• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.833-841
• /
• 1997

In this paper, the hybrid LB-TJW(Leaky Bucket-Triggered Jumping Window) algorithm for multimedia traffic control is proposed and its performance is evaluated and analyzed. Its architecture is composed of the peak bit rate controller and the average bit rate controller. Generally, the cell which violates the peak bit rate is discraded in LBalgorithm, and the average bit rate of JW or TJW algorithm is better than that of LB algorithm. However, the hybrid LB-TJW algorithm passes it though the network if the cell does not violate the peak bit rate. If the cell violates the peak bit rate, the hybrid LB-TJW algorithm passes it to the average bit rate controller which perforithm to monitor the average bit rate of input traffic. The TJW algorithm monitors the cell that violates the average bit rate. If the cell does not violate the average bit rare, the LB-TJW algorithm passes it through the network. As simulation results, the cell loss rate and the buffer size of the LB-TJW algorithm is reduced to half as much as those of LB algortihm.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.1-18
• /
• 1971

Eleven nonathletes and eleven athletes were exercised on a standardised Harvard step test, and the average rate of change in QRS amplitude in lead III of the electocardiogram associated with heart rotation and the average change in rate of heart beat were observed. 1. After the Harvard step exercise, the average rate of change in QRS amplitude in lead III of both groups increased. This was due to the clockwise rotation of the heart and was associated with respiratory movement. The diaphragm was inferred to remain for a while in a relatively more inspiratory position. 2. After the Halved step exercise, a high correlation between the recovery of the average rate of change in QRS amplitude in lead III and the average change in rate of heart beat was observed in the athletic group. 3. In the nonathletic group there was no significant correlation between the average rate of QRS amplitude change and the average rate of change of heart beat. 4. Athletes were assumed to be trained to ventilate quickly at their maximum ability, using deep descending movements of the diaphragm and other respiratory musclature. Consequently, the average in rate of heart beat also recovered quickly. 5. Nonathletes were inferred not to have been trained to adjust quickly to ventilate so efficiently with their diaphragm movement and other respiratory musculature, and are characterised by their longer time to complete recovery.

• 환경위생공학
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.41-46
• /
• 1986

This study was performed to investigate the sanitation of restaurants in Seoul Area. The subjects were 153 wet towels, 64 cold noodle soup and 190 barely tea. The results were as follows: In wet towels: The detected rate of standard plate counts was $86.9\%$ (133 samples) and average count was $1.8\times10^3/g$ $the detected rate of coliform was $37.9\%$ (58 samples) and average count by MPN method was $2.0\times10^3/100g$, the detected rate of fecal coliform was $15.7\%$ (24 samples) and average count by MPN method was $3.2\times10/100g$. In cold noodle soups: The detected rate of standard plate counts was $100\%$ (64 samples) and average count was $9.4\times10^5/ml$, the detected rate of coliform was $75\%$ (48 samples) and average count by MPN method was $6.0\times10^5/100ml$, the detected rate of fecal coliform was $51.6\%$ (33 samples) and average count by MPN method was $3.4\times10^3/100ml$. In barely tea: The detected rate of standard plate counts was $87.4\%$(166 samples) and average count was $5.8\times10^3/ml$the detected rate of coliform was $66.3\%$ (126 samples) and average count by MPN method was $3.9\times10^3/100ml$, the detected rate of fecal coliform was $32.6\%$ (62 samples) and average count was by MPN method was $4.7\times10/100ml$.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제40권3호
• /
• pp.83-92
• /
• 1998

Field experiment was performed from August 1996 to January 1998 to examine the applicability of constructed wetland system for wastewater treatment in rural area. The pilot plant was installed in Kon-Kuk University and the school building septic tank effluent was used as an influent to the treatment basin. Hydraulic loading rate was about 0.1 6$0.16^3/m^2$ day and theoretical detention time in the system was 1.38 days. The treatment basin was composed of sand and reed. The influent DO concentration was low and many cases close to zero, but effluent concentration was higher than the influent which implies that oxygen was supplied naturally. The average concentration of influent BOD was 126mg/L, and with average removal rate of 69 % the average effluent concentration was 4Omg/L which satisfied the effluent water quality standard for the system of interest. The average influent concentration of COD was 2Olmg/L and average effluent concentration was 75mg/L with average removal rate of 60%. The performance of BOD and COD tends to deteriorate in the low temperature, and appropriate action needs to be taken during the cold winter time for stable operation. The average influent concentration of SS was 5Omg/L, and effluent was 1 1mg/L with average removal rate of 76% which satisfied the effluent water quality standard for the system of interest. The results for the regulated components, SOD and SS, from the experiment showed that constructed wetland system can meet the effluent water quality standards. The average influent concentration of total phosphorus was 25.6mg/L and average effluent concentration was 7.8mg/L with average removal rate of 63%. Not like the performance of the above components, average nitrogen removal rate was only 11.2% which is not satisfactory. Although, nitrogen is not regulated at this moment, it can cause many environmental problems including eutrophication. Therefore, nitrogen removal efficiency should be improved for actual application. From the result of the field experiment, constructed wetland system was thought to be an appropriate alternative for wastewater treatment in rural area.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제39권4호
• /
• pp.55-63
• /
• 1997

Constructed wetland system which can be applied to the rural wastewater treatment system was examined by pilot plant in Kon-Kuk University. Hydraulic loading rate of wastewater was about 0.16m$^3$/m$^2$. day and theoretical detention time in the system was 1.38 days. The effluent of the septic tank for the school building was applied as inflow to the system. The influent concentration of DO was zero but effluent was up to 4.37mg/${\ell}$ which implies that oxygen was supplied enough from atmosphere by reaeration to support biological activity of the system. Average influent concentration of BOD was 104mg/${\ell}$ and effluent was 24mg/${\ell}$ with average removal rate of 76%. Average influent concentration of COD was 215mg/${\ell}$ and effluent was 63mg/${\ell}$ with average removal rate of 70 % . Average influent concentration of SS was 78mg/${\ell}$ and effluent was 10mg/${\ell}$ with average removal rate of 87%. Two components, BOD and SS, are regulated by law to keep maximum water quality standard of 80mg/${\ell}$ when daily outflow rate is less than 100$m^3$/day which is the case of most rural communities. Therefore, the results from the experiment showed that constructed wetland system can meet the water quality standard easily. Average influent concentration of total nitrogen was 165mg/lwhich is relatively higher than normal wastewater, and effluent was about 156mg/${\ell}$ with average removal rate of only 6%. Average influent concentration of total phosphorus was 41 mg/${\ell}$ and effluent was 6mg/${\ell}$ with average removal rate of 87%. Overall, constructed wetland system was thought to be effective to treat wastewater if nitrogen removal mechanism is improved. Considering low cost, less maintenance, and high treatability, this system can be a practical alternative for the wastewater treatment in rural area The experiment was performed during the summer and fall season, and treatment efficiency of the system is expected to decrease in low temperature. therefore, further study including temperature is required to evaluate feasibility of the system more in detail.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제39권6호
• /
• pp.67-79
• /
• 1997

The perpose of this study was to suggest the experimental characteristic of the Cherepnov Water Lifter following the drain mode. The Cherepnov Water Lifter(CWL), which is powered by the potential energy of water, can be set to operate automatically when the water m a tank is drained. In this study, a CWL is constructed in the valve drain controlling mode(VCM) and the siphon drain controlling mode(SCM), and a pressure transducer is installed. It was found that, in the VCM, intake flow volume is proportional to both delivery flow volume and drain flow volume. In the SCM, intake flow volume is proportional to drain flow volume, and the average delivery rate is proportional to both efficiency and the water utilization ratio. Also, in the VCM, the water utilization ratio is 35~49%, efficiency is 62~9O%, average delivery rate is 12.8~81.2$cm^3$/s, and the average drain rate is 14.O~91.5c$cm^3$/s. On the contrary in the SCM, the water utilization ratio is 1.7~38%, efficiency is 3~58%, average delivery rate is 3.1 ~69.2$cm^3$/s, and the average drain rate is shown as 114.5~ 183$cm^3$/s. As a result of the water utilization ratio, efficiency, average delivery rate, and average drain rate are compared, the VCM is found to be superior and the more economical mode. However, the VCM requires manpower and electricity to operate the electronic machinery involved, while the SCM requires no manpower or electricity at all. An economic evaluation of these differences will be necessary in the future. Also, in the SCM, studies to improve water utilization ratio and efficiency, to find the optimum height of the siphon for decreasing the average drain rate, and to determine the radius of curvature of throat have to be conducted in advance, since a large flow rate is drained during the priming action of the siphon.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.95-103
• /
• 2020

In the study, we show the six metropolitan cities, Incheon Metropolitan City had the highest annual average rate(3.2%) of the death toll, from 2011 to 2018, and the overall annual average rise rate was 2.6%. Also, the annual average rise rate of the number of cremators using E-Haneul funeral information system, Gwangju Metropolitan City had the highest rate(7.6%) and the overall annual average rise rate was 5.6%. The annual average rise rate of the cremation rate, Gwangju Metropolitan City had the highest rate(2.8%) and the overall annual average rise rate was 1.9%. Focusing on the actual state shown in the results of this study above, the policy measures for improving the efficiency of supply & demand policy of funeral facilities in six metropolitan cities in the whole nation could be suggested as follows. First, expanding the supply of cremation facilitiesin consideration of the installation period of cremation facilities. Second, given the increase in the number of cremators using E-Haneul Funeral Information System, it is necessary to expand the infrastructure for meeting the demand of using funeral facilities, such as enshrinement facilities of ash and natural burial sites. Third, in such metropolitan cities, it is difficult to resolve a conflict of location with local residents who recognize cremation facilities as unpleasant facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to devise and implement a plan for improving local residents awareness of cremation facilities and resolving the conflict of location in diversified ways. Fourth, it is predicated that Busan and Daegu Metropolitan City will face a lack of supply of cremation facilities in a short time due to the increased demand for them. Therefore, in order to meet the demand for cremation, it is necessary to construct more cremation furnaces in current cremation facilities or to jointly use and expand cremation facilities with their neighboring local government.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 1999

In recent years increasing production and disposal of wastewater have caused an accelerated eutrophication of receiving waters. Therefore, in order to alleviate the detrimental impact of wastewater discharge, there is an increasing demand for removing the main nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as the organic content of the waste water prior to disposal. This is effectively achieved by extended conventional treatment technology. However, the working expenses and energy requirements of such advanced treatment systems are rather high. So in a sparsely populated rural community is required development of wastewater treatment system combined with the regional characteristics. In this study, the systems are planted with Reeds and Amaryllis In A.C and estimated purification potential of system. The results obtained are as follows. BOD removal rate is 20% in the early stage, the last removal rate is 35% in A.C process and is 65% in Amaryllis+A.C process and is 50% in Reed+A.C process. T-N removal rate by Amaryllis is average 2.6g/$m^3$ㆍd, T-N removal rate by Reed is average 1.76g/$m^3$ㆍd. T-P removal rate by Amaryllis is average 0.27g/$m^3$ㆍd, T-P removal rate by Reed is average 0.25g/$m^3$ㆍd. BOD removal rate constant with retention time is 1.4494(1/d), T-N removal rate constant is 0.5428(1/d), T-P removal rate constant is 0.5287(1/d).

• 전자공학회논문지
• /
• 제50권8호
• /
• pp.245-249
• /
• 2013

In this paper, we propose two rate control algorithms for multi-view extension of HEVC with two rate control algorithms adopted in HEVC and analyze the multi-view rate control performance. The proposed multi-view rate controls are designed on HEVC-based multi-view video coding (MV-HEVC) platform with consideration of high-level syntax, inter-view prediction, etc. not only for the base view but also for the extended views using the rate control algorithms based on URQ (Unified Rate-Quantization) and R-lambda model adopted in HEVC. The proposed multi-view rate controls also contain view-wise target bit allocation for providing the compatibility to the base view. By allocating the target bitrates for each view, the proposed multi-view rate control based on URQ model achieved about 1.83% of average bitrate accuracy and 1.73dB of average PSNR degradation. In addition, about 2.97% of average bitrate accuracy and 0.31dB of average PSNR degradation are achieved with the proposed multi-view rate control based on R-lambda model.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제26권11호
• /
• pp.662-669
• /
• 2016

In order to identify changes in the nature of the particles due to changes in the inflow rate of the raw material solution, the present study was intended to prepare nano-sized cobalt oxide ($Co_3O_4$) powder with an average particle size of 50 nm or less by spray pyrolysis reaction using raw cobalt chloride solution. As the inflow rate of the raw material solution increased, droplets formed by the pyrolysis reaction showed more divided form and the particle size distribution was more uneven. As the inflow rate of the solution increased from 2 to 10 ml/min, the average particle size of the formed particles increased from about 25 nm to 40 nm, while the average particle size did not show significant changes when the inflow rate increased from 10 to 50 ml/min. XRD analysis showed that the intensity of the XRD peaks increased remarkably when the inflow rate of the solution increased from 2 to 10 ml/min. On the other hand, the peak intensity stayed almost constant when the inflow rate increased from 10 to 50 ml/min. With the increase in the inflow rate from 2 to 10 ml/min, the specific surface area of the particles decreased by approximately 20 %. On the contrary, the specific surface area stayed constant when the inflow rate increased from 10 to 50 ml/min.