• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.277-288
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• 2001

Continuous atmospheric CO$_2$measurements measured during the 1 year(1998.8∼1999.8) at Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Observatory (KGAWO) in Anmyeon-do are analyzed by the selecting method which is recommended by WDCGG to get background CO$_2$. This method can reject data based on two criteria: the instability of CO$_2$ concentration within 1 hour from hourly standard deviation (hourly variability$\leq$ 0.6 ppm first selection) and the large changes in the CO$_2$ concentration from one hour to the nex(∼$\leq$0.3 ppm, second selection). We could obtain hourly background CO$_2$ of 37% in first selection and 20% in second selection during the l year. That are a little less than those of Ryori station in Japan. especially, the cases of background CO$_2$ which is selected were few during the summer. That is caused by affection of vegetation and anthropogenic source. After the selecting methods are applied, the cases which is selected for easterly wind decrease remarkably according to the analysis of wind direction about continuous CO$_2$ .That was affected by anthropogenic source from the east area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.7-20
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• 1989

^x This paper aims to grasp the basical things of the architectural meaning of Bu - Seok Temple through the background of site selection and the analysis of arrangement change of it. For this purpose, I try to examine the process of folk- belief adhesion of Buddism and Feng - Shui as the choice factor of site when the temple was established, the spatial characters of the changing stage in arrangement. These characters of Bu - seok temple have significance for the basic study on the site selection and the spatial analysis of a mountainous district Temple in Shilla.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.232-242
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• 2017

The goal of marker-assisted backcrossing (MAB) is to significantly reduce the number of breeding generations required by using genome-based molecular markers to select for a particular trait; however, MAB systems have only been developed for a few vegetable crops to date. Among the types of molecular markers, SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) are primarily used in the analysis of genetic diversity due to their abundance throughout most genomes. To develop a MAB system in Chinese cabbage, a high-throughput (HT) marker system was used, based on a previously developed set of 468 SNP probes (BraMAB1, Brassica Marker Assisted Backcrossing SNP 1). We selected a broad-spectrum TuMV (Turnip mosaic virus) resistance (trs) Chinese cabbage line (SB22) as a donor plant, constructing a $BC_1F_1$ population by crossing it with the TuMV-susceptible 12mo-682-1 elite line. Foreground selection was performed using the previously developed trsSCAR marker. Background selection was performed using 119 SNP markers that showed clear polymorphism between donor and recipient plants. The background genome recovery rate (% recurrent parent genome recovery; RPG) was good, with three of 75 $BC_1F_1$ plants showing a high RPG rate of over 80%. The background genotyping result and the phenotypic similarity between the recurrent parent and $BC_1F_1$ showed a correlation. The plant with the highest RPG recovery rate was backcrossed to construct the $BC_2F_1$ population. Foreground selection and background selection were performed using 169 $BC_2F_1$ plants. This study shows that, using MAB, we can recover over 90% of the background genome in only two generations, highlighting the MAB system using HT markers as a highly efficient Brassica rapa backcross breeding system. This is the first report of the application of a SNP marker set to the background selection of Chinese cabbage using HT SNP genotyping technology.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.263-268
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• 2008

Bacterial leaf pustule (BLP) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines is a serious disease to make pustule and chlorotic haloes in soybean [Glycine max (L). Merr.]. While inheritance mode and map positions of the BLP resistance gene, rxp are known, no sequence information of the gene was reported. In this study, we made five near isogenic lines (NILs) from separate backcrosses (BCs) of BLP-susceptible Hwangkeumkong $\times$ BLP-resistant SS2-2 (HS) and BLP-susceptible Taekwangkong$\times$ SS2-2 (TS) through foreground and background selection based on the four-stage selection strategy. First, 15 BC individuals were selected through foreground selection using the simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers Satt486 and Satt372 flanking the rxp gene. Among them, 11 BC plants showed the BLP-resistant response. The HS and TS lines chosen in foreground selection were again screened by background selection using 118 and 90 SSR markers across all chromosomes, respectively. Eventually, five individuals showing greater than 90% recurrent parent genome content were selected in both HS and TS lines. These NILs will be a unique biological material to characterize the rxp gene.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.360-367
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• 2011

Beta-carotene producing transformants were produced in the background of 'Nagdongbyeo', a Japonica rice cultivar. Introgression of the carotenoid locus in the transformant, PAC4-2 into the elite cultivar 'Ilpumbyeo' was started. To initiate a backcrossing program, we surveyed 220 SSR markers and found that 38% of them were polymorphic between 'Ilpumbyeo' as a recurrent parent and the PAC4-2 as a recipient parent. The selection strategy comprising foreground and background selection was employed. First, foreground selection was practiced in $BC_1$, $BC_2$, and $BC_3$ generations using the transgene specific PCR-based marker in addition to visual scoring of the seed color. Marker-based background selection combined with phenotypic selection was employed from $BC_3F_2$ to $BC_3F_4$ generations. Blast search indicated that the transgene PAC4-2 was located between SSR markers, RM6 and RM482. 240 $BC_3F_3$ and 63 $BC_3F_4$ lines were evaluated for four agronomic traits including days to heading. Most of the lines were similar to Ilpumbyeo in agronomic traits evaluated. The percentage of PAC4-2 genome ranged from 4% to 21% with a mean of 12.5%, which was higher than the expected for an unselected $BC_3$ backcross population. This could be explained by the fact that two genes for beta-carotene and the stripe virus resistance were targeted in this study. We selected 10 representative $BC_3F_5$ lines from 63 $BC_3F_4$ lines based on agronomic traits and carotenoids content. The selection strategy would be appropriate for the introgression of beta-carotene gene in a breeding program.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.15B no.5
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• pp.407-412
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• 2008

Color segmentation is one of the most challenging problems in image processing especially in case of handling the images with cluttered background. Great amount of color segmentation methods have been developed and applied to real problems. In this paper, we suggest a new methodology. Our approach is focused on background extraction, as a complimentary operation to standard foreground object segmentation, using self-organizing feature selective property of unsupervised self-learning paradigm based on the competitive algorithm. The results of our studies show that background segmentation can be achievable in efficient manner.

• MALSORI
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• no.63
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• pp.125-137
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• 2007

Recently, many techniques have been proposed to improve the noise robustness for speaker verification. In this paper, we consider the feature recombination technique in multi-band approach. In the conventional feature recombination for speaker verification, to compute the likelihoods of speaker models or universal background model, whole feature components are used. This computation method is not effective in a view point of multi-band approach. To deal with non-effectiveness of the conventional feature recombination technique, we introduce a subband likelihood computation, and propose a modified feature recombination using subband likelihoods. In decision step of speaker verification system in noise environments, a few very low likelihood scores of a speaker model or universal background model cause speaker verification system to make wrong decision. To overcome this problem, a reliable feature selection method is proposed. The low likelihood scores of unreliable feature are substituted by likelihood scores of the adaptive noise model. In here, this adaptive noise model is estimated by maximum a posteriori adaptation technique using noise features directly obtained from noisy test speech. The proposed method using subband-based reliable feature selection obtains better performance than conventional feature recombination system. The error reduction rate is more than 31 % compared with the feature recombination-based speaker verification system.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.109-117
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• 2008

This research analyzed which average comparisons and differences between groups' view motive and selection for information sources, product properties with theater animation spectator. Based on view frequency, each of groups' organization were classified to heavy, occasional, and thinly viewers. As average comparison analysis result, firstly, view motive appeared in order to "want to see animation", "to spend time and leisure activity", "to enjoy fun activity", and "because of others canvassing or recommendation", etc. Secondly, view selection for information source appeared in order to "rumor circumstance or reputation", "theater or TV previews", "internet evaluation and grade", etc. At last, view selection for practical property appeared in order to "story", "character", "special effects", "background music", "background art", "director/directing", "manufacturer/nation", and "dubbing of artist". As difference between group result, view motive and selection for product properties appeared significant differences between each of group. To the contrary, view selection for information sources did not appeared significant differences between each of group.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.135-146
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• 2002

Generally a speaker verification system improves its system recognition ratio by regularizing log likelihood ratio, using a speaker model and its background speaker model that are required to be verified. The speaker-based cohort method is one of the methods that are widely used for selecting background speaker model. Recently, Gaussian-based cohort model has been suggested as a virtually synthesized cohort model, and unlike a speaker-based model, this is the method that chooses only the probability distributions close to basic speaker's probability distribution among the several neighboring speakers' probability distributions and thereby synthesizes a new virtual speaker model. It shows more excellent results than the existing speaker-based method. This study compared the existing speaker-based background speaker models and virtual speaker models and then constructed new virtual background speaker model groups which combined them in a certain ratio. For this, this study constructed a speaker verification system that uses GMM (Gaussin Mixture Model), and found that the suggested method of selecting virtual background speaker model shows more improved performance.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.16 no.5 s.98
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• pp.48-57
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• 1999

Applications of thresholding technique are based on the assumption that object and background pixels in a digital image can be distinguished by their gray level values. For the segmentation of more complex images, it is necessary to resort to multiple threshold selection techniques. This paper describes a new method for multiple threshold selection of gray level images which are not clearly distinguishable from the background. The proposed method consists of three main stages. In the first stage, a probability distribution function for a gray level histogram of an image is derived. Cluster points are defined according to the probability distribution function. In the second stage, fuzzy partition matrix of the probability distribution function is generated through the fuzzy clustering process. Finally, elements of the fuzzy partition matrix are classified as clusters according to gray level values by using max-membership method. Boundary values of classified clusters are selected as multiple threshold. In order to verify the performance of the developed algorithm, automatic inspection process of ball grid array is presented.