• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.386-393
• /
• 1998

임상적으로 널리 쓰이는 xylazine에 fentanyl과 azaperone이 첨가된 합제가 개발 되어 사슴에서 쓰이기 시작하였다. 개에서 이 마취제와 ketamine을 병용하였을 매의 마취효 과를 검토하였다. XFA와 ketamine의 병용마취하였을 매에는 혈청학적으로는 일시적인 과혈 당중을 보인 외의 유의적인 변화는 없었다. XFA 1.1 (Xylazine: 1.1 mg/kg, Fentanyl: 8 ${\mu}g/kg$, Azaperone: 64 ${\mu}g/kg$, )을 투여하였을 매는 ketamine의 농도가 중가함에 따라 진정시간과 회복시간이 길어지지 않았으며,반사반응이 중가하고 근강직이 나타나며 신음소리와 함께 머 리를 흔드는 ketamine의 부작용이 많이 나타났다. 그러나 XFA 2.2 01ylazine: 2.2 mg/kg, Fentanyl: 16 ${\mu}g/kg$, , Azaperone: 128${\mu}g/kg$, 를 투여하였을 때는 농도가 중가함에 따라 마취 시간이 길어지고 부작용도 적게 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 보아,XFA 2.2로 진정시킨 후,병용 투여하는 ketamine의 양으로 마취시간을 조절하는 것이 부작용을 줄이고 안전한 마취를 할 수 있는 유용한 방법이라고 사료된다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.22-28
• /
• 2001

A combined anesthesia in terms of balanced anesthesia has been widely used for enhancement of anesthetic potency, decrement of dosage, reduction of side effects and better muscle relaxation. Recently, tiletamine/zolazepam (T/Z) has been widely used for the general anesthesia in dogs, but there have been few studies on balanced anesthesia of this drug in combination with other drugs. In this experiment, the combinations of T/Z with acepromazine or fentanyl/xylazine/azaperone (F/X/A) have been compared for the anesthetic effects in dogs. Healthy 5 mongrel dogs were allocated into three treatment groups ; Group Z (atropine + T/Z), Group A + Z (atropine/acepromazine + T/Z) in runs of 10 replication. The rapid induction of anesthesia was shown in all three treatment groups. The maintenance time of anesthesia was significanty increased to 101.4$\pm$6.2 minutes (44 min. more than that of group Z) in Group A + Z and 127.4$\pm$4.7 minutes (70 min. more than that of group Z) in Group F + Z, respectively. The recovery from anesthesia was rapid in Group F + Z. In blood analysis, there was no significant variation in three groups but hyperglycemia in Group F + Z. These results indicate that the balanced anesthesia of T/Z with F/X/A was superior to other two methods for maintaining and recovering from the anesthesia, and could be applied for general anesthesia in dogs.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.151-160
• /
• 1997

This study was performed to assess clinical signs, sedative and physiologic effects of a combination of fentanyl, azaperone and xylazine (F-A-X). The experiments were divided into four groups; xylazine 0.1mg/kg (X 0.1), F-A-X 0.05 MG/KG (F-A-X 0.05), F-A-X 0.1 MG/KG (F-A-X 0.1) and F-A-X 0.2mg/kg (F-A-X 0.2). Heart rates were decreased in all groups. Respiratory rates were decreased in other groups, but increased in F-A-X 0.2. Body temperatures were in normal ranges. After administration of F-A-X, most of cattle were recumbency and did not respond to needle prick. Duration of sedation was prolonged with increasing dosages. F-A-X did not induce sufficient analgesia for dehorning. Side effects were salivation and urination in all, but they were much less in F-A-X groups than those in X 0.1. Intermittent apnea and bloat were observed in F-A-X 0.2. Serum chemistry values were in normal ranges exvept for hyperglycemia invreased thorough experimental time. Based on above results, it may be concluded that F-A-X is effective preanesthetic with low dosage of 0.05~0.1 mg/kg being useful for immobilization or manipulation without tissue incision in cattle.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.616-627
• /
• 1999

This study was performed to evaluate anesthetic and cardiovascular effects of xylazine/fentanyl/azaperone and medetomidine/midazolam as preanesthetics and their combinations with antagonists in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Eight clinically healthy dogs($4.54{\pm}2.16kg$) were used at the interval of more than 14 days between experiments in turn for propionyl promazine(PP 0.3mg/kg, IM), xylazine/fentanyl/azaperone(XFA 2mg/kg, 0.0137mg/kg, 0.11mg/kg, IM), medetomidine/midazolam(MM 0.02mg/kg, 0.3mg/kg, IM), combination of XFA and their antagonists (yohimbine 0.05mg/kg, naloxon 0.0005mg/kg, IV) and combination of MM and their antagonist(atipamezole 0.08mg/kg IM). The sedation induction times in XFA($2.56{\pm}1.01min$) and MM($5.44{\pm}2.07min$) groups were significantly better than that of PP group($10.75{\pm}2.38min$)(p < 0.05). The thiopental sodium dose required for tracheal intubation in XFA($2.38{\pm}3.38mg/kg$) and MM($3.91{\pm}3.47mg/kg$) groups were significantly less than that of PP group($12.57{\pm}2.13mg/kg$)(p < 0.05). All time indices expressing the recovery(pedal reflex recurrence time, extubation time, arousal time, standing time and walking time) were significantly shorter in the combination groups of XFA or MM with their antagonists than in PP, XFA and MM groups(p < 0.05). The suppressions of cardiovascular function of XFA and MM were more than that of PP. Heart rate and cardiac output were recovered by the antagonists of XFA and MM, but mean arterial pressure were not recovered by the antagonists. PP induced apnea in 4 out of 8 dogs, but XFA in none and MM in one. The present study suggested that for rapid sedation, prevention of apnea after intubation and rapid recovery after halothane cessation, combinations of xylazine/fentanyl/azaperone or medetomidine/midazolam with their antagonists are recommendable as preanesthetic method in gas anesthetised dogs with normal cardiovascular function.

• 대한수의사회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.13-15
• /
• 1988

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.300-304
• /
• 2007

본 연구에서는 돼지에서 tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) 단독 사용과 azaperone, tiletamine-zolazepam (ATZ) 합제 사용시의 마취효과를 규명하고, 양군에서의 생리학적 parameters를 비교하였다. 두개의 군으로 구분하였으며 건강한 6개의 랜드레이스와 요크셔 교잡종 돼지를 실험에 사용하였다. 교차실험을 하였으며, 각 군 사이의 휴약기간은 2주로 하였다. 1군 (TZ 군): 돼지 6두 ($31.4{\pm}4.83$) kg에 TZ 4.4 mg/kg을 투여하였다. 2군 (ATZ 군): 동일한 돼지 6두 ($43.6{\pm}4.31$ kg)에 azaperone 2 mg/kg을 투여하고, 20분 후에 TZ 4.4 mg/kg을 투여하였다. 모든 마취약물들은 등세모근에 근육주사를 하였다. 약물 투여 24시간 전부터 절식을 시켰다. 도입 및 회복 시간을 측정하였다. 심박수, 호흡수 체온, $pO_2,\;pCO_2$ 및 pH를 투여 전, 투여 후 5분, 25분, 45분, 65분 및 85분에 측정하였다. 도입시간에서는 ATZ 군이 TZ군에 비하여 더 빠른 도입을 나타내었다 (p<0.01). 회복에 있어서, 흉와자세 시간, 기립시간 및 보행시간은 ATZ군이 TZ군에 비하여 더 긴 시간을 나타내었다 (p<0.01). 심박수, 호흡수, $pO_2,\;pCO_2$, 및 pH는 두 군간에서 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 체온은 두 군간 유의성 있는 변화가 인정되었다 (p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때에, ATZ군이 TZ군에 비하여 빠른 도입과 긴 마취시간을 나타내었다. 따라서, ATZ 병용은 돼지의 화학적 보정에 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.176-184
• /
• 2018

축수산물의 집약적인 양식과 수송으로 인한 스트레스로 품질이 떨어진 물퇘지고기(PSE)가 생성되면서 이를 방지하기 위하여 베타-수용체 차단제인 카라졸롤과 진정제인 아자페론이 사용되어왔다. 무분별한 사용으로 주사부위나 근육에 잔류한 카라졸롤과 아자페론이 소비자에게 현기증과 같은 부작용을 일으키는 것으로 밝혀지면서 JECFA(FAO/WHO)에서 근육 및 신장부위에 대한 잔류허용기준을 설정하였으며 우리나라를 비롯한 여러 나라에서 잔류허용기준에 따라 안전 관리를 수행하고 있다. 본 연구는 축수산물에서 기존의 규제 대상인 돼지와 소를 비롯한 닭고기, 계란, 우유, 넙치, 장어, 새우 등 다양한 검체에서 분석법을 개발하고 시험법 검증과정을 통하여 축수산물에 동시에 적용 가능한 시험법을 확립하였다. 시험법을 간편화 하기 위하여 시료의 무게를 줄이고 전처리 과정을 단순화하였으며 LC-MS/MS를 이용하여 최적조건으로 검증하였다. 실제 분석법을 활용하기 위하여 CODEX 기준에 따라 특이성, 정확성, 직선성, 정밀성, 검출한계, 정량한계 등을 검증하였다. 카라졸롤, 아자페론과 아자페론의 대사체인 아자페롤의 표준용액을 잔류허용기준의 농도에 따라 검량선을 작성한 결과, 0.99 이상의 직선성을 확인 할 수 있었다. 또한 평균 회수율은 67.9-105%, 변동계수는 0.55-7.93%로 CODEX 가이드라인에 만족함으로써 정확성 및 재현성이 우수함을 확인 할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 확립된 분석법은 소와 돼지 뿐만 아니라 닭고기, 계란, 우유, 넙치, 장어, 새우에도 적용 가능한 시험법을 확립하였으며 이는 향후 축수산물에서 카라졸롤, 아자페론에 대한 안전 관리를 위한 기초자료로 활용 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.529-532
• /
• 1999

A five-year-old elk (Cervus canadensis) was presented for necropsy to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Chungbuk National University, on May 1999. The farmed elk was died on day 5 after velvet antler removal. By history taking, the elk didn't show any clinical signs except for watery diarrhea during 2 days. For the purpose of physical examination at the velvet antler removal, blood was collected from the femoral vein of elk with a mixture of fentanyl-azaperone-xylazine ($Fentazin-10^{\circledR}$). Urine was collected from the bladder within 3 hours after died. Hemato-logical and clincochemical values of the elk showed normal ranges. In the microscopic finding, many round and ellipse sarcocystis were identified in the cardiac muscle fibers without any surrounding inflammatory reaction.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.251-254
• /
• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the blood contents of velvet antler and femoral venous blood in farmed elk (Cervus canadensis). Blood samples were collected from 12 young adult elk (3.5-4.5 years old) with a mixture of fentanyl-azaperone-xylazine (Fentazine$^{(R)}$). Values for hematological and clinicochemical components of the clinical healthy elk were determined. The results were grouped for comparison according to velvet antler and femoral venous blood. Lower mean platelet counts and fibrinogen values were found in the velvet antler than femoral venous blood (p<0.01). White blood cell count of velvet antler was significantly higher than that of femoral venous blood 0<0.05). The clinicochemical parameters (total protein, albumin, globulin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferasei blood urea nitrogens calciums magnesium and phosphonls) obtained in this study far farmed elk are consistent with the values between velvet antler and femoral venous blood.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.319-322
• /
• 2012

This case presents application of bioadhesive for inguinal hernia repair of Jeju native pigs. An inguinal hernia was diagnosed in Jeju native pigs, respectively, 3 days of age and 30 days of age, by physical and radiographic examination. Inguinal herniorrhaphy was performed under sedation with azaperone. After excision of scrotal sac, gently separated testis and intestinal loops. Herniated testis was isolated from scrotal sac and intestinal loops were replaced in the abdominal cavity. The external inguinal ring surface and skin closed using the technique of tissue adhesive. The patients were recovered without post-operative complications. This result considered that bioadhesive application could be a simple method to reduction of scrotal hernia without post-treatment like removal of sutures.