• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.631-637
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• 2017

The physiological properties of extracts from Hizikia fusiforme with different extraction methods (hot water extraction, autoclave extraction and high pressure extraction) were investigated. The amounts of substances related to polyphenol and flavonoids contents were the highest in autoclave extract (30.51 mg/g and 4.78 mg/g, respectively). The DPPH radical scavenging activity was the highest in the autoclave extract (81.80%) at the 5 mg/mL. Autoclave extract exhibited the strongest ABTS radical scavenging activity and reducing power among the three extraction methods. However, ferrous ion chelating, TBA reactive substances and xanthine oxidase inhibition activity of high pressure extract were higher than those of the other extracts. Additionally, the tyrosinase and elastase inhibition activities of high pressure extract with a concentration of 1 mg/mL were higher than those of the other extracts. These results suggest that extracts of Hizikia fusiforme have a potential to act as functional materials, and autoclave and high pressure extractions are superior to hot water extraction for enhancement of the biological activity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.423-428
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• 1998

The effective extraction methods and chemical components of crude polysaccharides of ascidian tunics were investigated. Tow extraction conditions, autoclaving or enzyme treatment, were applied. The proximate composition of ascidian tunics was not much different between those dried in raw (containing pigments) and those acetone treated and dried (decolorized), showing $50\%$ of carbohydrate and $40\%$ of protein. It was possible to extract up to $10\%$ of crude polysaccharides from ascidian tunics regardless of the extraction methods, autoclaving or enzyme treatment. In case of the latter the extraction yield by neutrase was higher than that with alkalase (Novo co.) or mixture 2000 (Pacific chemical co.). The most effective enzyme concentration and extraction time appeared to be 24 hrs of extraction with $3\%$ neutrase. On the other hand, in autoclave treatment, 6 hrs extraction showed most desirable extraction yield, about $9.7\%$. The compositions of amino acid of decolorized ascidian tunic (acetone treated group) and the crude polysaccharide from the autoclaving (water solubles) or neutrase treatment (enzyme digestibles) were similar to each other. Histidine was the highest both in the neutrase and autoclave treatment group and the yield were $29.2\%,\;20.4\%$, respectively, followed by aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Among the minerals, the content of Ca was significantly high, followed by Mg and Na.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.871-878
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to compare antioxidant activities of green tea, rosemary, lemon and bamboo leaves extracts using three different extraction methods (80% ethanol sonication extraction, distilled water autoclave extraction, distilled water extraction at room temperature). As a result, green tea and rosemary extracts showed relatively high antioxidant activities compared with those of lemon and bamboo leaves. These green tea and rosemary extracts were subsequently added to soymilk and their mixtures were examined for antioxidant activities. Soymilk added with 10% green tea distilled water autoclave extracts and distilled water at room temperature extracts showed relatively high DPPH, $85.09{\pm}2.26%$, $84.38{\pm}1.97%$, and ABTS radical scavenging activities, $73.43{\pm}2.78%$, $81.34{\pm}4.78%$, respectively. On the other hand, soymilk added with 10% rosemary distilled water autoclave extracts showed remarkably higher DPPH radical scavenging activity while their ABTS radical scavenging ability was similar to that of non-added soymilk. In conclusion, our results suggest that the addition of green tea distilled water autoclave extracts, distilled water at room temperature extracts and rosemary distilled water autoclave extracts to soymilk could contribute to the development of added value soymilk products with increased antioxidant activities.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 2019

The characteristics of extracts and precipitates after extraction at different water temperature (25, 50, 75, 95℃), ethanol ratio (25, 50, 75, 100%), and extraction method (stir, soak, autoclave) of yam powder and raw yam were investigated. The total polyphenol content was the highest in the 50% ethanol extract of yam powder. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was the highest in the 75% ethanol extraction and the crude saponin content was the highest in the 95℃ water extraction. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was the highest in 95℃ water extraction, low concentration of ethanol extraction, and autoclave extraction. The peak viscosity, trough, and final viscosity of the precipitates increased after ethanol extraction, whereas decreased after the 95℃ water extraction and the autoclave, indicating the destruction of starch granules. This was confirmed by observing the starch granules broken using the SEM. The significance of this study was to investigate the possibility of the use of yam resources as a material, processing product development, skin beauty functional food and cosmetic material.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.307-315
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate optimal conditions for preparation of extracts from salmon frame using an autoclave. According to the results of various extraction conditions (extraction method, extraction time, volume and pH of extraction solution, and necessity of re-extracting), higher quality extracts could be prepared by adding salmon frame into 3 times (vol/wt) of water to raw material, and then autoclaving for 4 hrs before filtering extracts with cheese cloth. For efficient use as basic materials of liquid or powder Gomtang, however, fish odor of the extracts prepared under optimal condition should be improved.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2011

In this study, we investigated maximum yield of radical scavenging activity (RSA) using each of various extraction solvents and procedure from noni friut (Morinda citrifolia). Noni fruits were either sun-dried (FS) or hot-air dried (FO) at $60^{\circ}C$ after steam blanching. For optimum aqueous extraction, noni fruits should be sun dried and autoclave extraction time should not be over 30 min to produce extraction with high RSA with low cost. In case of 50% ethanol extraction, reflux extracts of FS and FO resulted in $IC_{50}$ of 1.92 mg/mL and 3.06 mg/mL at 8 hr. When $IC_{50}$ values were lower than 5 mg/mL, coefficient of correlation was 0.71 indicating that 71% of the phenolic antioxidants in noni fruits were accounted for the activity by scavenging free DPPH. However, coefficient of correlation significantly decreased to 0.63 over $IC_{50}$ values of 5 mg/mL. Autoclave extraction contained chlorogenic acid of $14.69 \;{\mu}g/mL$ and scopoletin of $3.86 \;{\mu}g/mL$. Reflux extraction showed all three compounds, chlorogenic acid ($26.19 \;{\mu}g/mL$), quercetin ($19.59 \;{\mu}g/mL$), and scopoletin ($17.4 \;{\mu}g/mL$). Therefore, the result of this study indicated that the potential antioxidant activities and functional values were obtained significantly with reflux extraction from noni fruit.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.25.1-25.12
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• 2020

Objectives: This systematic review evaluated the influence of autoclave sterilization procedures on the cyclic fatigue resistance of heat-treated nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments. Materials and Methods: A systematic search without restrictions was conducted in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, and Open Grey. The hand search was also performed in the main endodontic journals. The eligible studies were submitted to the methodological assessment and data extraction. Results: From 203 abstracts, a total of 10 articles matched the eligible criteria. After reading the full articles, 2 were excluded because of the absence of the heat-treated instruments in the experimental design and 3 due to the lack of a control group using heat-treated instruments without autoclave sterilization. From the 5 included studies, 1 presented a low risk of bias, 3 presented moderate and 1 high risk. It was observed heterogeneous findings in the included studies, with autoclave sterilization cycles increasing, decreasing or not affecting the cyclic fatigue life of heat-treated NiTi instruments. However, the retrieved studies evaluating the cyclic fatigue resistance of endodontic instruments presented different protocols and assessing outcomes, this variability makes the findings less comparable within and also between groups and preclude the establishment of an unbiased scientific evidence base. Conclusions: Considering the little scientific evidence and considerable risk of bias, it is still possible to conclude that autoclave sterilization procedures appear to influence the cyclic fatigue resistance of heat-treated NiTi instruments.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.233-238
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• 2016

A effect of extraction methods, including stirrer extraction method (SE), ultrasonification extraction method (USE), reflux extraction method (RE), autoclave extraction (AE) and low temperature high pressure extraction (LE) method on the antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of Oenothera biennis was investigated. The extraction yield (46.33%), total polyphenol (463.05 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (71.71 mg RHE/g) content of Oenothera biennis extract obtained by RE were higher than those from other extraction methods. The antimicrobial activity of Oenothera biennis extract was only observed against Bacillus cereus among other tested organisms (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium). Oenothera biennis obtained by RE showed the best DPPH radical scavenging ability (74.40%), ABTS radical scavenging ability (65.29%), reducing power (1.370 ($OD_{700}$)) and ferrous ion chelating ability (90.14%) compared with other tested extraction methods tested. The RE method was the most efficient method for extracting crude antioxidant and antimicrobial substances from Oenothera biennis. These results suggested that Oenothera biennis obtained by RE could be used as a bioactive and functional material in the food industry.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.1421-1425
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• 2018

The dynamics of gas release at thermal oxidation of extraction systems on the basis of diamides of dicarbonic acids in fluorinated sulphones with 14 mol/L $HNO_3$ was investigated. The effect of preirradiation of the mixtures with accelerated electrons on the kinetics of their thermolysis was determined. The mixtures were heated in an autoclave at temperatures of 170 and $200^{\circ}C$ and irradiated using an electron accelerator to absorbed doses of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 MGy. It has been shown that no conditions for autocatalytic oxidation at thermolysis of extraction mixtures irradiated up to a dose of 1 MGy were developed.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.428-436
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• 2015

Five extraction conditions (AE, autoclave extraction; OE, oven extraction; HWSE, hot water and sonication extraction; HWASE, hot water acidified with 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid and sonication extraction; and BE, boiling extraction) were examined to compare the effects of different hot water extraction methods on the antioxidant properties of blueberries. The extraction yields of the AE, OE, HWSE, HWASE, and BE were 7.94%, 8.35%, 8.55% 9.15%, and 8.50%, respectively. The polyphenol and flavonoid contents of AE were 3.47 mg GAE/g and 1.59 mg RE/g, respectively, which were highest centents among others. Those of OE were ranked second to the highest. The total anthocyanin content of HWSE (5.29 mg/g) was significantly higher than that of others whereas that of AE showed the lowest content (0.96 mg/g). The order of ABTS radical and alkyl radical scavenging activities was as follows: AE > BE > OE > HWSE > HWASE. The antioxidant properties were considerably correspondent with the total polyphenol and flavonoid content. DPPH radical scavenging activity was quite high in HWSE, AE, and BE extraction, however, there were no significant differences among the five extraction methods in the aspect of $Fe^{2+}$ ion chelating activities. Moreover, AE showed the highest SOD activity, and protected the dermal fibroblast the best against $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity. In conclusion, it was suggested that the autoclave extraction (AE) would be the most effective method for preparing blueberry hot water extracts with relatively high antioxidant activities.