• 예술경영연구
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• 제53호
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• pp.5-45
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• 2020

본 연구는 Q 방법론을 활용하여 국내에서 개최되는 재즈공연 관객의 유형과 유형별 특성을 고찰하는 데에 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구는 모집단을 구축하기 위하여 '재즈공연에 관한 사람들의 생각'으로 큰 주제를 정하고, 해당 전문가와의 심층 인터뷰를 거쳐 최종적으로 38여 개의 진술문으로 구성된 Q 표본을 선정하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 음악적 관심 추구유형이다. 본 유형은 평균 한 달에 1회 이상 재즈 공연 관람을 할 만큼 재즈공연 관람을 일상적 여가활동의 방식으로 인식하고 있었다. 본 유형은 재즈공연 관람에 앞서서 뮤지션과 공연에 정보를 숙지하는데, 그 방식은 동호회와 SNS 같은 사회적 관계망을 활용하고 있었고, 공연 관람에 있어서 팬사인회와 같은 재즈 뮤지션과의 정서적 교감 욕구가 큰 편이며, 이런 경험을 특별하다고 여겼다. 둘째, 일반적 관심 추구유형이다. 본 유형의 관객들은 재즈공연의 관람을 일상적인 것이 아닌 특별한 경험으로 인식하는 경향인데, 재즈공연 관람은 특별한 날 친한 지인과 함께 누릴 만한 가치 있는 색다른 경험으로 받아들이고 있었다. 셋째, 자아 가치 추구유형이다. 본 유형은 재즈, 클래식을 대학에서 전공한 부류인데, 주관이 뚜렷하고 전문적인 지식과 경험을 갖춘 사람들로서, 재즈공연의 품질을 평가하는 데 있어서 아티스트의 명성보다는 공연의 음향, 조명, 영상, 공연장 음향 설계, 연주자의 기량, 공연장의 시설수준과 접근성 등 공연상품의 전반적인 퀄리티에 민감한 반응을 보였다. 본 연구는 재즈관객의 유형을 질적인 연구방법론인 Q 방법론을 통하여 밝혀내었고, 이를 통해 개별 재즈관객 유형에게 적용할 수 있는 공연기획상의 마케팅믹스에 유의미한 시사점을 제시했다는 데에서 그 의의를 둘 수 있다.

• 과학교육연구지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.93-108
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• 2022

이 연구의 목적은 2025년 전면적으로 시행되는 고교학점제에 활용 가능한 융합교육(STEAM) 프로그램을 개발하고 그 타당성과 효과성을 알아보는 것이다. 융합교육(STEAM) 프로그램은 2015 개정 교육과정과 고교학점제 선행연구를 분석을 통해 얻어진 '수소연료', '기후위기', '데이터 사이언스', '적정기술', '바리스타'라는 5개의 최신 이슈를 주제로 개발되었다. 프로그램은 연구팀이 자체 개발한 고교학점제 융합교육(STEAM) 프로그램 개발형식(틀)에 맞춰 집단 숙의의 과정을 통해 7개월간 개발되었다. 고등학생의 진로·직업을 간접적으로 체험할 수 있도록 개발된 5종 29차시의 융합교육(STEAM) 프로그램 초안은 2인의 융합교육(STEAM) 교육 전문가에게 자문을 통해 검증을 받았으며, 프로그램의 현장 적합도를 판단하기 위해 5개 고등학교 627명을 대상으로 시범 적용하였다. 시범 적용 결과, 학생들의 융합교육(STEAM) 태도는 사전보다 사후가 통계적으로 유의미하게 향상된 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 프로그램에 대해서 학생들의 높은 만족도를 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 시범 적용 교사 면담을 통해 '프로그램의 내용과 수준이 적합하며, 실생활 문제를 해결하는 경험을 통해 관련 교과의 내용 지식을 적용하고 진로 체험의 기회를 가질 수 있다'는 긍정적인 평가를 받았다. 시범 적용의 결과를 바탕으로 5종 29차시의 학생용·교사용 고교학점제 융합교육(STEAM) 프로그램을 최종 완성했다. 마지막으로 고교학점제에서 적용할 수 있는 차시대체형 STEAM 프로그램 개발 및 운영이 활발하게 이루어져야 할 것과 고교학점제가 바람직하게 정착되고 운영될 수 있도록 교사의 전문성 향상 방안 마련, COVID-19로 촉발된 블렌디드 수업 설계의 필요성 등을 제언하였다. 이 연구는 2025년 전면적으로 시행되는 고교학점제에서 융합교육(STEAM) 프로그램 개발 및 운영 방안에 대한 기초 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.257-265
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• 2023

본 연구의 목적은 코로나에 대한 일반적 특성에 따른 매년 백신접종 의향 여부, 백신접종 경험에 따른 매년 백신접종 의향 여부, 백신접종 관련 지식/태도에 따른 매년 백신접종 의향 여부, 매년 백신접종 의향에 부정적인 응답의 인자들을 파악함으로써 매년 예방접종 의향에 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위하여 2021년 1월경에 1개 K 대학병원을 대상으로 규격화한 설문을 통해 조사하였다. 통계분석은 일반적 특성, 백신접종 경험에 따른 제 변수 및 백신접종 관련 지식/태도에 따라 향후 COVID-19 백신접종을 매년 실시하라는 정책이 나오면 접종에 대한 의향은 빈도와 백분율을 산출하고 카이제곱 검정(-test) 시행하였고, 카이제곱 검정에서 유의했지만, 기대도수가 5보다 작은 범주가 25% 이상이면 피셔 정확 검정(Fisher's exact test)으로 비율 차이 검정을 하였다. 단순 분석에 유의한 변수들을 이용한 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 향후 백신 예방접종 여부의 예측모형과 각 독립 변수들이 미치는 효과 크기를 추정하였다. 단순 로지스틱 회귀분석에서 매년 백신접종 의향에 맞지 않겠다고 응답한 이유는 백신접종을 한 이유가 '나의 감염을 예방하기 위하여' 응답한 경우보다 '가족과 병원 내원객의 감염 예방하기 위하여'의 응답한 경우가 11.0배 높았고 '지역사회와 국가의 집단면역 형성을 위하여' 응답한 경우가 3.67배 높았다. 1, 2차 예방접종 후 경험한 이상 반응에서 접종 부위 통증 경험한 경우가 8.42배 높았고, 붓거나 발적 경험을 한 경우 4.00배, 관절통을 겪은 경우가 5.69배 피로감을 느낀 경우가 5.57배 높게 매년 접종 의향이 없었다. 또한 백신접종에 대한 불안 정도를 느낄수록 매년 백신을 맞지 않겠다는 의향이 2.94배씩 높았다.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.10-20
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• 2023

남송 유가와 도교 사상문화의 대표인 주희와 백옥섬은 그 사상문화의 기조에 따라 무이산이라는 동일한 공간을 달리 인식하고 향유하는 양상을 보인다. 이에 본 연구는 주희와 백옥섬이 무이산에서 기거했던 무이정사와 지지암을 통해 그들의 복거 양태를 통해 사상과 경관(공간) 인식을 규명한다. 이를 바탕으로 구곡 관련 경물 음영시문을 근거로 무이구곡 제1곡에서 제9곡에 이르는 '이보음영[移步吟詠]'의 동적인 과정에서 나타난 양자의 경물 인식과 완상 체계를 규명하였다. 그 결과 다음과 같다. 첫째, 동일한 경물이어도 조망자의 문화 사유 양식에 따라 해석되는 경물의 함의와 공간인식이 달리 나타난다. 둘째, 송대 유가와 도가 사상문화가 융화 발전하는 과정에서 상대 사상의 장점을 섭수원용(攝受援用)하여 각자의 사상의 단점을 보완하는 과정에서 비록 유가와 도가에서 공통적으로 사용되는 용어를 사용한다고 할지라도 각 그들의 구경(究竟)의 종지(宗旨)에 따라 각 명제의 함의가 다름을 규명하였다. 셋째, 남송 성리학을 집대성한 유학의 대표, 주희에게 있어 무이정사와 무이구곡은 외물의 경계에 완상하는 것에 그치는 것이 아닌 모든 곳이 일상생활에서 도[理]와 합일되는 '자연합일'을 추구하는 강학처요, 구도처이다. 이는 유가의 학문 목적인 '복기성[復其性]'의 일환이며, 수려한 산수를 통해 '성정함양(性情涵養)'을 목적으로 한다. 넷째, 남송 도교 금단파의 대표, 백옥섬에게 있어 지지암과 무이구곡은 태상원로부터 비롯한 유구한 연원을 가진 도교 도량으로 연단을 통해 성선(成仙)을 추구하는 청정 수행처이다. 이에 무이구곡에 남았는 도교 신화 전설과 관련해 이를 직접 인용하여 신선들의 향연과 신녀, 선태(仙蜕) 등을 등선(登仙)의 일환으로 인식하고 인간세계를 완전히 초탈하여 우화(羽化)를 염원한다. 이에 무이산을 신선화, 선계화(仙界化)하여 그 안에서 자신 역시 신선이 되어 향유하는 의경과 주지로 시문을 관통하고 있다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.83-101
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• 1981

Under the full consideration of the growing need and importance of population education in the field of home economics in Korea, the study was carried out to verify and assess the following facts on the current issues of population education of home economists who are presently engaging in teaching professions as the teachers of middle and high school and professors of college and universities by setting its primary objectives of the study as followings; 1) to assess the degree of general knowledge and attitudes of home economists toward population education in the field of home economics, 2) to verify the problems encountered in implementing population education by home economists in its field, 3) to find an existing status of previous trainings received and other activities of population education of home economists aimed at utilizing these findings as a part of reference materials when the population education is conducted in the field of home economics. In order to attain these objectives described above, the questionnaire was carefully designed to house a total of 40 questions with good combination of multiple-choice and the simple answer questions. The mail questionnaire survey was conducted by establishing teachers of home economics at middle/high schools and college/universities as Senior Home Economists(SHE) who are from public, private liberal arts and vocational schools. The rate of response observed during the survey was 45.6 percent and the findings of the survey research are as follows: 1) Examining the status of the respondents by residence and religion, it was found that 45 percent of middle & high school teachers ar.d 59. 1 percent of college professors are residing in Seoul city area and that the largest percent of them are christian in their religion. Analyzing respondents by their ages, 56 percent of middle/high school teachers are in their 30s, 45 percent of college professors are in their 40s, and 37 percent of college teachers are in their 30s. In addition, 13 percent of the total respondents are found to be unmarried. The study also revealed that 71 percent of the college professors finished Master Degree course and 82 percent of middle/high school teachers are graduated from college level lasting 4 years. Looking over the status cf major fields of respondents, 68.4 percent of middle/high school teachers are specialized in home economic education and the college professors, on the other hand, show relatively even prortion by specializing in the order of food & nutrition science, clothes & textile science and home managerial science. As far as the length of teaching experience is concerned, a relatively longer period of teaching experience is observed in the college professors in comparison with that of middle/high school teachers. In other words, 33.3 percent of middle/high school teachers are experienced in teaching from 6 to 10 years on average while 43.9 percent of college professors show more than 16 years of experience. 2) Examining the status of existing number of children cf the respondents, one boy and one daughter pattern is predominant, showing 28.5 percent in middle/high school teachers and 21.1 percent in college professors. As for the desired number of children of unmarried respondents, it is observed that 43.8 percent of middle/high school teachers desire to have one boy and one girl, and 31.3 percent of college professors want to have one child regardless of the sex. By assessing the degree of awareness of the population education through their students, it is observed that 53 percent of middle/high school teachers and 50 percent of college professors are aware of population education in some extent and that a majority of respondents took the positive attitudes toward an inclusion of family planning components into the formal school education. Another noteworthy to observe is that a total of 84.8 percent out of middle/high school teachers pointed that the population education currently conducted at schools as a part of home economics are less sufficient than it should be. 3) Analyzing the tendency as to whether the respondents were experienced in receiving population education during the time when they were students, 75 percent of college professors and 59 percent of middle/high school teachers responded negative answers in the survey. In the mean time, a total of 50 percent of the respondents replied that they began to acknowledge the importance of population education mainly through the participation of some sort of population-education orientend seminars, experienced by 40 percent of college professors and 80 percent of middle/high school teachers. 4) What it calls attention in this study was to find that 96.5 percent of middle/high school teachers and 72 percent of college professors conduct population education to some extent during their lecture hours and that more than 80 percent of them are never experienced in teaching population and family planning contents in their regular classes. It is, on the other hand, found that no more than once was the response of those who believe themselves that they are experienced in teaching these relevant components to their students. Analyzing the contents of the subjects being taught in the class, a large percent of them are found to be consisted of population and family planning contents. According to this study, the current population education through the formal school is quite inactive. Analyzing the facts, 44.9 percent of the college professors responded that the population and family planning components are quite apart from their specialization which eventually generates lack of interest in the field. 5) It is also noticed through the study that the degree of frequency of commenting on population and family planning contents during the classes was depending significantly on their specializations which means that the degree of frequency varies from a major to another. Those who majored in home managerial science was the first one, as compared to others who majored in different specializations. Glancing over the status of correlations between ages of the respondents and numbers of seminar paticipation, it is quite clear that the aged group participated more than the younger group did, and that the most highest number of participations made by college professors were those who are in 50s. In addition, it is also found that those who are aged 20s and 60s of the respondents were the group who comments least on the contents of population and family planning at their classes. The suggestions and recommendation made through this survey research are as follows. 1) No one denies that the rapid increase of population, as compared to the limited size of land and resources, will certainly affect adversly to an enhancement of individual life quality which will, eventually, bring forth the poverty of the nation. This is the reasson why we are insisting that the world population be controlled up to an optimum level with a matter of global concerns. It is our understading that the primary aim for reducing number of population is believed to be attained only by conducting the systematic and comprehensive population education through the formal schools. Therefore, the role of home economists in the field of population/family planning education is considered very importment due to the fact that an ultimate goal of population education is placed in elevating the quality of family life by having optimum number of children through family planning program. 2) It is quite clear that home economists as teachers of formal school in all level are invited to pay their attention on redefining the ultimate goal of education and that of population education. We also understant that the primary objective of population education is to change the norm and value of the clients by replenishing the students with pertinent knowledge and attitudes on population and its related problems through a sort of education in order to attain the ultimate goal for enhancing the quality of life. There is no exception in the theory of home economics. An altimate goal of home economics is to elevate the general quality of life through an establishment of value existed in daily life. Considering the relations between population education and home economics, it is quite indespensable to bandle population components as an integral part in the field of home economics. We believe, therefore, that the senior home economists positive participation in the effort population control is more needed than it has been. 3) It is also strongly urged that population education should be a part of instructor training course for home economics. In other words, the teacher of home economics should be well aware of population and its problems by teaching interrelationship between population education and home economics, needs, contents and methods of population education during the instructor training courese for home economics. In addition, the senior home economists should be encouraged through positive participation on the short term training by types of domestic and international seminar, workshop, etc. 4) We certainly believe that the population education can not sustain itself without any backing-up of information and findings' of various and comprehensive researches of natural and social sciences. Accordingly, every senior home economist is invited to exert their maximum effort to conduct systematic study with an aim to utilize these findings and information at best in population education in the field of home economics. Therefore, we consider that the development of training material is imminent in order to provide effective and efficient population education through the for training of home economies. It should be noted that these training materials must be carefully designed, tailored and developed to meet the different classes of trainees under the considerations as to whether it is easily adaptable and infusable into the curricula of every field of home economics, and it is acceptable in the degree of difficulty and quality in its contents. 5) It is true that there are many domestic and international research rapers, reports and findings in the field of population education and family planning. However, there is a tendency that the most of research papers are heavily relying on the authors intension and preferences in its expression and publication. Under these circumstances, it is urged that the home economists should aware of the growing need of the technical training in order to keep these available information and research findings reprocessed and redesigned to insure the practical application into the population education in the field of home economics in Korea.

• 호스피스학술지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2007

인간은 신체적, 사회.심리적, 영적으로 통합적인 존재로써 각 차원의 건강은 분리되어 있는 것이 아니라 유기적으로 상호관련성을 가지고 있다. 영적 안녕은 신체적, 정신적, 사회.심리적 건강에 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀지고 있으며, 이는 인간의 영적 본성을 최대한으로 개발시키는 능력이며 총체적으로 인간에게 영향을 미치는 삶의 원리와 동등한 것이라 할 수 있다. 영적안녕은 삶의 의미와 목적에 초점을 둔 실존적인 영적 안녕 상태와 하나님과의 관계 안에서 안녕감을 갖는 종교적인 영적 안녕을 포함한다. 간호과학은 인간의 건강을 돕는 돌봄이 학문이며, 전인적 존재인 인간을 신체적, 사회?심리적, 그리고 영적, 즉 전인적으로 간호하는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 따라서 전인간호를 제공하기 위해서는 우선 간호사 자신이 영적으로 안녕해야 함은 물론, 자신이 간호대상자에게 치료의 도구가 되어야 하고, 이를 통해 영적 간호를 수행할 수 있어야 한다. 간호대학생은 비록 학생이기는 하지만 재학 중 이미 다양한 간호실무 현장으로 나아가 임상실습을 통해 대상자들을 직접 만나게 되므로 간호사들과 마찬가지로 전인적으로 건강해야 하며, 이를 통해 간호대상자들의 건강도 전인적으로 돌볼 수 있게 된다. 이에 본 연구는 간호학생들의 영적 안녕 정도를 파악해보고 이와 관련있는 제 특성들을 규명함으로써 간호학생들을 위한 영성 교육 프로그램 개발과 학교생활지도의 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 시도된 서술적 조사 연구이다. 본 연구의 대상자는 B 광역시에 소재한 1개 기독교 종합대학교 간호대학에 재학중인 학생 240명을 대상으로 하였다. 이중 213명이 응답하였으며 본 연구목적에 부적절한 응답을 제외한 188명을 최종 분석 대상으로 하였다(최종 분석율 : 88.3%). 본 연구에 사용된 도구는 자기 기입형인 구조화된 설문지로서, 20개 문항으로 구성된 영적 안녕 측정도구와 제 특성 20개 문항 등 총 40개 문항으로 구성되어 있다. 영적 안녕 측정도구는 Paloutzian와 Ellison(1983)이 개발하고, 최상순(1990)이 번역하였으며, 강정호(1996)가 수정 보완한 도구를 사용하였고, '거의 그렇지 않다' 1점, '대체로 그렇지 않다' 2점, '대체로 그렇다' 3점, '매우 그렇다' 4점으로 구성된 Likert형 4점 척도이며, 부정적인 문항은 역산하였고, 점수가 높을수록 영적으로 안녕감이 높은 것을 의미한다. 본 연구에서 도구의 신뢰도는 Cronbach's ?값이 .94로 나타났다. 대상자의 제 특성은 인구사회학적 특성, 종교관련 특성, 학교관련 특성 등을 조사하였다. 본 연구의 자료수집 기간은 2006년 3월 3일부터 동년 3월 17일까지였으며, 자료수집 방법은 본 연구자가 각 학년 강의실에 들어가 연구목적을 설명하고 동의를 한 대상자에 한에서 설문지를 배부하여 응답하게 한 후 각 학년 대표를 통해 회수하였다. 본 자료의 분석은 SPSS/PC+ 12.0프로그램을 이용하여 실수와 백분율, 평균, 표준편차, 최소값, 최대값, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe's test로 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 대상자의 영적 안녕 정도는 평균 $63.95\pm10.256$ (도구범위 : 20-80점), 최소 38점, 최대 80점, 평균평점 $3.20\pm.513$으로 높은 편으로 나타났다. 이를 하위영역으로 분석해 보았을 때 실존적 안녕 정도는 평균 $32.98\pm4.470$, 최소 22점, 최대 40점, 평균평점 $3.30\pm.450$으로 높은 편이었고, 종교적 안녕 정도는 평균 $30.96\pm7.000$, 최소 10점, 최대 40점, 평균평점 $3.10\pm.700$으로 약간 높은 편이었다. 2. 대상자의 제 특성에 따른 영적 안녕 정도는 학년(F=6.101, p= .001), 종교(F= 17.703, p= .000), 기독교인의 경우 신급(F=8.194, p= .000), 교회출석기간(F=7.947, p= .000), 교회 예배의 정기출석(F=4.242, p= .000), 정기적 성경읽기(공부)와 기도생활(F=5.863, p= .001=0), 본인이 지각한 예수님과의 인격적 만남(F=4.160, p= .000), 부모종교(F=9.320, p= .000), 본인이 지각한 부모양육태도(F=4.146, p= .000), 현재 타 학과 편입, 전과 희망여부(F=-2.050, p= .050) 등에 따라 영적 안녕 정도가 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 이상의 결과를 요약하면 간호대학생들은 비교적 높은 영적 안녕감을 보였으며, 제 특성 중 학년, 종교, 기독교인의 경우 신급, 교회 출석기간, 교회 예배의 정기출석여부, 정기적 성경읽기(공부)와 기도생활 여부, 본인이 지각한 예수님과의 인격적 만남 여부, 부모 종교, 본인이 지각한 부모의 양육태도, 현재 타 학과 편입이나 전과 희망여부 등에 따라 영적 안녕 정도가 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 따라서 본 연구 결과를 간호대학생들을 위한 영성 교육 프로그램 개발과 학교생활지도의 기초 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.59-80
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• 2008

인터넷의 급속한 발달과 온라인 사용이 급증함에 따라 e-스포츠와 같은 온라인 게임은 거대한 시장으로 성장하고 있다. 그렇지만, 많은 e-스포츠를 후원하는 기업의 효과를 검증하는 마케팅적 연구는 미진한 상태이다. 있다해도 단순히 온라인 게임과 관련한 연구가 대다수이다. 이에 본 연구는 e-스포츠 스폰서십을 통해 기업의 마케팅 커뮤니케이션 전략 수립을 위한 토대를 마련코자 하였으며 시작단계에 있는 e-스포츠의 향후 연구에 기여하고자 하였다. 중요 변수들은 첫째, e-스포츠의 주요한 게임속성으로 상호작용성, 익명성, 내용확장성을 들고 온라인 상황에서 주요한 매개의 역할로 다루어지는 유동(flow)과의 관계를 살펴보았다. 둘째, e-스포츠의 주요한 게이머속성(스포츠 경기에서의 팀과 플레이어의 속성에서 수정)인 매력성, 유사성, 경기결과가 유동(flow)과 게이머동일시(온라인 게임상황에 맞게 기존 팀동일시를 게이머동일시로 차용)에 미치는 영향관계를 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 유동(flow)과 게이머동일시와의 관계 그리고 게이머동일시와 기업동일시와의 관계를 최종적으로 점검하였다. 연구의 결과, 온라인의 기초적인 특성인 상호작용성은 유동(flow)에 유의한 영향이 있었고 게이머속성에서의 유사성과 경기결과도 유동(flow)에 유의한 영향이 있었다. 그리고 유사성은 게이머동일시에 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 유동(flow)은 게이머동일시에 그리고 게이머동일시는 기업동일시에 정의 영향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 e-스포츠를 후원하는 기업의 경우 일반 유저들과 유사한 특성인 가진 실력있는 게이머를 후원한다면 마케팅 효과를 극대화할 수 있다.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.42-65
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• 1992

A survey was made of 976 students who were selected among students of 5 middle schools at Taegu so that it could furnish basic knowledge about sex education of adolescents by analyzing students recognition of sex, acquaintance with the opposite-sex, sex-education, The survery took a month from Nov. 1, to Nov 30, 1991. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. The general characteristics of the surveyed students. The survey consisted of 332 boys middle school student & 325 girls middle school students, 157 male & 162 female students of coeducational middle schools. 32.9% of them were from the first grade, 33.2% from the second grade & 33.9% from the third grade. 35.7% of them believed in Buddhism, 19% Christianism and the mode of their living standard, 86.7%, fell on 34.7% of their parents engaged in commerce and they were followed by salary man and public officals, 93.1 % of the students, parents were alive. 44.9% of their fathers were graduates of high school and 42.2% of their mothers middle school. 2. Sexual maturity 89.1 % of the surveyed girls had experienced menstruation. The mode of first menstruation, 48.2%, was at the age of 13 and the mean of it was 12.9, 3.7% the surveyed boys had exprienced a wet drem before. The mode of the first wet dream, 40.0%, was at the age of 14 and the mean was 13.4. 21.3% of surveyed students had the experience of masturbation but the number of girls fell far short of that boys. The mode of the first masturbation, 37.0%, was at the age of 14 and the mean was 13.4. 3. The acquaintance and sexual relations with the opposite sex 1) Analyzing the students actual conditions with the opposite, I found out that 52.3% of them wanted to have any kind of relations with the opposite and that 30.25 had already had some kind of relations. 73.2% of the students having relations with the opposite thought the other sex merely as a friend and the number of students who were thinking that way was distributed evenly among schools. 28.8% of the students had got acquainted with the other sex through their frieds and there were not much difference between boys and girls in the method of getting acquainated with the opposite. About 35.2% of the students having relations with the opposite came from the third grade. 47.8% of them answered that the meeting place was not fixed and 26.4% answered that they were meeting their parthers outdoors. 60.7% replyed that they were not disturbed in their studies by the relations with the other sex. 2) Most of the students 79.4%, answered that they had never had sexual relations and 16.3% of the rest said that thery were expressing their feelings by grasping each other's hand. 3) 16.6% of the surveyed students asid that they had the exprience of smoking, 1.1 % of an illusion caused by inhaling chemical addhesives, 44.0% of drinking and 41.4% of warching pornographic films. 4. The knowledge and attitude about the sex 1) The distribution and analysis according to schools and grades : 64.8% of the surveyed students answered correctly to the questions about mensturation, 49.3 % did so about wet dreams, 94.3 % did so about conception, 60.6% did so about child birth, 73.9% did so about AIDS and 50.1 % did so about sexual diseases. Roughly speaking, they had not much knowledge of sexual diseases. 2) The recognition of sex according to schools and grades : 39.0% of the students said that they had worries about sex. 33.1 % of what they worried was concerned with their bodies and 26.8% was about the acqaintance and relationship with the opposite sex. The girls were much more concerned about the former and the boys the latter. 51.1 % of the students asid that they had no specific opinion of masturbation but 19.2% said that's alright if self-restrained. About the sexual intercourse before marriage, 75.7% said negatively. 5. The need for sex education most of the students, 99.4% said they needed sex education and there was not much difference in that thought among schools. And 49.7% answered that schools, families, and societies were equlally important in sex education. About half of the students, exactly 50.2%. considered it as the main reason of sex education to prevent accidents cauesd by ignorance of sex. 81.4% said that they had had some kind of sex education. Most of the educations, 87.0%, had taken place at schools but 5.2% said they were getting most of the knowledge about sex from therir friednds, juniors and seniors. 59.5% of the students who had ever had a sex education said "Just so, so" when asked of the level of their contentment but the number of students who said "satisfied" was only a few, 16.1 %. 20.7% of the survered answered that thery wanted sex education to be made in the course of home life, and 26.6 % of the students most wanted to know about the acquaintance and relationship with the oppostie sex, 29.0% preferred nurse teachers as proper councellors of sex education. The mode of their present councellors, 42.0%, was friends but only 7.6% answered they dicussed with teachers. 6. The correlation analysis between general characteristcs and sexual behaviors of the surveyed students revealed that sex had a signigicant(P<0.001) positive correlation with parents' love toward students(P<0.01), the experience of masturbation, smoking, an illusion caused by inhaling chemical adhesives and the experience of watching pornographic films. And the standard of living had a significant(P<0.01) positive correlation(P<0.01) with grade point average, parents' existence(P<0.01) and parents' love, but a significant(P<0.01) negative correlation with sexual worries. grade point average had a significant(P<0.01)negative correlation with the experience of an illusion caused by chemical adhesives(P<0.01) and smoking. Parents' existence had significant(P<0.01) positive correlations with parents' love and smoking but a significant(P<0.01) negative correlation with the experience of an illusion by chemical adhesives. There was a significant(P<0.01) negative correlations between parents' love and the experience of an illusion by chemical adhesives, and a significant(P<0.001) positive correlation among masturbation and sexual worries, smoking, an illusion by chemical adhesives and the experience of watching pornographic films. There was a significant(P<0.001) positive correlation among acquaintance with the opposite sex, smoking, the experience of an illusion by chemical adhesives and watching pornographic films. Sexual worries had significant(P<0.01) positive correlations with smoking, the experience of an illusion by chemical adhesives and watching pornographic films. smoking had a significant positive correlation with drinking the experirence of, an illusion by chemical adhesives and watching pornographic films. Finally, there was a significant(P<0.01) positive correlation between the drinking experience and the illusion experience by chemical adhesives. According to the results mentioned above, the fact is certain that there is a great need for sex education of adolescents. Therefore, it is desirable that the schools teach sexual physiology and normal positively and that sex education including hygien education be an independant course in the curriculums. Furthermore, it is essential that the schools should have enough nurse teachers to take up sex education, expand training opportunities for them and that they develop educational materials. Considering the unbalance of the level of sex educations between boys and girls, I want to suggest that all boys and girls have sex education evenly and lead happy lives by correction irrational thought about sex, that is to say, sex discrimination, Sex education programs, especially of middle school students, should be reexamined if it is to give the students effective and profitable knowledge about sex. In addition, the government should establish a policy of adolescents' sex education to have healthy opinions of sex settled nationwide.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.69-98
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• 2009

We investigated what factors motivate gamers to participate in a guild and why they continue to be engaged as members of the guild. We find that, based on the result of focus group interviews with MMORPG gamers, social support and self-esteem factors play important roles. Considering both prior research and the focus group interviews we have conducted, we define social support and character control as independent variables. Character identity, guild identity, and self-esteem are proposed as mediating variables while guild flow and game loyalty as dependent variables. Accordingly, we develop the research model and hypotheses, and verify them empirically. Based on our experiences of playing the WoW game, we proposed a research model and conducted focus-group interviews (FGIs). FGIs involve formulating a hypothesis and then collecting some relevant data. FGIs were conducted face-to-face with students of C University in Korea. We formulated structured interview schedules, and the questions were based on our research variables and personal experiences. The questions for the interviews encompassed the following areas: (a) the demographic characteristics of the focus group; (b) the number of years for which respondents had played online games; (c) the motive for starting a game; (d) the number of game-characters assumed by each gamer; (e) the type of game played; and (f) other issues such as the reasons for involvement in the play, the willingness to reuse the game in case new versions were released, etc. On average, it took two hours to interview each of three groups. A primary set of FGIs was conducted with three groups on the premise that there would be some differences caused by character race (Horde vs. Alliance) or by playable server (Normal vs. Combat). With respect to the manner of playing, we found that guild members shared information, felt a sense of belonging, and played computer games for quite a long time through the guild; however, they did not undergo these experiences when playing alone. Gamers who belonged to a specific guild helped other players without expecting compensation for that, freely shared information about the game, gave away items for free, and more generous with other members who made mistakes. The guild members were aware of the existence other members and experienced a sense of belonging through interactions with, and evaluations from, other players. It was clear that social support was shown within the guild and that it played an important role as a major research variable. Based on the results of the first FGIs, a second set of in-depth FGIs was carried out with a focus on the psychology of the individual within the guild and the social community of the guild. The second set of FGIs also focused on the guild's offline meetings. Gamers, over all, recognize the necessity of joining a community, not only off-line but also online world of the guild. They admit that the guild is important for them to easily and conveniently enjoy playing online computer games. The active behavior and positive attitudes of existing guild members can motivate new members of the guild to adapt themselves to the guild environment. They then adopt the same behaviors and attitudes of established guild members. In this manner, the new members of the guild strengthen the bonds with other gamers while feeling a sense of belonging, and developing social identity, thereby. It was discovered that the interaction among guild members and the social support encouraged new gamers to quickly develop a sense of social identity and increase their self-esteem. The guild seemed to play the role of socializing gamers. Sometimes, even in the real world, the guild members helped one another; therefore, the features of the guild also spilled over to the offline environment. We intend to use self-esteem, which was found through the second set of FGIs, as an important research variable. To collect data, an online survey was designed with a questionnaire to be completed by WoW gamers, who belong to a guild. The survey was registered on the best three domestic game-sites: 'WoW playforum,' 'WoW gamemeca,' and 'Wow invent.' The selected items to be measured in the questionnaire were decided based on prior research and data from FGIs. To verify the content of the questionnaire, we carried out a pilot test with the same participants to point out ambiguous questions as a way to ensure maximum accuracy of the survey result. A total of 244 responses were analyzed from the 250 completed questionnaires. The SEM analysis was used to test goodness-of-fit of the model. As a result, we found important results as follows: First, according to the statistics, social support had statistically significant impacts on character control, character identity, guild identity and self-esteem. Second, character control had significant effects on character identity, guild identity and self-esteem. Third, character identity shows its clear impact on self-esteem and game loyalty. Fourth, guild identity affected self-esteem, guild flow and game loyalty. Fifth, self-esteem had a positive influence on the guild flow. These days, the number of virtual community is rising along with its significance largely because of the nature of the online games. Accordingly, this study is designed to clarify the psychological relationship between gamers within the guild that has been generally established by gamers to play online games together. This study focuses on the relationships in which social support influences guild flow or game loyalty through character control, character identity, guild identity, and self-esteem, which are present within a guild in the MMORPG game environment. The study results are as follows. First, the effects of social support on character control, character identity, guild identity and self-esteem are proven to be statistically significant. It was found that character control improves character identity, guild identity and self-esteem. Among the seven variables, social support, which is derived from FGIs, plays an important role in this study. With the active support of other guild members, gamers can improve their ability to develop good characters and to control them. Second, character identity has a positive effect on self-esteem and game loyalty, while guild identity has a significant effect on self-esteem, guild flow and game loyalty. Self-esteem affects guild flow. It was found that the higher the character and guild identities become, the greater the self-esteem is established. Contrary to the findings of prior research, our study results indicate that the relationship between character identity and guild flow is not significant. Rather, it was found that character identity directly affects game players' loyalty. Even though the character identity had no direct effect on increasing guild flow, it has indirectly affected guild flow through self-esteem. The significant relationship between self-esteem and guild flow indicates that gamers achieve flow, i.e., a feeling of pleasure and excitement through social support. Several important implications of this study should be noted. First, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to conduct this study. Through FGIs, it was observed that both social support and self-esteem are important variables. Second, because guilds had been rarely studied, this research is expected to play an important role in the online community. Third, according to the result, six hypotheses (H1, H5, H6, H7, H8, and H11) setup based on FGIs, were statistically significant; thus, we can suggest the corresponding relationships among the variables as a guideline for follow-up research. Our research is significant as it has following implications: first, the social support of the guild members is important when establishing character control, character identity, guildidentity and self-esteem. It is also a major variable that affects guild flow and game loyalty. Second, character control when improved by social support shows notable influence on the development of character identity, guild identity and self-esteem. Third, character identity and guild identity are major factors to help establish gamers' own self-esteem. Fourth, character identity affects guild flow through self-esteem and game loyalty. The gamers usually express themselves through characters; the higher character identity is, the more loyalty a gamer has. Fifth, guild identity, established within the guild, has clear effects on self-esteem, guild flow and game loyalty. Sixth, qualitative and quantitative methods are employed to conduct this study. Based on the results of focus group interviews and SEM analysis, we find that the social support by guild members and psychological factors are significant in strengthening the flow of guild and loyalty to the game. As such, game developers should provide some extra functions for guild community, through which gamers can play online games in collaboration with one another. Also, we suggest that positive self-esteem which is built up through social support can help gamers achieve higher level of flow and satisfaction, which will consequently contribute to minimizing the possibility for the players to develop negative attitude toward the guild they belong to.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.141-173
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• 2007

본 연구는 점포를 방문하는 동안 노출되는 매장의 물리적 환경 특성이 서비스 브랜드 개성과 재구매의도에 미치는 영향력을 규명하기 위해 시도되었다. 이를 위해 연구모형을 개발하여, 특정 서비스 브랜드의 이용객을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하고 구조방정식을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 우선, 서비스의 물리적 환경은 주변요인, 디자인요인, 사회요인으로, 그리고 서비스브랜드 개성은 유능함, 성실함, 흥분됨, 세련됨, 강인함 차원으로 분류되었다. 둘째, 물리적 환경의 모든 차원들이 모든 서비스 브랜드 개성차원에 정(+)의 영향을 주었으며, 물리적 환경의 서비스 브랜드 개성에 대한 영향력은 각 차원별로 상이하였다. 셋째, 서비스 브랜드 개성은 모두 재구매의도에 정(+)의 영향을 주었으며, 특히 세련됨 차원에 미치는 영향이 가장 켰다. 넷째, 서비스의 물리적 환경은 재구매의도에 정(+)의 영향을 주었으며, 특히 물리적 환경 중 사회요인이 재구매의도에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과들은 물리적 환경 연출은 브랜드 개성 형성의 결정요인으로 서비스 브랜드 차별화의 핵심요인으로 작용하므로, 호의적인 브랜드 개성 창출을 위해서는 우선적으로 물리적 환경에 대한 효율적 관리 방안이 강구되어야 함을 보여준다.