• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.296-303
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• 2022

Background: A previous study reported that hyperlipidemia increases the incidence of tears in the rotator cuff tendon and affects healing after repair. The aim of our study was to compare the gene and protein expression of torn rotator cuff tendons in patients both with and without hypercholesterolemia. Methods: Thirty patients who provided rotator cuff tendon samples were classified into either a non-hypercholesterolemia group (n=19, serum total cholesterol [TC] <200 mg/dL) and hypercholesterolemia group (n=11, serum TC ≥240 mg/dL) based on their concentrations of serum TC. The expression of various genes of interest, including COL1A1, IGF1, IL-6, MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, MMP13, TNMD, and TP53, was analyzed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addition, Western blot analysis was performed on the proteins encoded by interleukin (IL)-6 and TP53 that showed significantly different expression levels in real-time qRT-PCR. Results: Except for IGF1, the gene expression levels of IL-6, MMP2, MMP9, and TP53 were significantly higher in the hypercholesterolemic group than in the non-hypercholesterolemia group. Western blot analysis confirmed significantly higher protein levels of IL-6 and TP53 in the hypercholesterolemic group (p<0.05). Conclusions: We observed an increase in inflammatory cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) levels in hypercholesterolemic patients with rotator cuff tears. Increased levels of IL-6 and TP53 were observed at both the mRNA and protein levels. We suggest that the overexpression of IL-6 and TP53 may be a specific feature in rotator cuff disease patients with hypercholesterolemia.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.141-154
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• 1996

Intrinsic layers of homoepitaxial InP grown by the hydride vapor phase epitaxy (VPE) technique were investigated by Fourier-transform photoluminescence(FTPL) and variable temperature Hall measurements. The effect of process variables (i.e., source zone temperature and inlet mole fractions of HCl and $PH_{3}$) on the backgroudn impurity levels was investigated. The background carrier concentration was found to decrease with decreasing source zone temperature and increasing HCl, but was relatively independent of $PH_{3}$ for the range of mole fraction studied. The presence of background donors and acceptors was clearly verified in the FTPL spectra, and the major impurities were tentatively identified as Si donors and Zn acceptors as well as some unidentified acceptors.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.17-20
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• 2010

As background significantly affects measurement accuracy and a detection limit in determination of the trace amounts of uranium, it is necessary to minimize the impurities in the filaments used for thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). We have varied the degassing condition such as the heating currents and duration times to reduce the backgrounds from the filaments prepared with zone-refined rhenium tape. The most efficient degassing condition of the heating current and the duration time was determined as 3.5 A and 60 min, respectively. The TIMS measurement combined with the isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) technique showed that the uranium backgrounds were determined to be in a few fg level from blank rhenium filaments. The background minimized filaments were utilized to measure the uranium isotope ratios of a U030 (NIST) standard sample. The excellent agreement of the measurement with the certified isotope ratios showed that the degassing procedure optimized in this study efficiently reduced the impurity signals of uranium from blank rhenium filaments to a negligible level.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2291-2297
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• 2012

X-ray fluorescence sprectrum signal include the continuum. XRF analysis the components of material by the amplitude of peaks. XRF remove the noise and background. To remove the noise, we apply the smoothing filter. And background removal methods applied such as SNIP, Morphology, Threshold methods. In this paper, we applied Threshold using DWT. Interval threshold method divide the some blocks in particular levels. We propose the method that is divided the particular level.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.363-366
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• 2005

Social survey and auditory experiment on residential noises such as floor impact, air-bome, bathroom, drainage and traffic noises were conducted to investigate the effects of sensitivity and background noise levels on subjective response to residential noises. Results of survey showed that multiple questions for sensitivity to noise have a more power for discrimination against subjective response to noise than single question. It was also found that the correlation between sensitivity and annoyance was relatively low, but the differences in annoyance between sensitivity groups were significant. Result of auditory experiment showed that effects of sensitivity on annoyance were different according to noise type and noise level. It was also shown that the difference in annoyance between the lowest sensitive stoup and the highest sensitive group was significant in low noise level. The effects of background noise on subjective responses to noise was also different according to noise source and noise level, and were significant in low noise level of airborne and drainage noise.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.1733-1739
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• 2004

The objective this study is to estimate the feasibility of acoustic emission method for the internal leak from the valves in nuclear power plants. From the experimental results, it was suggested that the acoustic emission method for monitoring of leak was feasible. When the background levels are higher than the acoustic signals from leak, we can detect the leak analyzing the spectrum of the remainders which take the background noise from the acoustic signals.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.181-186
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• 1995

This study investigated the effects of several factors - stimulus color, background color, and predicted depth - that affect depth perception in stereoscopic displays. For this study, two experiments were conducted; in the first experiment, the subjects were asked to indicate the depth perceived from presented image(rectangle) using matching mark, and in the second experiment, the subjects were asked to adjust one image(controllable rectangle) to have the same perceived depth as the other image(fixed rectangle) using keyboard. The depth perceived under various combination of levels of these factors was compared with depth predicted by the geometry of streopsis. Through two experiments, we found that stimulus color, predicted depth, and interaction between stimulus color and background color affected perceived depth significantly, and that red was perceived to be closest to the observer followed by yellow, green, and then blue.

• Bulletin of the Korean Space Science Society
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.30.2-30.2
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• 2008

The Cosmic Far-Infrared Background (CFIRB) contains information about the number and distribution of contributing sources and thus gives us an important key to understand the evolution of galaxies. In order to detect CFIRB fluctuation effectively, we have to analyze the confusion carefully which sets a fundamental limit to the deep observations. From our deep observations, we can compare the background fluctuation via observations of regions at different Galactic latitudes. Our comparative study between estimated confusion levels from our observations and those from our model enables us to understand the nature of CFIRB. We introduce our CFIRB observations and report the preliminary results.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.43-51
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• 2007

This study aims at looking into the differences of the adolescent's school adjustment of the high school first and second graders according to their school type, family background factors and family strength. Based on the results, this study is to identify the relative influences of those students' school type, family background factors and family strength factors on their school adjustment by gender. The conclusions of this study are as follows: First, adolescent's school adjustment shows some differences according to their school type and gender but does not exhibit any interaction effect. Second, the parent's educational levels don't show any difference on their school adjustment by both gender. Third, the most important predictor affecting adolescent's school adjustment is family strength factors in boys and girls all together.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.1295-1300
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• 2006

Purpose. The purposes of this methodologic paper are to (1) describe theoretical background in conducting research across different cultures; (2) address measurement issues related to instrument administration; and (3) provide strategies to deal with measurement issues. Methods. A thorough review of the literature was conducted. A theoretical background is provided, and examples of administering instrument in studies are described. Results. When applying an instrument to different cultures, both equivalence and bias need to be established. Three levels of equivalence, i.e., construct equivalence, measurement unit equivalence, and full score comparability, need to be explained to maintain the same concept being measured. In this paper, sources of bias in construct, method, and item are discussed. Issues related to instrument administration in a cross-cultural study are described. Conclusion. Researchers need to acknowledge various group differences in concept and/or language that include a specific set of symbols and norms. There is a need to question the philosophical and conceptual appropriateness of an assessment measure that has been conceptualized and operationalized in a different culture. Additionally, testing different response formats such as narrowing response range can be considered to reduce bias.