Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of pig manure+ Treatment(II), (VI) $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of pig manure +Treatment(II). Number of tillers in treatment (I) were higher than other treatments in tillering and panicle formation stage. After heading stage, treatments (V) and (VI) have higher number of tillers, but treatment (III) and (IV) have fewer number of tillers during all growing stage. Uptake of NPK in rice plants was higher in treatment (VI), but the efficiency of N, P and K was higher in treatment (I), (III) and (IV). The yield of unhulled rice were in order of tretments (VI)>(V)>(IV)>(II)>(III), although the difference was not statistically significant. Inorganic nitrogen, available P and exchangable K contents in soil were highest at tillering stage in all treatments and became low from panicle formation to harvest stage. Available P in soil was increased by the application of pig manure upto 20 cm depth. Exchangeable cation contents in 40 to 60 cm soil depth was much higher in treatment (VI) than in other treatments. Treatment (V) and (VI) showed much higher losses of N. $P_2O_5 $ and $K_2O$ than other treatment. Though treatment (VI) tended yield higher than in other treatments, showed lodging and occurrence of leaf and neck blast in this treatment. Yield of unhulled rice in treatment (IV) was not significant statistically and reduced nutritional losses. It is conclude that treatment (IV) seems to be the most reasonable one for the application of pig manure in combination of chemical fertilizers.