• 한국신뢰성학회지:신뢰성응용연구
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.31-44
• /
• 2013

Recently, due to the high rise of energy costs and environmental problem issues, much attention has been paid to wood pellets. Wood pellets are produced by compressing woody biomass into cylindrical form. Wood pellets are suitable for use at various scales in industrial furnaces for heat production to replace conventional fossil fuel energy sources since the use of wood pellet that is carbon neutral can alleviate global warming. This study presents the result of developing two industrial wood pellet boilers with high safety having capacities of 290kW and 440kW. Efficiency has been improved by using a rotating screw bar grate burner. Special attention has been paid to the improvement of the safety of the wood pellet boilers from backfire by adopting a triple protecting system composed of a rotary feeder, an air curtain, and a backfire protecting DC-fan.

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.28-33
• /
• 2020

수소 연료를 적용한 2행정 기반의 소형 SI 엔진의 성능 특성에 관하여 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 주로 모형 항공기용으로 사용되는 210 cc급 엔진을 비롯하여 소형 동력계 및 수소연료와 엔진 오일 공급을 위한 장치를 포함한 실험을 구성하였다. 우선 가솔린 연료를 공급한 기본 상태의 엔진 출력과 토크를 측정해 보았으며, 최대 6 kW 수준의 출력을 확인하였다. 이후 수소 연료를 공급하면서 성능 시험을 수행하였는데, 수소의 경우에는 공기과잉율 기준 공연비가 낮아질수록 즉, 연료 공기 혼합기가 농후해 질수록 역화 현상이 발생하여 출력에 제한이 생길 뿐만 아니라 엔진 하드웨어에도 치명적인 영향을 줌을 확인하였다. 따라서 공기과잉율을 기준 수치 이상에서 엔진을 운전하며 안정적인 수준의 연소를 통하여 가솔린 성능의 절반 수준인 최대 3 kW 의 출력 성능이 나옴을 최종 확인하였다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제19권6호
• /
• pp.474-481
• /
• 2008

수소 기관에서 역화없이 고성능과 저$NO_x$를 실현시키기 위하여 밸브 타이밍 변화에 따른 흡기관 분사식 수소 기관의 성능을 파악하고 가솔린의 경우와 비교하였다. 그 결과 흡기밸브 타이밍은 역화억제와 성능향상에 큰 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 흡기밸브타이밍의 진각은 역화를 억제하며 효율과 출력을 동시에 향상된다. 비록 흡기밸브 타이밍 변화에 의해 NOx는 증가하지만, 희박영역인 출 ${\Phi}=0.5$에서 현저히 감소된다. 또한 열효율은 ${\Phi}=0.5$ 토크는 ${\Phi}=1.0$에서 가장 높게 나타난다. 흡기밸브 타이밍을 $ATDC20^{\circ}$에서 TDC로 변화시켰을 때, ${\Phi}=1.0$에서 토크는 약 28% 증가되고, ${\Phi}=0.5$에서 효율은 약 7%향상된다.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.39-45
• /
• 2001

Hydrogen is seen as one of the important energy vectors of the next century. Hydrogen as a renewable energy source, provides the potential for a sustainable development particularly in the transportation sector. Hydrogen driven vehicles reduce both local as well as global emissions. The laboratory of transporttechnology (University of Gent) converted a GM/Crusader V-8 engine for hydrogen use. Once the engine is optimised, it will be built in a low-floor midsize hydrogen city bus for public demonstration. For a complete control of the combustion process and to increase the resistance to backfire (explosion of the air-fuel mixture in the inlet manifold), a sequential timed multipoint injection of hydrogen and an electronic management system is chosen. The results as a function of the engine parameters (ignition timing. injection timing and duration, injection pressure) we given. Special focus is given to topics related to the use of hydrogen as a fuel: ignition characteristics (importance of electrode distance), quality of the lubricating oil (crankcase gases with high contents of hydrogen), oxygen sensors (very lean operating conditions), noise reduction (configuration and length of inlet pipes). The advantages and disadvantages of a power regulation only by the air to fuel ratio (as for diesel engines) against a throttle regulation (normal gasoline or gas regulation) are examined. Finally the goals of the development of the engine are reached: power output of 90 kW, torque of 300 Nm, extremely low emission levels and backfire-safe operation.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.67-74
• /
• 2007

고효율의 실현이 가능한 흡기관 분사식 수소기관의 역화 억제 가능성을 파악하고자 밸브 오버랩 기간의 변화에 따른 제반 기관성능과 역화가 발생되는 역화한계 당량비를 실험적으로 해석하였다. 실험에는 기계식 연속 가변밸브 타이밍 시스템이 부착된 연구용 수소기관을 사용하였다. 밸브 오버랩기간은 배기밸브 개폐시기를 고정하고 흡기밸브 캠의 위상각을 조절하여 변화시켰다. 해석결과 밸브 오버랩 기간의 감소에 따른 제반기관성능은 통상의 기관과 유사하지만 역화한계 당량비가 확장되어 초기 단계이지만 수소기관의 역화발생에 밸브오버랩 기간이 관여하는 것이 보였다. 기관 회전수 1600 rpm, WOT의 실험 조건에서 밸브 오버랩 기간을 $20^{\circ}CA$에서 $0^{\circ}CA$로 감소시킨 경우 역화한계당량비는 약 45% 정도 확장되고 정미 토크는 16% 감소했다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.464-470
• /
• 2009

In order to analysis the possibility of high expansion and performance without backfire in a hydrogenfueled engine using external mixture injection, combustion characteristics and performance enhancement were analyzed in terms of retarding valve timing and increasing the boosting pressure. As the results, it was found that thermal efficiency increased by retarding intake valve timing with the same level of supplied energy is over 6.6% by the effect of high expansion including effect of combustion enhancement due to supercharging. It was also shown that the achievement of high power (equal to that of a gasoline engine), low brake specific fuel consumption and low emission (NOx of less than 16 ppm) without backfire in a hydrogen-fueled engine is possible around a boosting pressure of 1.5 bar, intake valve opening time of TDC and $\Phi$=0.35 in fuel-air equivalence ratio.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.227-233
• /
• 2006

A free-piston hydrogen fueled engine is considered as one of the next power systems which is able to obtain high efficiency and low emission, simultaneously. In this study, in order to ensure the possibility as the next generation power system, the combustion characteristics and the performance of the free-piston hydrogen fueled engine are analyzed by using the linear RICEM for the change of injection pressure and equivalence ratio. As the results, in-cylinder maximum pressure is shown at injection pressure $P_{inj}$=6bar. Backfire phenomenon is not observed under experimental condition and knock occurs over ${\Phi}=0.8$. The thermal efficiency is the highest at injection pressure, $P_{inj}$=6bar and equivalence ratio, ${\Phi}=0.7$, respectively.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.283-290
• /
• 2003

To clarify the cause of backfire occurrence and realize a hydrogen fueled engine linear alternator system, dynamic characteristics of a free-piston hydrogen engine were analyzed and compared with those of conventional reciprocating engines. It was found that the mean velocity and acceleration of a free-piston engine were higher than those of reciprocating engines. Piston displacement and compression ratio were varied with the change of the fuel mass flow rate. Therefore, the operational stability and controllability were the most important thinks of the development of a free-piston hydrogen engine.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2000

The goals of this research are to understand the $NO_x$ emission in direct injected diesel engine with premixed hydrogen fuel. Hydrogen fuel was supplied into the test engine through the intake pipe. Amount of hydrogen-supplemented fuel was 70 percent basis heating value of the total fuel. The effects of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) on $NO_x$ emission were studied. The exhaust gas was recirculated to the intake manifold and the amount of exhaust gas was controlled by the valve. The major conclusions of this work include: (i) the tested engine was run without backfire under 70 percent hydrogen fuel supplemented; (ii) the peak cylinder pressure was decreased with increase of EGR ratio due to the decrease of oxygen concentration in an intake pipe; and (iii) $NO_x$ emission was decreased by 77% with 30% EGR ratio. Therefore, it may be concluded that EGR is effective method to lower $NO_x$ emission in hydrogen fueled diesel engine.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
• /
• 제17권8호
• /
• pp.1196-1202
• /
• 2003

The concept of hydrogen enriched LPG fuelled engine can be essentially characterized as low emissions and reduction of backfire for hydrogen engine. The purpose of study is obtaining low-emission and high-efficiency in LPG engine with hydrogen enrichment. In order to determine the ideal compression ratio, a variable compression ratio single cylinder engine was developed. The objective of this paper is to clarify the effects of hydrogen enriched LPG fuelled engine on exhaust emission, thermal efficiency and performance. The compression ratio of 8 was selected to minimize abnormal combustion. To maintain equal heating value, the amount of LPG was decreased, and hydrogen was gradually added. In a similar manner, the relative air-fuel ratio was increased from 0.8 to 1.3 in increment of 0.1, and the ignition timing was controlled to be at MBT each case.