• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.181-202
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• 1999

Dynamic response of axisymmetric arbitrary laminated composite cylindrical shell of finite length, using three-dimensional elasticity equations are studied. The shell is simply supported at both ends. The highly coupled partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations (ODE) with variable coefficients by means of trigonometric function expansion in axial direction. For cylindrical shell under dynamic load, the resulting differential equations are solved by Galerkin finite element method, In this solution, the continuity conditions between any two layer is satisfied. It is found that the difference between elasticity solution (ES) and higher order shear deformation theory (HSD) become higher for a symmetric laminations than their unsymmetric counterpart. That is due to the effect of bending-streching coupling. It is also found that due to the discontinuity of inplane stresses at the interface of the laminate, the slope of transverse normal and shear stresses aren't continuous across the interface. For free vibration analysis, through dividing each layer into thin laminas, the variable coefficients in ODE become constants and the resulting equations can be solved exactly. It is shown that the natural frequency of symmetric angle-ply are generally higher than their antisymmetric counterpart. Also the results are in good agreement with similar results found in literatures.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.707-726
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• 2015

This paper investigates the time dependent behaviour of Haarajoki test embankment on soft structured clay deposit. Half of the embankment is constructed on an area improved with prefabricated vertical drains, while the other half is constructed on the natural deposit without any ground improvement. To analyse the PVD-improved subsoil, axisymmetric vertical drains were converted into equivalent plane strain conditions using three different approaches. The construction and consolidation of the embankment are analysed with the finite element method using a recently developed anisotropic model for time-dependent behaviour of soft clays. The constitutive model, namely ACM-S accounts for combined effects of plastic anisotropy, interparticle bonding and degradation of bonds and creep. For comparison, the problem is also analysed with isotropic Soft Soil Creep and Modified Cam Clay models. The results of the numerical analyses are compared with the field measurements. The results show that neglecting effects of anisotropy, destructuration and creep may lead to inaccurate predictions of soft clay response. Additionally, the numerical results show that the matching methods accurately predict the consolidation behaviour of the embankment on PVD improved soft clays and provide a useful tool for engineering practice.

• 천문학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2000

We have performed extensive simulations of response of gaseous disk in barred galaxies using SPH method. The gravitational potential is assumed to be generated by disk, bulge, halo, and bar. The mass of gaseous disk in SPH simulation is assumed to be negligible compared to the stellar and dark mass component, and the gravitational potential generated by other components is fixed in time. The self-gravity of the gas is not considered in most simulations, but we have made a small set of simulations including the self-gravity of the gas. Non-circular component of velocity generated by the rotating, non-axisymmetric potential causes many interesting features. In most cases, there is a strong tendency of concentration of gas toward the central parts of the galaxy. The morphology of the gas becomes quite complex, but the general behavior can be understood in terms of simple linear approximations: the locations and number of Lindblad resonances play critical role in determining the general distribution of the gas. We present our results in the form of 'atlas' of artificial galaxies. We also make a brief comment on the observational implications of our calculations. Since the gaseous component show interesting features while the stellar component behaves more smoothly, high resolution mapping using molecular emission line for barred galaxies would be desirable.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.529-539
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• 2019

Current paper deals with thermoelastic static and free vibrational behaviors of axisymmetric thick cylinders reinforced with functionally graded (FG) randomly oriented graphene subjected to internal pressure and thermal gradient loads. The heat transfer and mechanical analyses of randomly oriented graphene-reinforced nanocomposite (GRNC) cylinders are facilitated by developing a weak form mesh-free method based on moving least squares (MLS) shape functions. Furthermore, in order to estimate the material properties of GRNC with temperature dependent components, a modified Halpin-Tsai model incorporated with two efficiency parameters is utilized. It is assumed that the distributions of graphene nano-sheets are uniform and FG along the radial direction of nanocomposite cylinders. By comparing with the exact result, the accuracy of the developed method is verified. Also, the convergence of the method is successfully confirmed. Then we investigated the effects of graphene distribution and volume fraction as well as thermo-mechanical boundary conditions on the temperature distribution, static response and natural frequency of the considered FG-GRNC thick cylinders. The results disclosed that graphene distribution has significant effects on the temperature and hoop stress distributions of FG-GRNC cylinders. However, the volume fraction of graphene has stronger effect on the natural frequencies of the considered thick cylinders than its distribution.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.615-638
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• 2002

This paper presents a method of seismic analysis for a cylindrical liquid storage structure considering the effects of the interior fluid and exterior soil medium in the frequency domain. The horizontal and rocking motions of the structure are included in this study. The fluid motion is expressed in terms of analytical velocity potential functions, which can be obtained by solving the boundary value problem including the deformed configuration of the structure as well as the sloshing behavior of the fluid. The effect of the fluid is included in the equation of motion as the impulsive added mass and the frequency-dependent convective added mass along the nodes on the wetted boundary of the structure. The structure and the near-field soil medium are represented using the axisymmetric finite elements, while the far-field soil is modeled using dynamic infinite elements. The present method can be applied to the structure embedded in ground as well as on ground, since it models both the soil medium and the structure directly. For the purpose of verification, earthquake response analyses are performed on several cases of liquid tanks on a rigid ground and on a homogeneous elastic half-space. Comparison of the present results with those by other methods shows good agreement. Finally, an application example of a reinforced concrete tank on a horizontally layered soil with a rigid bedrock is presented to demonstrate the importance of the soil-structure interaction effects in the seismic analysis for large liquid storage tanks.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.151-159
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• 2000

Dynamic loading of structures often causes excursions of stresses will into the inelastic range and the influence of geometry changes on the response is also significant in may cases. In general , the shell structures designed according to quasi-Static analysis may collapse under condition of dynamic loading. Therefore, for a more realistic prediction on the lad carrying capacity of these shell. both material and geometric nonlinear effects should be considered. In this study , the material nonlinearity effect on the dynamic response is formulated by the elasto-viscoplastic model highly corresponding to the real behavior of the material. Also, the geometrically nonlinear behavior is taken into account using a Total Lagrangian formulation. the reinforcing bars are modeled by the equivalent steel layer at the location of reinforcements, and Von Mises yield criteria is adopted for the steel layer behavior. Also, Drucker-Prager yield criteria is applied for the behavior of concrete. the shape imperfection of dome is assumed as 'dimple type' which can be expressed Wd1=Wd0(1-(r-a)m)n while the shape imperfection of wall is assumed as sinusoidal curve which is Wwi =Wwo sin(n $\pi$y/l). In numerical test, three cases of shape imperfection of 0.0 -5.0cm(opposite direction to loading ; inner shape imperfection)and 5cm (direction to loading : outward shape imperfection) and thickness of steel layer determined by steel ratio of 0,3, and 5% were analyzed. The effect of shape imperfection and steel ratio and behavior characteristics of perfect shape shell and imperfect shape shell are identified through analysis of above mentioned numerical test. Dynamic behaviors of dome and wall according toe combination of shape imperfection and steel ratio are also discussed in this paper.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.147-158
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• 2000

철근콘크리트 냉각탑은 대형의 구조물로서 건설과정중의 오류와 콘크리트의 장기 거동에 의하여 기하학적 형상이 설계에서 목적하는 형상에서 벗어난 형상불완전을 가질 수 있다. 형상불완전의 구조거동에의 영향은 완전쉘에 나타나는 응력 이외에 추가적인 응력의 발생을 들 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 몬테카를로 방법을 사용하여 냉각탑 쉘의 형상불완전에 의한 확률론적 거동에 대하여 고찰하였다. 냉각탑에 형상불완전을 유발하는 기하인수로는 냉각탑의 반지름과 쉘의 두께를 택하였다. 이들 기하인수는 기존에 사용되던 모델인 축대칭 모델과 볼록형상의 모델과는 달리 특정 통계특성치를 가지는 추계장으로 가정하였다. 해석 결과는 냉각탑의 반지름에 나타나는 불확실성은 쉘의 두께에서의 불확실성보다 구조거동의 반응변화도에 매우 큰 영향을 미친다는 사실을 보여주었다. 기하학적 인수의 불확실성에 더하여 재료탄성계수의 공간적 불확실성에 의한 구조 반응변화도를 고찰하여 비교하였다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.21-30
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• 1985

Tension Leg Platform (TLP)이란 평행위치로부터 일정 범위내에서 움직임으로 인하여 외 력의 효과를 완화시키는 compliant 구조물인 동시에, 기인장력을 받고 있는 연직 anchor cable 이 있으므로 부력이 자중을 초과하게 되는 안정한 platform 이다. 일반적으로 부체는 해상조건이 험할수록, 그리고 수심이 깊어질수록 동요가 심해지는데 TLP는 기인장 cable로 인하여 심해에서도 비교적 동요가 작아서 최근 대수심구조물의 총아로 각광받고 있다. 일찌기 Paulling 등이 TLP 거동의 예측을 위하여 수정된 Morison 방정식을 사용하는 선형동유체력합성방법을 발표하였다. 그러나 만일 TLP의 각 부재가 Morison 방정식의 가정이 성립할 수 없을 정도로 크다면 새로운 해석이 필요하다 하겠다. 일본의 Tanaka는 이런 경우에 McCamy-Fuchs 이론의 결과치를 이용하였으나, 완전한 해석이라기 보다는 일종의 간편법이라 하겠다. 본고에서는 큰 배수용적을 가진 연직부체가 있고, 이론적 해석의 결과를 검토해 볼 수 있는 수리모형 실험 결과가 있는 Deep Oil Technology (DOT) 회사의 TLP를 대상으로 하였다. 이 TLP는 부력을 전담하고 있는 연직축대칭 원통과 이들을 연결하고 있는 세부재로 이루어져 있어 축대칭부분에는 축대칭 Green 함수를 사용하여 동유체력을 구하고 세부재는 종래의 수정된 Morison 방정식의 항력항을 선형화하여 동유체력을 구하였다. 그리하여 부재의 각 미소부분에서 구한 힘들을 TLP의 중심에 원점을 둔 좌표계로 옮겨 동적응답을 구한 것이다. 본 해석에서 부재 상호간의 작용은 무시하였으며 단지 부재간의 거리효과만 고려하였다. 따라서 사용된 좌표계는 전체 (Global) 좌표계, 지점 (Local) 좌표계 및 파랑 (Wave) 좌표계 등이었고 각 좌표계간의 변환식이 필요하였다. 전체적인 해석정도는 선형이론으므로 케이블의 강성도 역시 선형적으로 구하였으며, 앞서 언급했다시피 Morison 방정식의 비선형항인 항력항은 Fourier 해석으로 선형화 하였다. 이러한 Fourier 해석은 잘 알려져 있는 Lorentz 원리와 같다고 볼 수 있다. 세부재의 경우 접선력은 무시하였고 수입자의 운동에 의한 부채에 대한 수직력만 고려하였다. 여기서 파랑좌표계에서 지점좌표계로의 좌표변환이 주의를 요하고 있다. 이제 이렇게 구한 각 힘들을 전체좌표 계에서 6개의 자유도별로 운동방정식에 대입하면 각 자유도별 동적응답이 구하여지는 것이다. DOT TLP의 Surge mode에 대한 동적응답을 실험치와 비교하여 본 결과, 세부재에 대한 고려를 뺄 수 없음을 알 수 있었다. 이는 연직축대칭 부체의 크기가 그리 크지 않으므로 인한 것이며, TLP의 원형의 경우에는 보다 더 관성력이 지배적일 것으로 사료된다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.615-636
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• 2000

Some elevated water tanks have failed due to torsional vibrations in past earthquakes. The overall axisymmetric structural geometry and mass distribution of such structures may leave only a small accidental eccentricity between centre of stiffness and centre of mass. Such a small accidental eccentricity is not expected to cause a torsional failure. This paper studies the possibility of amplified torsional behaviour of elevated water tanks due to such small accidental eccentricity in the elastic as well as inelastic range; using two simple idealized systems with two coupled lateral-torsional degrees of freedom. The systems are capable of retaining the characteristics of two extreme categories of water tanks namely, a) tanks on staging with less number of columns and panels and b) tanks on staging with large number of columns and panels. The study shows that the presence of a small eccentricity may lead to large displacement of the staging edge in the elastic range, if the torsional-to-lateral time period ratio $({\tau})$ of the elevated tanks lies within a critical range of 0.7< ${\tau}$ <1.25. Inelastic behaviour study reveals that such excessive displacement in some of the reinforced concrete staging elements may cause unsymmetric yielding. This may lead to progressive strength deterioration through successive yielding in same elements under cyclic loading during earthquakes. Such localized strength drop progressively develop large strength eccentricity resulting in large localized inelastic displacement and ductility demand, leading to failure. So, elevated water tanks should have ${\tau}$ outside the said critical range to avoid amplified torsional response. The tanks supported on staging with less number of columns and panels are found to have greater torsional vulnerability. Tanks located near faults seem to have torsional vulnerability for large ${\tau}$.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.327-355
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• 2016

A new analytical derivation of the elastodynamic point load solutions for an isotropic multi-layered half-space is presented by means of the precise integration method (PIM) and the approach of dual vector. The time-harmonic external load is prescribed either on the external boundary or in the interior of the solid medium. Starting with the axisymmetric governing motion equations in a cylindrical coordinate system, a second order ordinary differential matrix equation can be gained by making use of the Hankel integral transform. Employing the technique of dual vector, the second order ordinary differential matrix equation can be simplified into a first-order one. The approach of PIM is implemented to obtain the solutions of the ordinary differential matrix equation in the Hankel integral transform domain. The PIM is a highly accurate algorithm to solve sets of first-order ordinary differential equations and any desired accuracy of the dynamic point load solutions can be achieved. The numerical simulation is based on algebraic matrix operation. As a result, the computational effort is reduced to a great extent and the computation is unconditionally stable. Selected numerical trials are given to validate the accuracy and applicability of the proposed approach. More examples are discussed to portray the dependence of the load-displacement response on the isotropic parameters of the multi-layered media, the depth of external load and the frequency of excitation.