• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.356-359
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• 2000

The study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of seeds and various seed fractions of different varieties of cotton (MNH 147, CIM 240, NIAB 78, FH 87, CIM 109, MNH 93, FH 682, GOHAR 87, SLS I and B 557). Linter, hull, kernel and meal were obtained from cottonseed by physical and chemical methods. Free gossypol and available lysine contents of seed and it's fractions were determined. In vitro protein digestibility of cottonseed meal was also determined. Free gossypol and available lysine contents ranged between 0.22-2.26% and 0.64-1.32% in seed, and 0.03-0.29% and 1.38-2.36% in meal, respectively. FH 87 was highest both in free gossypol and available lysine content, and NIAB 78 was lowest in free gossypol content and FH 862 was lowest in available lysine content. In vitro protein digestibility of cottonseed meal ranged between 66,02-79,96%. Statistical analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) varietal differences in free gossypol, available lyslne and in vitro protein digestibility of cottonseed and derived products.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.65-74
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• 1979

In order to observe the contents of some essential amino acids in Korean foods, total and free tryptophan, and available lysine in fifty kinds of Korean foods were analyzed by the sfectrophotometry. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1) The tryptophan contents per 100g of soybean, wet green laver and skim milk were over 250 mg, and the contents Per g nitrogen in ginger, dried persimmon and chestnut were over 150 mg. 2) The free tryptophan contents per 100 g of soybean, small red bean, dried persimmon, ginseng stem were over 100 mg, ana the contents per g nitrogen in dried persimmon was over 150 mg. 3) The available lysine contents Per 100g of soybean, wet green laver and skim milk, fish(auchovy), dried yeast, casein and silkworm pupa were over 1000 mg, and the contents per g nitrogen in potato, perilla(wild sesame), red pepper, sausage and skim milk were over 300mg. 4) The contents of tryptophan and available lysine in soybean, green laver and skim milk were higher than in other samples. 5) In general, the contents of tryptophan and available lysine were abundant in seaweeds.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.181-187
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• 1984

Lysine is known as a limiting amino acid in rice. In addition, it is considered to be important in that it is easily non-activated by the browning reaction during processing or storage. The present study was designed to utilize a kinetic approach to analyse the effect of temperature and water activity on available lysine loss in rice. Simplified kinetic models were used to obtain the various kinetic parameters for available lysine loss in rice subjected to accelerated shelf-life tests (ASLT). These kinetic parameters were then used to predict protein quality loss under the non-steady state storage. The predicted losses were compared to the actual losses. As expected, available lysine loss was increased with increased temperature and water activity. The activation energies and $Q_{10}$ values for available lysine loss ranged from 4.03 to 5.10 Kcal/ mole and 1.22 to 1.27, respectively, The shelf-lives at $25^{\circ}C$, the time to reach 25% loss of the available lysine, which was derived from the accelerated shelf-life tests showed 67 to 107 days according to $a_w$'s. The amount of loss for the fluctuating condition was greater than that occurring at the mean temperature of $45^{\circ}C$. Actually, the differences in effective temperature for the fluctuating storage were between about 4 and $6^{\circ}C$. In predicting the extent of loss using constant state data, the predicted shelf-lives were 2 to 7 days shorter than the actual storage values.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.564-572
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• 2013

Two trials were conducted to investigate the effect of decreasing the crude protein (CP) content of diets for finishing pigs containing two levels of available lysine on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen (N) balance and production performance. Ten finishing diets containing five levels of CP (on average 144, 155, 168, 182 and 193 g/kg fresh basis) and two levels of available lysine (6.9 and 8.2 g/kg fresh basis) were formulated. The diets were offered to pigs on a performance trial (n = 800 Large White (LW)${\times}$Landrace (LR) pigs) from 10 wk of age until finish at 21 wks+5 d of age. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. In addition, a digestibility/N balance trial was conducted using pigs (n = 80 $LW{\times}LR$) housed in metabolism crates. Digestibility of dry matter (DM), CP, oil, fibre and energy was determined. N balance values were determined through analysis of N content of urine and faeces ('as determined'). N balance values were also calculated using ADG values and assuming that 16% of growth is protein deposition ("as calculated"). Pig performance was poor between 10 and 13 wk of age which indicated that the dietary treatments were nutritionally inadequate for pigs less than 40 kg. There was a significant (p<0.01) quadratic effect of increasing CP level on feed intake, ADG and FCR from 10 to 13 wk which indicated that the lower CP levels did not supply adequate levels of essential or non-essential amino acids. There was no effect of increasing available lysine level throughout the early period, which in conjunction with the response in older pigs, suggested that both 8.2 and 6.9 g/kg available lysine were insufficient to drive optimum growth. There was a positive response (p<0.05) to increasing available lysine level from 13 wk to finish which indicated that 6.9 g/kg available lysine was not adequate for finishing pigs. Energy digestibility decreased with decreasing CP level of diets containing 6.9 g/kg available lysine which may be attributed to the higher fibre content of the lower CP diets. Nitrogen excretion (g/d) was lowered when dietary CP was reduced regardless of whether the values were determined through balance or calculated using ADG. Calculated N excretion decreased linearly (p<0.001) and quadratically (p<0.001) with decreasing dietary CP content. When the N balance figures calculated in this study were compared with those quoted in the Northern Ireland and English Nitrates Directive Action Programmes, N excretion was less per pig (wean to finish) offered a 169 g/kg CP, 8.2 g/kg available lysine diet (2.39 kg vs 3.41 kg (Northern Ireland) and 2.93 kg (England)).

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.271-282
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• 1982

The browning development, mainly through the Maillard reaction, occurring in the dried fish meat products during storage causes reduction of the nutritional value due to the loss of the essential amino acid such as available lysine as well as off -flavor resulting in the deterioration of the food quality thus shortening the shelflife. In the work, the changes in the amount of available lysine, extractable nitrogenous compounds (nonprotein-N, amino-N, trimethylamine oxide, trimethylamine, and free lysine) and development of browning were measured to assess the relationship between the shelflife and the quality loss in dried filefish under the steady state conditions (35,45, and $55^{\circ}C;a_{w}'s$ of 0.44 0.52, 0.65 and 0.75 at each temperature) and fluctuating temperature condition of $35/55^{\circ}C$ will. alternating 7 day periods at each water activity. The results indicated that the amount of available lysine and extractable nitrogenous compounds except TMA decreased rapidly with increasing temperatures and water activities while the rate of available lysine and extractable nitrogenous compounds must be involved in the initial stage of brown pigment formation. The available lysine loss of the dried filefish products stored under the fluctuating temperature conditions was greater than that stored under its fixed mean temperature, $45^{\circ}C$. The activation energies for lysine loss obtained from the Arrhenius plot ranged 6.9 to 4.4 Kcal/mol and $Q_{10}$ values at $40^{\circ}C$ were 1.4 to 1.2. The values for browning were 15.7 to 14.4 Kcal/mol and 2.2 to 2.0 respectively. Shelf-life, defined as the time to reach 0.15 O. D./g solid or the limit of off-color deterioration by browning reaction, was extented longer than the halflife of Iysine loss, actually corresponding $75\%$ loss of available lysine. This suggested that the halflife of lysine loss might not be adequate to assess the shelf-life of the food system with high potential of protein, nonproteinous nitrogen compounds, and lipids.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.546-550
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• 1991

우유의 열처리 정도를 검색할 수 있는 지표 설정을 위한 유효성분을 채택하기 위하여 시판우유의 pH, 적정산도, 불변성 유청단백질 함량과 유효성 lysine의 함량 변화를 비교한 결과, pH 및 정적산도는 열처리에 따른 변화가 없었고, serun 100ml당 불변성 유청 단백질 함량은 저온살균유가 413.7mg, 고온순간살균유가 341.3mg, 초고온살균유는 6.9mg, 초고온멸균유는 96.6mg으로 열처리에 따라 뚜렷한 차이가 있었다. 원유에 대한 각 열처리 우유들의 유효성 lysine 감소율은 저온살균유에서 1.4%, 고온순간살균유에서 0.2%, 초고온살균유에서 6.3%, 초고온멸균유에서 4.9%로 초고온처리에서 명확히 구분되지 않았다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.56-63
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• 2001

In this study, three domestic and one foreign formulas for the infants up to 5 month old were examined to detect chemical changes such as pH, reactive sulfhydryl groups(RSH) content, 5-hydroxymethylfurfral(HMF) content, available lysine content, electrophoresis, and surface color caused by heat treatment for long term storage. In the SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, A and B products showed similar pattern, while C product had a clearly distinguishable $\beta$-lacto-globulin band, but in casein, only D product showed a few strong casein band. RSH content, which indicate the extent of whey protein denaturation, ranged from 4.40 to 5.93 mmole/g protein. HMF content. which indicate the extent of Maillard reaction, ranged from 192 to 432 $\mu$mole/100g in formulas. B product showed the highest RSH and HMF content. Available lysine content ranged from 31 to 46 mg/g protein. Among them D product contain the highest available lysine content and others showed no significant difference. In conclusion, the domestic infant formulas showed higher RSH and HMF content than the foreign product and the available lysine content of the domestic products were lower than of the foreign product.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.5-11
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• 1987

수산식품의 품질보존에서 문제시되고 있는 지질의 산화생성들이 단백질의 영양학적 변화에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 새우를 시료로하여 건조과정과 저장중에 생성되는 지질의 산화생성물과 유효성 lysine간의 반응과 갈변반응에 미치는 영향을 실험한 결과는다음과 같다. 새우를 5%식염수에서 자숙한 후 $30{\pm}5^{\circ}C$에서 30시간 열풍건조 및 천일건조하였을 때 과산화물값은 열풍건조한 시료에서 12시간후, 천일건조한 시료에서는 18시간후에 증가하여 저장 15일경에 최고도에 달하였다. TBA값은 건조과정중에 급격히 증가하였으며 저장 25일경부터는 서서히 감소하였다. 유효성 lysine은 건조과정중 지질이 산화됨에 따라 감소되었으며, 특히 감소현상은 건조초기에 현저하였다. 지질이 산화됨에 따라 갈변색소는 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으나, 큰 차이는 없었다. 이상의 결과로부터 새우는 건조과정에서 지질이 산화됨에 따라 유효성 lysine의 량이 감소됨을 알 수 있었으나 건조방법에 의하여서는 큰 차이가 없었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.387-393
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• 1978

수산제품(水産製品)의 품질(品質) 보존(保存)에서 문제점(問題點)으로 되고 있는 지질(脂質)의 산화생성물(酸化生成物)이 단백질(蛋白質)의 영양학적(營養學的) 변화(變化)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)하였다. 건조(乾燥)갯장어를 재료(材料)로 하였을 때. 저장중(貯藏中)에 생성(生成)되는 지방(脂肪)의 산화생성물(酸化生成物) 즉(卽) malonaldehyde를 포함(包含)하는 carbonyl화물(化物)과 건조육중(乾燥肉中)의 유리(遊離)아미노산(酸) 및 유효성 lysine간(間)의 반응(反應) 및 갈변반응(褐變反應)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 실험(實驗) 검토(檢討)하여 다음의 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 갯장어를 $55^{\circ}C$에서 15시간(時間) 열풍건조(熱風乾燥)하였을 때 TBA가(價)와 carbonyl가(價)는 급격(急激)히 증가(增加)하고 유리(遊離)아미노산(酸) 및 유효성 lysine은 반대(反對)로 감소(減少)하여 열풍건조중(熱風乾燥中)에는 지방(脂肪)의 산화(酸化)에 따라 아미노산(酸)이 상당량(相當量) 불용화(不用化)하는 것으로 판단(判斷)할 수 있었다. 건조(乾燥)갯장어의 저장중(貯藏中)에는 TBA가(價)와 carbonyl가(價)의 증가(增加)에 따라 지방(脂肪)의 산화적(酸化的) 갈변색소(褐變色素)의 양(量)도 계속(繼續)증가(增加)하였으며, 아미노태질소(態窒素)와 유효성 lysine의 양(量)은 역(逆)으로 감소(減少)하였다. 그리고 유효성 lysine의 불용화(不用化)는 포화(飽和) carbonyl 화합물(化合物)보다는 주(主)로 불포화(不飽和) carbonyl 화합물(化合物)에 의하여 영향(影響)을 받는 것으로 보였다. 항산화제(抗酸化劑)의 처리(處理)는 저장중(貯藏中)의 건조(乾燥) 갯장어의 총(總) 유리(遊離) 아미노산(酸)과 유효성 lysine의 손실(損失)을 어느 정도(程度) 막을수 있었다. 이로 미루어 유효성 lysine의 손실(損失)은 지방(脂肪)의 산화반응(酸化反應)과 밀접(密接)한 관계(關係)가 있는 것으로 판단(判斷)되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.283-289
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• 1988

변온조건하에서 보리가루를 저장하였을 때 수분활성에 따른 avaible lysine의 손실을 반응속도론적으로 고찰한 결과 Avalilable lysine은 일차반응으로 감소하였으며 반응속도는 수분활성과 저장온도가 높을수록 빨랐고, 각 수분활성에서의 활성화 에너지는 $6.02{\sim}10.32Kcal/mole$, $Q_10$치는 $1.34{\sim}1.65$였다. Acelerated shelf-life test로부터 구한 $25^{\circ}C$에서의 shelf-life는 $60{\sim}216$일의 범위였으며 온도와 수분활성이 증가함에 따라 단축되었다. 변온조건에서의 실측치와 예측치를 비교한 결과 유효온도차는 $1.21{\sim}2.23^{\circ}C$였고 shelf-life는 실측치와 예측치가 약간 차이를 나타내었다.