• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.205-213
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• 1995

In order to construct underground structural systems safely and economically, exact identification of the system parameters and accurate analysis of the system behaviors are required. Therefore, necessity of back analysis which is able to identify material properties of underground structural systems is increased. In this study a back analysis program which can identify the system parameters is developed using the direct method to be combined with the forward analysis program. Results of the back analysis program show good agreement with that of Gens et al. Sensitivity of the accuracy and convergency of the back analysis program on the number of measuring points is investigated. Comparison between the results of the back analysis with measurement data and the obtained material properties from the field tests shows good agreement for the real construction site.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.225-234
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• 1995

Low back pain(LBP) is one of the most common ailment. There were two type of LBP in the clinic. One of them is low back pain with leg pain, the other one is low back pain without leg pain. Author explain the reasons, characters. mechanism, diagnosis, and reported 156 cases of LBP. There are various method to treatment of low back pain in recent. The first selection for treatment of LBP were intervertebral block added "+" type block(IVP "+" TB). according to author's experience, the rate of Excellent and good were account for 96.2%. Other method of LBPO therapy were also used in Pain clinic, such as psoas compartment block, caudal block, epidural steroid block, zygapophysial joint block, nerve root block, subarachnoid neural block, Lumbar sympathetic block, etc. Finally, author introduced Pain clinic in China. divided to three titles: (1) history, (2) CASP and scientific activity, (3) pain therapy in China.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.183-192
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• 1998

In this paper, we measure the back-EMF and the thrust of a linear brushless DC motor along the relative position between coils and magnets in various speed environments in order to obtain the back-EMF and the thrust as a function of a motor position. The measured back-EMF function and thrust function of the position differ from the analytical ones within 5%. The measured back-EMF and thrust function can, then, be employed in controlling the thrust ripple of the linear motor. Furthermore, to minimize the torque ripple of the linear motor, we suggest the design method to shape the back-EMF and thrust function of the linear motor.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.479-484
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• 2000

The reliable estimation of the system parameters and the accurate prediction of the system behavior are important to design tunnel safely and economically. Therefore, the back analysis using the field measurements data is useful to evaluate the geotechnical parameter for tunnel. In the back analysis method, the selection of initial value and uncertainty of field measurements influence significantly on the analysis result. In this paper, to overcome uncertainty of field measurements, we performed the back analysis using the displacement data gained at each step of excavation and support.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.143-158
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• 2013

Objectives The aim of this study is to contribute to developing questionnaire for pattern identification of chronic low back pain using delphi method. Methods The questionnaire which includes symptoms and signs of chronic low back pain is studied by delphi method. Seven experts of Korean medicine, especially of rehabilitation medicine participated in delphi examination. Delphi examination was carried out through evaluating and correcting the questionnaire by e-mail. Results By the Delphi method and score evaluation, 20 items of the initial copy of questionnaire are chosen for pattern identification of chronic low back pain. Conclusions By the delphic method among experts, a reference questionnaire for pattern identification of chronic low back pain was suggested. Further research is necessary for modification of questionnaire by statistics and certification by clinical trial research.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2022

In cold-formed steel (CFS) structures, such as trusses, transmission towers and portal frames, the use of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections are becoming increasingly popular. In such an arrangement, intermediate welds or screw fasteners are required at discrete points along the length, preventing the angle sections from buckling independently. Limited research is available in the literature on axial strength of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections. The issue is addressed herein. This paper presents an experimental investigation reported by the authors on back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections with intermediate stiffeners under axial compression. The load-axial shortening behaviour along with the deformed shapes at failure are reported. A nonlinear finite element (FE) model was then developed, which includes material non-linearity, geometric imperfections and modelling of intermediate fasteners. The FE model was validated against the experimental test results, which showed good agreement, both in terms of failure loads and deformed shapes at failure. The validated finite element model was then used for the purpose of a parametric study comprising 96 models to investigate the effect of longer to shorter leg ratios, stiffener provided in the longer leg, thicknesses and lengths on axial strength of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections. Four different thicknesses and seven different lengths (stub to slender columns) with three overall widths to the overall depth (B/D) ratios were investigated in the parametric study. Axial strengths obtained from the experimental tests and FE analyses were used to assess the performance of the current design guidelines as per the Direct Strength Method (DSM); obtained comparisons show that the current DSM is conservative by only 7% and 5% on average, while predicting the axial strengths of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections with and without the stiffener, respectively.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.595-614
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• 2019

In cold-formed steel (CFS) structures, such as trusses, transmission towers and portal frames, the use of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections are becoming increasingly popular. In such an arrangement, intermediate welds or screw fasteners are required at discrete points along the length, preventing the angle sections from buckling independently. Limited research is available in the literature on axial strength of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections. The issue is addressed herein. This paper presents an experimental investigation on both the welded and screw fastened back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections under axial compression. The load-axial shortening and the load verses lateral displacement behaviour along with the deformed shapes at failure are reported. A nonlinear finite element (FE) model was then developed, which includes material non-linearity, geometric imperfections and modelling of intermediate fasteners. The FE model was validated against the experimental test results, which showed good agreement, both in terms of failure loads and deformed shapes at failure. The validated FE model was then used for the purpose of a parametric study to investigate the effect of different thicknesses, lengths and, yield stresses of steel on axial strength of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections. Five different thicknesses and seven different lengths (stub to slender columns) with two different yield stresses were investigated in the parametric study. Axial strengths obtained from the experimental tests and FE analyses were used to assess the performance of the current design guidelines as per the Direct Strength Method (DSM); obtained comparisons show that the current DSM is conservative by only 7% on average, while predicting the axial strengths of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify low pain prevalence rate and factors affecting low back pain in emergency medical technicians. Method: A descriptive relationship research design was utilized. The participants were 74 emergency medical technicians who worked at fire stations in W and J city and agreed to participate in this study. Data were collected between April and August 2008 using a questionnaire, which included demographic factors, severity of low back pain using a visual analog scale, factors related to low back pain and health behavior, and BMI. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were performed for data analysis. Results: 85.1% of emergency medical technicians experienced low back pain. The mean score of low back pain was relatively low (M=4.0, SD=2.33). Significant factors affecting low back pain were found to be age, marital status, exercise, hours of standing work, and BMI. These variables explained 35.1% of variance in low back pain (F=8.45, p<.001). Conclusion: These results suggest that further research is needed to develop interventions for prevention and management of low back pain among emergency medical technicians.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.16-24
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• 2007

The high-frequency analysis method of back-scattering cross section spectrum of rotating targets is established. The time history of the back-scattering cross section is calculated using a quasi-stationary approach, based on a physical optics and a physical theory of diffraction, combining an adaptive triangular beam method to consider the shadow effect. And the spectra of back-scattering cross section by the Doppler effect are analyzed applying a simple fast Fourier transform method to its time history. The numerical calculation for rotating targets, such as rotating metal plates and underwater propeller, are carried out. The time history appears to be periodic with respect to the number of wings. The backscattering cross section spectrum level and its frequency shift are dependent on the rotating speed, direction, and the shape of the targets.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.51-57
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• 2011

The spin-up and the spring-back are most severe load cases in the aircraft landing gear design. These load cases are caused by reciprocal action of complex physical phenomenon such as the friction between a tire and ground, inertia of the rotation of a tire and the flexibility of a landing gear structure. Generally, the empirical formula or the theoretical formula is used to calculate the spin-up and spring-back load in the early stage of the development program of the aircraft landing gear. After the materialization of the design of a landing gear, spin-up and spring-back load are acquired by the free drop test. In this study, the spin-up and the spring-back load of the rubber shock absorber type KC-100 nose landing gear are calculated by the explicit finite element analysis. Through this analysis, more accurate and realistic spin-up and spring back loads could be applied to the early phase of the development of the aircraft landing gear.