• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2010

Currently miniaturized electron-optical columns find their way into electron beam lithography systems. For better lithography process, it is required to make smaller spot size and longer working distance. But, the micro-columns of the multi-beam lithography system suffer from chromatic and spherical aberration, even when the electron beam is exactly on the symmetric axis of the micro-column. The off-axis error of the electron emitting source is expected to become worse with increasing off-axis distance of the focusing spot. Especially the electron beams far from the system optical axis have a non-negligible asymmetric intensity distribution in the micro-column. In this paper, the effect of the off-axis e-beam source is analyzed. To analyze this effect is to introduce a micro-column model of which the e-beam emitting source is aligned with the center of the electron beam by shifting them perpendicular to the system optical axis. The presented solution can be used to analysis the performance of the multi-electron-beam system. The performance parameters, such as the working distances and the focusing position are obtained by the computational simulations as a function of the off-axis distance of the emitting source.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.169-174
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• 2012

Purpose: There are various methods proposed for the evaluation of the hindfoot alignment. However, due to structural calcaneus variances between patients, it is hard to assess this alignment definitively. Thus, this study proposes a new method for evaluating of the hindfoot alignment and its comparisons to the existing current methods. Materials and Methods: This study includes simple weight bearing hindfoot coronal view radiographs of 120 patients, taken between the time period of March 2008 to November 2009. Among the 120 patients, there was a 1:1 ratio of male to female with an average age of 40. The newly proposed method for evaluating this alignment is to draw a moment arm from the point where the sustentaculum tali meets the medial calcaneus border to the most prominent aspect of the lateral process of the calcaneal tuberosity. The angle produced via the intersection of this moment arm to the mid-longitudinal axis of the tibia is found and used to evaluate the hindfoot alignment. The inter and intra-observer reliability was evaluated using the coefficient of intraclass correlation. This study also investigates the comparisons between the newly proposed method to the traditionally used Saltzman et al hindfoot alignment evaluating technique. Results: The newly proposed method has higher inter and intra-observer reliability than the existing traditional Saltzman et al technique. Conclusion: This new method is recommended over the traditionally used Saltzman et al technique as it has a stronger confidence level and is appropriate for assessing hindfoot alignment in simple radiographs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.274.1-274.1
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• 2013

We report the circumferential alignment of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) in an orthogonally micropatterned circular microfluidic channel to form an in vivo-like smooth muscle cell layer. To realize a biomimetic smooth muscle cell layer which is aligned perpendicular to the axis of blood vessel, we first fabricated a half-circular polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel by soft lithography using a convex PDMS mold. The orthogonally micro wrinkle patterns were generated inside the half-circular microchannel by stretching-releasing operation under UV irradiation. Upon UV treatment with uniaxial 40 % stretch of a PDMS substrate and releasing process, the microwrinkle patterns perpendicular to the axial direction of the circular microchannel were generated, which could guide the circumferential alignment of HASMCs successfully during cultivation. The analysis of orientation angle, shape index, and contractile protein marker expression indicates that the cultured HASMCs revealed the in vivo-like cell phenotype. Finally, we produced circular microchannels by bonding two half-circular microchannels, and cultured the HASMCs circumferentially with high alignment and viability for 5 days. These results are the first demonstration for constructing an in vivo-like 3D smooth muscle cell layer in the circular microfluidic channel which can provide novel bioassay platforms for in-depth study of HASMC biology and vascular function.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.169-181
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• 2010

We develop a proto-model of an off-axis reflective telescope for infrared wide-field observations based on the design of Schwarzschild-Chang type telescope. With only two mirrors, this design achieves an entrance pupil diameter of 50 mm and an effective focal length of 100 mm. We can apply this design to a mid-infrared telescope with a field of view of $8^{\circ}{\times}8^{\circ}$. In spite of the substantial advantages of off-axis telescopes in the infrared compared to refractive or on-axis reflective telescopes, it is known to be difficult to align the mirrors in off-axis systems because of their asymmetric structures. Off-axis mirrors of our telescope are manufactured at the Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI). We analyze the fabricated mirror surfaces by fitting polynomial functions to the measured data. We accomplish alignment of this two-mirror off-axis system using a ray tracing method. A simple imaging test is performed to compare a pinhole image with a simulated prediction.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.481-485
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• 2015

The present study determined the normal reference ranges for overall pelvic limb alignment of small-breed dogs. For this purpose, 60 cadaveric canine pelvic limbs from normal small-breed dogs (Maltese, Poodle, Shih Tzu, Yorkshire Terrier). A frontal full-limb radiograph of each pelvic limb was obtained, and mechanical tibiofemoral angle (mTFA), mechanical metatarsotibial angle (mMTTA), mechanical axis-femur angle (MAFA), and mechanical axis-metatarsus angle (MAMTA) were measured from each radiograph, along with mechanical deviation of the stifle (SMAD) and tarsal joints (TMAD). The 95% CI for radiographic values of all pelvic limbs were mTFA, 5.7-7.4; mMTTA, $-2.2--0.8^{\circ}$; MAFA, $3.5-4.5^{\circ}$; MAMTA, 1.0-2.0; SMAD, 2.1-2.7%; TMAD, 0.5-1.0%. There values varied among the breeds, except for mTFA. The reference ranges can be used for diagnosing pelvic limb deformities in small-breed dogs and for planning corrective osteotomies.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.315-318
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• 1996

In this paper a new positioning method for cylindrical work pieces on rotating supports is studied. A work piece on a rotating axis is positioned by an impact drive mechanism (IDM) whose driving parameters are steadily updated by observing the object movement. The application of this actuator and the use of a multi-functional PC board for all necessary input and output operations such as e.g. data acquisition or wave form generation allow an alignment with a precision of less than 1.mu.m in a relatively short time and at low cost compared to conventional methods.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.49-50
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• 2006

We have developed vertical alignment liquid crystal display (VA-LCD), of which the viewing angle can be controlled. The VA-LCD has the function of switching between the wide viewing mode and narrow viewing angle mode using one homogeneous aligned (HA) LC layer and one compensation film with a negative C-plate. The retardation of the HA layer at off axis can be controlled by applying an electric field while keeping the retardation value to be zero at normal direction. Consequently, the device exhibits a viewing mode over $170^{\circ}$ in terms of CR = 10 in wide viewing mode and about $60^{\circ}$ in terms of CR = 2 in narrow viewing angle mode m horizontal direction.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.983-988
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• 2015

This paper details a new ultra-precise turning method for increasing surface quality, "Multi Point B Axis Control Method." Machined surface error is minimized by the compensation machining process, but the process leaves residual chip marks and surface roughness. This phenomenon is unavoidable in the diamond turning process using existing machining methods. However, Multi Point B axis control uses a small angle (< $1^{\circ}$) for the unused diamond edge for generation of ultra-fine surfaces; no machining chipping occurs. It is achieved by compensated surface profiling via alignment of the tool radial center on the center of the B axis rotation table. Experimental results show that a diamond turned surface using the Multi Point B axis control method achieved P-V $0.1{\mu}m$ and Ra 1.1nm and these ultra-fine surface qualities are reproducible.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.29 no.spc1
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• pp.61-62
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• 1996

The photometry is reported for galaxies in two clusters A1983, 2065 with redshifts 0.046, 0.072 respectively. The luminosity segregation is observed only within a magnitude from the brightest galaxy. The alignment of the galaxy major axis is observed in the Corona Borealis cluster. The intermediate distance clusters (0.05 < z < 0.15) will be studied by CCD mounted on 125cm RCh and 70cm meniscus type telescopes.

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.286-287
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• 2005