• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 1993

In this study, it was examined the relationship between the microstructure, fatigue properties, mechanical properties and retained austenite volume of Mo-Ni ADI corresponding to various austempering temperatures. When the austempering temperature is increased to $370^{\circ}C$, acicular bainite structure was found to be transformed to feathery bainite structure. But at the austempering temperature of $420^{\circ}C$, the dissolved bainite lath was showned. Up to the austempering temperature of $370^{\circ}C$, the volume of retained austenite was increased. However at the austempering temperature of $420^{\circ}C$ a large amount of retained austenite was decreased. In this study, the retained austenite volume was determined by XRD(X-ray diffraction). It was observed that the optimum fatigue properties can be obtained at the condition of austempering temperature $370^{\circ}C$. Under the such conditions, fatigue limit determined as the value of 290 MPa, tensile strength 877MPa elongation 6%, hardness 285(BHN), impact values(CVN) 9.2J and retained austenite volume 30.3%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.178-187
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• 2002

Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) castings having various chemical composition and heat treatment conditions were investigated. Especially, this study was investigated the influence of various parameters on austempering temperature and alloying elements. The addition of Mo, Cu, and Ni individually or combined in these alloys also investigated. The alloying elements influence the austempering reaction, the microstructures, mechanical properties and amount of retained austenite. In this study, the mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength(UTS), hardness, elongation) are analysed to show the relationship between alloying elements, austempering temperatures and amount of retained austenite. The amount of retained austenite was the range of 15 - 40%. In case of the alloy to witch Mo, Cu, and Ni was added, the amount of retained austenite was the largest at a constant austempering temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.298-306
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• 1994

This study was performed to investigation the effect of austempering temperature on the mecanical properties and fracture Characteristic of the ductile cast iron with contains Cu and Mo. The obtained results of this study were as follows; Microstructure of austemped ductile cast iron obtained by austempering were low bainite with some martensite at $250^{\circ}C$, mixture of low and upper bainite at $300^{\circ}C$ and upper bainite at $350^{\circ}C$. With increasing austempering temperature, yield strength, tensile strength and hardness decreased, while the elongation and impact absorption energy increased. With increasing austempering temperature, fracture toughness value increased and mainly controlled by bolume fraction of retained austenite. The volume fraction of retained austenite increased and the fracture surface obtained fibrous and dimple with increasing austempering temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1991

This study has been performed to find out the effect of austenitizing temperature, austempering temperature and its holding time, and tempering cycle on the mechanical properties such as impact resistance, hardness etc. of AISI $M_2$ Mo series high speed tool steel austempered or tempered after austempering treatment. The results obtained from the experiment are as follows ; (1) Optical micrograph has revealed that the transformation rate of bainite is delayed as the austenitizing temperature increases and that bainite is most apparently transformed at an austempering temperature of $290^{\circ}C$. (2) The amount of retained austenite during austempering has been analysed to be increased by the X-ray diffraction technique as the transformation product of bainite is increased. It has also been shown that the longer the holding time of austempering, the more the transformation quantity of bainite is formed, exhibiting, however, that the rate of bainitic transformation is considerably retarded after a certain period of holding time elapses. (3) Hardness measurement has shown that hardness values obtained after austempering increase with decreasing the amount of retained austenite. (4) The austempering and then tempering cycle has been formed to give hardness values which are more greatly improved as austenitizing temperature is increased. (5) The mechanical property of the specimen primary-tempered for 1 hour at $550^{\circ}C$ after austempering for 2 hours at $290^{\circ}C$ from the austenitizing temperature range of $1180^{\circ}C$ to $1210^{\circ}C$ have been estimated to be good values.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 1998

The effects of alloying elements(Mo, Cu, Ni) and austempering temperature conditions on the microstructural morphologies and mechanical properties in austempered ductile cast iron has been investigated. The austempering at $350^{\circ}C$ for 2hrs after austenitizing at $900^{\circ}C$ for 2hrs in all specimens with various alloying elements was optimum because the good combination of tensile and yield strength, hardness and impact value was obtained. The microstructures of these ADIs treated by a forementioned austempering condition are nearly a mixture type of needle and feathery bainite. Among those alloys, Mo-Cu alloyed DCI had the best optimum mechanical properties of hardness and toughness for automobile parts by austempering treatment for 2hrs at $900^{\circ}C$ followed by $350^{\circ}C$ for 2hrs.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.219-225
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• 2019

This study deals with the effect of austempering temperature and time on the microstructures and mechanical properties of high-carbon nano-bainite steels. Although all the austempered specimens are mainly composed of bainite, martensite, and retained austenite, the specimens which are austempered at lower temperatures contain finer packets of bainite. As the duration for austempering increases, bainite packets are clearly seen due to larger amount of carbon atoms being redistributes into bainite and retained austenite during bainite transformation. As the austempering time increases, the hardness of the specimens gradually decreases as a result of lower martensite volume fraction, and later increases again due to the formation of nano-bainite structure. The Charpy impact test results indicate that the impact toughness of the austempered specimens can be improved if the formation of nano-bainite structure and the transformation induced plasticity effect of retained austenite are optimized at higher austempering temperature.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.392-397
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• 1991

This study has been performed to investigate the austempering heat treatment response and mechanical properties of a high carbon(0.9%), silicon(1.5-4.5%)-alloyed cast steel, with a chemical composition similar to that of the matrix of a ductile cast iron. Tensile and hardness tests were used to evaluate the effects of a wide variety of austempering heat treatment variables. SEM metallography and X-ray measurements of stabilized austenite were also performed for all the specimens employed. The austempered microstructures which contain up to 39% stabilized austenite were obtained. Mechanical properties and microstructures depended primarily on the austempering time and temperature. The optimum mechanical properties were obtained at the chemical compositions of 0.9% C and 2.5% Si.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 1989

Austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) which has been recently developed shows good mechanical properties. These properties are related to the microstructure which is greatly affected by processing variables such as austempering time and temperature. In this study, the relationships between mechanical properties from impact test, and hardness test and the results from ultrasonic velocity measurement and electrical resistivity measurement are studied on the ADI samples which are heattreated at different austempering temperature and time. From the results, we conclude the followings. The ultrasonic velocity measurement could be used for the study of austempering reaction mechanism. The electrical resistivity measurement could be used as quality assurance technique for the ADI.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.146-155
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• 1995

This study was performed to investigate the effect of austempering temperature on the mechanical properties and fracture characteristics of the ductile cast iron with Cu, Mo and Cu, Mo, Ni. The results obtained from this study are summarized as follows; Microstructures of Cu-Mo and Cu-Mo-Ni ductile cast iron by austempering were obtained low bainite with some martensite at $250^{\circ}C$, mixture structure of upper and low bainite obtained at $300^{\circ}C$ and upper bainite obtained at $350^{\circ}C$. Tensile, impact and fracture toughness properties were remarkably controlled by retained austenite. With increasing austempering temperature, tensile and yield strength, hardness decreased, while the elongation and impact absorption energy, fracture toughness increased. With adding Ni, tensile and yield strength increased and elongation, facture toughness and impact absorption energy decreased. Retained austenite increased with increasing austempering temperature and the fracture surface were shown mixture structure of fibrous and dimple.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 1994

The effect of Ni addition, on the mechanical properties and fracture characteristics of Mo-Cu and Mo-Ni-Cu alloyed ductile iron austenitized at $900^{\circ}C$ and austempering temperatures of $250^{\circ}C$, $300^{\circ}C$ and $350^{\circ}C$. The tensile strength, yield strength and hardness are decreased and elongation and impact value are increased in both Mo-Cu and Mo-Ni-Cu alloyed austempered ductile iron, with increased austempering temperature. According to the austempering temperature are increased, the amount of retained austenite are increased. Maximum value of fracture toughness is obtained at $350^{\circ}C$ austempering temperature at this condition, the amount of retained austenite came to 40% in Mo-Ni-Cu alloyed ADI and 34% in Mo-Cu alloyed ADI. The fracture surface of ADI which had represented high toughness are showed a quasi-cleavage pattern and a dimple pattern with micro void. Comparing the fracture characteristics of Mo-Cu alloyed ADI with that of Mo-Ni-Cu alloyed ADI, the latter was superior to the former.