• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.218-225
• /
• 2017

Effects on skin caused by the dose from linear accelerator (LINAC) opposing portal irradiation and TomoDirect 3-D modeling treatment according to the radiation devices and treatment methods were measured, and a comparative analysis was performed. Two groups of 10 patients each were created and measurements were carried out using an optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter. These patients were already receiving radiation treatment in the hospital. Using the SPSS statistical program, the minimum and maximum average standard deviations of the measured skin dose data were obtained. Two types of treatment method were selected as independent variables; the measured points and total average were the dependent variables. An independent sample T-test was used, and it was checked whether there was a significance probability between the two groups. The average of the measured results for the LINAC opposing portal radiation was 117.7 cGy and PDD 65.39% for the inner breast, 144.7 cGy and PDD 80.39% for the outer breast, 143.2 cGy and PDD 79.56% for the upper breast, 151.4 cGy and PDD 84.11% for the lower breast, 149.6 cGy and PDD 83.11% for the axilla, and 141.32 cGy and PDD 78.51% for the total average. In contrast, for TomoDirect 3-D conformal radiotherapy, the corresponding measurement values were 137.6 cGy and PDD 76.44%, 152.3 cGy and PDD 84.61%, 148.6 cGy and PDD 82.56%, 159.7 cGy and PDD 88.72%, and 148.6 cGy PDD 82.56%, respectively, and the total average was 149.36 cGy and PDD 82.98%. To determine if the difference between the total averages was statistically significant, the independent sample T-test of the SPSS statistical program was used, which indicated that the P-value was P=0.024, which was 0.05 lower than the significance level. Thus, it can be understood that the null hypothesis can be dismissed, and that there was a difference in the averages. In conclusion, even though the treatment dose was similar, there could be a difference in the dose entering the body surface from the radiation treatment plan; however, depending on the properties of the treatment devices, there is a difference in the dose affecting the body surface. Thus, the absorbed dose entering the body surface can be high. During breast cancer radiotherapy, radiation dermatitis occurs in almost all patients. Most patients have a difficult time while undergoing treatment, and therefore, when choosing a radiotherapy treatment method, minimizing radiation dermatitis is an important consideration.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.80-84
• /
• 2011

Empyema necessitatis refers to empyema that extends into the extrapleural space through a defect in the pleural surface. Tuberculous empyema necessitatis is a rare complication of tuberculosis. We experienced a 21-month-old boy with tuberculous empyema necessitatis with osteomyelitis in the right $7^{th}$ rib. He presented with a mass on the right lateral chest wall, which was soft and nontender, enlarging for one month. He also had mild fever. The plain radiograph of his chest revealed soft tissue swelling and calcified lymph node on the left axilla, and his PPD skin test was positive. CT scan of the chest showed empyema necessitatis at the right lower chest and upper abdominal walls with osteomyelitis of the right $7^{th}$ rib. He did not have concurrent pulmonary tuberculosis. Surgery was performed for diagnosis and treatment. In histopathologic findings, chronic granulomatous inflammation with caseation necrosis was shown and was positive for acid fast bacilli stain. In addition, M. tuberculosis complex was found as etiology by polymerase chain reaction. The patient has been treated with anti-tuberculous medication without any specific complication.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.48 no.8
• /
• pp.820-825
• /
• 2005

Purpose : The presence and degree of fever in children is a useful indicator of illness. This project aimed to assess the accuracy and usefulness of infrared tympanic membrane(TM) & forehead feverscan thermometers for measuring children's temperatures. Methods : Data were obtained from 1,050 children with a median age of 4.5 years. They visited the pediatric clinics at Chung-Ang University Yongsan Hospital from January 2004 to December 2004. We measured body temperatures at axilla by mercury thermometer, at ear by infrared TM thermometer and at forehead by feverscan. Then we analyzed the correlation between these data. Results : Mercury and TM thermometer, and Mercury and forehead feverscan thermometer very well correlated with each others(P<0.05). And the sensitivity of infrared TM thermometer(right and left) to correctly identify febrile children was 81.1 percent and 82.4 percent, the positive predictive value to detect a fever was 81.8 percent and 73.6 percent. The sensitivity of forehead feverscan was 83.3 percent and the positive predictive value was 74.4 percent. Conclusion : The tympanic membrane temperature measured by the BRAUN IRT $3020^{(R)}$ and forehead arterial temperature measured by the HubDIC $DOTORY^{(R)}$ feverscan accurately reflects mercury axillary temperature, validly assesses the presence of fever in children, and is easy to use. The Braun IRT $3020^{(R)}$ & HubDIC $DOTORY^{(R)}$ therefore is an adequate tool to assess fever and may be used both in a clinical setting and for research purposes.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.20 no.2 s.47
• /
• pp.98-102
• /
• 1981

For the investigation of seasonal fluctuation of immature (lavae and pupae) beanfly, infestation rates, and habit, several soybean-cultivars were planted at Kumgok Experiment Farm of KAERI by three different planting times at 25-day intervals. Infestation rates of beanflies were ranged from $85\%\;to\;100\%$ in accordance. with the planting dates, where an increase in infestation rate was found with delay in planting dates. Immature beanflies were already observed from lune 20 by plant dissection counts. Three peaks of the seasonal fluctuation of lava were shown by occurring on July 10, August 10 and 50 during the soybean cultivation, while two peaks of pupal appearances were found. The most high peaks of lavae and pupae occurred on August 10 and 30, respectively. The lava were habitable in the pith or cortex tissue of soybean stem. They prepared tiny hole on the axilla as well as the internode of stem, and then they pupated in the holes from which the adults are able to escape. Immature beanfly seemed to prefer invading to the underground part of the stem when the soybean plants were in young stage.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.115-119
• /
• 2012

Purpose : The initial Breast-Specific Gamma Imaging (BSGI) protocol included bilateral breast imaging with 2 views of each breast-craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO). Furthermore, Axillary lymph nodes view can be acquired easily. The most meaningful prognosis factor for prediction of breast cancer is whether or not the breast cancer has metastasized to the lymph nodes. However, axillary view doesn't conduct in clinical. This article collates a diverse data of BSGI and describes technical details to acquire optimal imaging. Materials and Methods : A retrospective review was performed on 343 patients who had undergone BSGI between May 2011 and March 2012. Patients who had undergone BSGI received intravenous injection of 740 MBq (20 mCi) $^{99m}Tc$-sestamibi. Results : The following contents are the technical details for optimal axillary imaging. $^{99m}Tc$-sestamibi should be administered using an indwelling venous catheter or scalp needle followed by 10 cc of saline to flush to reduce extravasation and vascular trapping. After administration, patients raise their arm over their head and exercise with stress ball for 1 full minute. A lead shield attached to the gamma camera is removed and patients axilla is placed as close as possible to the camera at a $90^{\circ}$ angle. A lead apron is placed across the shoulder to reduce background from other organs. Acquisition time is enough for 120 sec~180 sec. Conclusion : If patients undergo bilateral axillary imaging as a standard with CC, MLO views, it could improve cancer treatment. Result of this study could maximize efficiency axillary imaging of breast cancer patients.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.21 no.10
• /
• pp.127-136
• /
• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to establish a basis for application time and cold therapy interval by checking the physiological changes after applying a cold-gel and ice pack, commonly applied to cold therapy, and after passive rewarming. Method: A total of 22 healthy adults used cold-gel packs and ice packs in a Randomized control group repeated measurement study, and passive rewarming was performed for 40 minutes after 30 minutes of cold therapy. After applying to the right axilla, StO₂, SpO₂, peripheral blood flow, skin and body temperature were measured 15 times every 5 minutes. Result: In the cold-gel pack group, StO₂ decreased from 69.43% to 61.06% after 30 minutes application, and in the ice pack group, StO₂ decreased from 67.66% to 64.80% (p <001). In the cold-gel pack group, skin temperature decreased from 33.57℃ to 29.15℃ after 30 minutes application, and in the ice pack group, skin temperature decreased from 32.64℃ to 28.90℃ (p <.001). Only skin temperature recovered completely after 40 minutes of rewarming. There were insignificant differences between the cold-gel pack and ice pack. Conclusion: When applying cold therapy to the axillary, at least 40 minutes for passive rewarming is necessary after 30 minutes of application.

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.38-45
• /
• 2015

Most tumors are believed to overexpress several receptors, and small peptides targeting these receptors were developed for diagnosis and tumor therapy during past decade. Here we report that fibroadenoma can be visualized by bladder cancer specific peptide. A 9-mer bladder cancer specific peptide, which was discovered from the phage display method, was synthesized by peptide synthesizer, and additional tyrosine was conjugated at the N-terminal for radioiodination (Y-BP). Y-BP was radiolabeled with $^{131/124}I$ using Iodogen tube. The rat treated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine for 8 weeks was allowed to grow until large size tumor was developed under axilla. The tumor model was microPET imaged sequentially using [$^{18}F$]FDG and radioiodinated $^{124}I-Y-BP$. The tumor was excised and examined by immunostaining studies. Radioiodinated $^{124}I-Y-BP$ was purified using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) in > 90% radiochemical purity. The whole tumor was well visualized by [$^{18}F$]FDG with several intense focal uptake within tumor. The tumor was also clearly seen with $^{124}I-Y-BP$ at 4 h post-injection, and to our surprise the tumor uptake of $^{124}I-Y-BP$ lasted up to three days. The tumor was diagnosed histologically as a fibroadenoma derived from mammary gland. In conclusion, the bladder cancer specific peptide showed the good potential as a new radiotracer for the detection of breast fibroadenoma.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.28-36
• /
• 2002

These studies were carried out to develop some easy-checking thermometers instead of taking temperature of ectum for the farmers to detect easily a diseased animal with fever. Thermometers such as pincher-type, hood-type, raser-type, stick-type, and wrap-type were devised for the experiments. The experimental animals were cattle, horse, swine, aprine, and canine. Temperature-taking parts of the body were ear, shoulder, axilla, gluteal part, and coccygeal part according o the devised thermometer. Rectal temperature was taken at the same time for the comparison of temperature between rectum nd the certain part. The difference of temperature between rectum and shoulder part using eraser-type thermometer for the domestic animals were $3.37^{\circ}C$ for cattle, $1.94^{\circ}C$ for horses, $2.04^{\circ}C$ for swine, $1.27^{\circ}C$ for caprine, $0.9^{\circ}C$ for canine. The difference of temperature between rectum and gluteal part using eraser-type thermometer for domestic animals were $3.46^{\circ}C$ for cattle, $1.98^{\circ}C$ for horses, $2.22^{\circ}C$ for swine, and $1.1^{\circ}C$ for canine. The difference of intra-individual temperature taken by eraser-type thermometer of shoulder and gluteal part were 0.3 and $0.8^{\circ}C$ for cattle, 0.7 and $1.1^{\circ}C$ for horses, 0.6 and $0.7^{\circ}C$ for swine, 0.9 and $1.1^{\circ}C$ for canine. The difference of temperature between rectum and shoulder part taken by hood-type thermometer for cattle was $3.93^{\circ}C$ and the difference of intra-individual temperature was $0.8^{\circ}C$. The difference of temperature between rectum and gluteal part taken by stick-type thermometer for cattle was $3.7^{\circ}C$ and the difference of intra-individual temperature was $0.8^{\circ}C$. The other types of thermometers than the above three were not proved to be reliable to detect temperature of domestic animals. It was concluded that hood-type, stick-type and eraser-type thermometers are recommendable devices of thermometer to detect easily the status of body temperature and that the eraser-type was proved to be a practical one of the thermometers used in this study.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.71-78
• /
• 2010

Purpose : Hydronephrosis is found about 30% of children with urinary tract infection (UTI). It can be caused by various conditions, although most childhood hydronephrosis is congenital. This study was performed to investigate the relationship between febrile UTI and hydronephrosis. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 183 patients diagnosed as UTI between January 2007 and May 2009 at Korea University Guro Hospital. Inclusion criteria were as followings; 1) fever more than $37.5^{\circ}C$ measured in the axilla, 2) positive urine culture, 3) no history of urinary tract anomaly on antenatal sonography and urinary tract infection. We classified the enrolled children into two groups of patients with hydronephrosis (HN) and those without hydronephrosis (NHN). Results : The 80 patients were HN and 103 patients NHN. Hydronephrosis was found in 58 patients with left kidney, 8 right and 14 both kidneys. Most of hydronephrosis were of low grade. Compared with NHN group, initial renal cortical defects on DMSA scan significantly increased in HN group (HN 37.5%, NHN 16.5%, P<0.05). The incidence of VUR was not different between the two groups (HN 22%, NHN 12.1%). White blood cell counts and C-reactive protein were not different between the two groups. Follow-up DMSA scan (about 6 months later after UTI) showed no difference of renal scarring in both two groups. Conclusion : Our data suggests that hydronephrosis in febrile UTI patients is clinically useful for detecting renal cortical defects, but is not associated with follow-up renal scar.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.2995-2999
• /
• 2016

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) often presents as an interval cancer with short survival upon metastasis and thus represents an important clinical challenge. The present study investigated the clinicopathologic characteristics and long term survival outcome of early and locally advanced TNBC. Materials and Methods: Medical records were reviewed retrospectively for 148 consecutive confirmed cases of TNBC treated in a single unit at our centre. Demographic profile, tumor type, histopathology details, treatment and follow-up information was recorded and immunohistochemistry was performed. Results: Age group >50 years was associated with tumors of clinical stage 3 (53.8%), pathological stage 3 (46.2%), pathological grade 3 (45.7%), presence of extracapsular extension (ECE, 48.5%) and lymphovascular invasion (LVI, 64.9%). Locally advanced breast cancers (LABCs) were characterized by pathological stage 3 (96.2%), presence of ECE (100%) and absence of LVI (46.7%) as compared to early breast cancers (EBCs) which had higher incidence of lower stage tumors (100%), absence of ECE (82%) and presence of LVI (91.9%; p-value <0.001. Better relapse free survival was observed in patients with no axillary involvement (69%; p-value <0.001) and absence of ECE (64%; p-value <0.001). Improved overall survival was seen in patients with EBC (90%; p-value 0.008), clear axilla (86%; p-value <0.001), absence of ECE (87%; p-value <0.001) and negative lymph nodes (90%; p-value 0.006). Conclusions: TNBCs are aggressive tumors which show poor long term survival. Patients with TNBC benefit from chemotherapy, thus better and less toxic treatment options are needed. Identification of newer targets and development of targeted therapies are the need of the hour.