• 대한수의학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2006

We have studied pharmacokinetics of a new anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) agent VP-0501 and its amino acid prodrug VP-0501AL which is designed to improve oral bioavailability. After oral administration at 100 mg/kg dose in rats (n = 4), VP-0501 was not detectable in plasma (<50 ng/ml), while after the administration of VP-0501AL, VP-0501 was quantitatively detected, at least for 8 hrs, with Cmax of ca. $2.5{\mu}g/ml$ and AUC of $8hr^{\ast}{\mu}g/ml$. When VP-0501 was intravenously administered at 50mg/kg, this compound appeared at a marginal level in plasma with AUC of $2hr^{\ast}{\mu}g/ml$, $t_{1/2}$ of 2 hr, $C_0$ of $0.7{\mu}g/ml$, and MRT of 3 hr. On the other hand, with intravenous VP-0501AL at the same dose, both the prodrug VP-0501AL and its metabolite VP-0501 appeared comparatively at higher level in the plasma: pharmacokinetic parameters of VP-0501AL including $Vd_{\beta}$, AUC, $t_{1/2,{\beta}}$, $C_0$, $CL_{tot}$, and MRT were ca. 2 L/kg, $70hr^{\ast}{\mu}g/ml$, 2 hr, $180{\mu}g/ml$, 0.7 L/hr/kg, and 1 hr, respectively. These results demonstrate that attachment of amino acid alanine to VP-0501 is an effective approach for improvement of its oral bioavailability. Therefore, VP-0501AL is expected to become a new highly bioavailable and potent anti-AIDS drug candidate/lead compound.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.607-622
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• 2004

Recently epidemiologic studies have indicated that the patients with periodontitis may have increased risk of ischemic cardiovascular events, and have suggested the important roles of blood cytokines and acute reactant proteins in the systemic infection and inflammatory response. Periodontitis and coronary heart disease (CHD) may share the common risk factors and the genetic mechanism associated with interleukin(IL)-1A, B and RA genotype may be involved in the production of IL-1. This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between angiographically defined CHD and periodontitis as chronic Gram-negative bacterial infection and to determine whether the IL-1 gene polymorphism is associated in both diseases. Patients under the age of 60 who had undergone diagnostic coronary angiography were enrolled in this study. Subjects were classified as positive CHD (+CHD, n=37) with coronary artery stenosis more than 50% in at least one of major epicardial arteries, and negative CHD (-CHD, n=30) without significant stenosis. After recording the number of missing teeth, periodontal disease severity was measured by means of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and radiographic bone loss around all remaining teeth. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected from the 4 deepest periodontal pockets and assessed for cytokine ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-1ra, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, and prostaglandin $E_2$). Additionally, blood CHD markers, lipid profile, and blood cytokines were analyzed. IL-1 gene cluster genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction and enzyme restriction using genomic DNA from buccal swab, and allele 2 frequencies of IL-1A(+4845), IL-1B(+3954), IL-B(-511), and IL-1RA(intron 2) were compared between groups. Even though there was no significant difference in the periodontal parameters between 2 groups, GCF level of $PGE_2$ was significantly higher in the +CHD group(p<0.05). Correlation analysis showed the positive relationship among PD, CAL and coronary artery stenosis(%) and blood $PGE_2$. There was also significant positive relationship between the periodontal parameters (PI, PD, CAL) and the blood CHD markers (leukocyte count, C-reactive protein, and lactic dehyrogenase). IL-1 gene genotyping showed that IL-1A(+3954) allele 2 frequency was significantly higher in the +CHD group compared with the -CHD group (15% vs. 3.3%, OR 5.118,p=0.043). These results suggested that periodontal inflammation is related to systemic blood cytokine and CHD markers, and contributes to cardiovascular disease via systemic inflammatory reaction. IL-1 gene polymorphism might have an influence on periodontal and coronary heart diseases in Korean patients.

• 한국건설안전학회 논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2018

본 논문에서는 고소작업에 가장 널리 사용되고 있는 차량 탑승형 고소작업대의 재해사례분석을 통해 예방대책을 제안하였다. 높은 위치에서의 고소작업은 사고가 발생한 경우 치명적인 인명사고로 이어지기 때문에 이에 대한 안전 대책이 더욱 절실하다. 이에 고소작업 중 발생하는 여러 가지 유형의 사고에 대한 원인을 분석하여 유형별 안전대책을 제시하고, 나아가 사고를 줄일 수 있도록 관련법규의 제정 또는 개정안을 제안하였다. 본 논문에서는 고소작업대의 사고유형을 크게 4가지로 분류하였다. 첫째 와이어로프 구동시스템 불량, 둘째 허용 작업반경 초과로 인한 전도 및 붐 파손, 셋째 턴테이블 불량, 넷째 아우트리거 불량으로서, 가 유형별 사고사례를 분석하고 안전대책을 제시하고, 현행 규정상 고소작업대의 운전 조종에 관한 아무런 규정이 없어서 고소작업대의 운전 조종에 관한 교육 및 자격증 신설을 제시하였다. 그리고 증가하고 있는 안전사고의 예방을 위해 고소작업대의 안전인증 및 안전검사 기준을 강화하는 정책에 발맞추어 법규 개정을 위한 기초자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구 결과가 실무에 적용된다면 고소작업대로 인한 사고를 크게 줄일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.27-42
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 학업중단 청소년 자녀의 학교복귀 선택에 영향을 미치는 자원에 관해 살펴보고자 2013년부터 2017년까지의 총 5차년도 2,553명의 학업중단 청소년 패널 자료를 활용하였다. 2012년 7월 이후 정규 중·고등학교 학업중단 경험이 있는 청소년을 대상으로 학교복귀에 영향을 미치는 자원을 검증하기 위해 학업중단 청소년의 가족자원을 비롯하여 개인의 심리·정서자원 및 사회관계자원에 초점을 두고 분석하였다. 자료 분석 방법은 t-test와 교차분석, 위계적 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 청소년 자녀의 학교복귀 선택에 영향을 주는 자원 중 인구사회학적 변인은 이사횟수였다. 둘째, 청소년 자녀들의 학교복귀에 영향을 미치는 심리·정서자원은 우울, 충동성과 함께 학업을 중단한 현재에 대한 긍정적 인식의 정도가 낮고 우리 사회가 학력에 대한 차별이 심하다고 지각하는 점이 학교복귀 선택에 작용하였다. 셋째, 가족자원으로는 가족형태와 부모애착의 하위요인 중 경제적 지지 측면이 유의미한 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 도움을 주는 사회관계자원으로서 멘토 여부가 사회자원으로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 토대로 학업중단 청소년 자녀들의 학교복귀 선택에 영향을 미치는 긍정적 가족자원을 밝혀 학업중단 청소년 자녀를 둔 부모들에게 지지적인 가족자원의 방향성을 제시하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제69권
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• pp.261-301
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• 2016

Recently the abusive calls on on-demand bonds have been a critical issue among many engineering and construction companies in Korea. On-demand bond is referred to as an independent guarantee in the sense that the guarantee is independent from its underlying contract although it was issued based on such underlying contract. For this reason, the issuing bank is not required to and/or entitled to look into whether there really is a breach of underlying contract in relation to the call on demand-bonds. Due to this kind of principle of independence, the applicant has to run the risk of the on demand bond being called by the beneficiary without due grounds. Only where the call proves to be fraudulent or abusive in a very clear way, the issuing bank would not be obligated to pay the bond proceeds for the call on on-demand bonds. In order to prevent the issuing bank from paying the proceeds under the on-demand bond, the applicant usually files with its competent court an application for injunction prohibiting the beneficiary from calling against the issuing bank. However, it is in practice difficult for the applicant to prove the beneficiary's call on the bond to be fraudulent since the courts in almost all the jurisdictions of advanced countries require very strict and objective evidences such as the documents which were signed by the owner (beneficiary) or any other third party like the engineer. There is another way of preventing the beneficiary from calling on the bond, which is often utilized especially in the United Kingdom or Western European countries such as Germany. Based upon the underlying contract, the contractor which is at the same time the applicant of on-demand bond requests the court to order the owner (the beneficiary) not to call on the bond. In this case, there apparently seems to be no reason why the court should apply the strict fraud rule to determine whether to grant an injunction in that the underlying legal relationship was created based on a construction contract rather than a bond. However, in most jurisdictions except for United Kingdom and Singapore, the court also applies the strict fraud rule on the ground that the parties promised to make the on-demand bond issued under the construction contract. This kind of injunction is highly unlikely to be utilized on the international level because it is very difficult in normal situations to establish the international jurisdiction towards the beneficiary which will be usually located outside the jurisdiction of the relevant court. This kind of injunction ordering the owner not to call on the bond can be rendered by the arbitrator as well even though the arbitrator has no coercive power for the owner to follow it. Normally there would be no arbitral tribunal existing at the time of the bond being called. In this case, the emergency arbitrator which most of the international arbitration rules such as ICC, LCIA and SIAC, etc. adopt can be utilized. Finally, the contractor can block the issuing bank from paying the bond proceeds by way of a provisional attachment in case where it also has rights to claim some unpaid interim payments or damages. This is the preservative measure under civil law system, which the lawyers from common law system are not familiar with. As explained in this article, it is very difficult to block the issuing bank from paying in response to the bond call by the beneficiary even if the call has no valid ground under the underlying construction contract. Therefore, it is necessary for the applicants who are normally engineering and construction companies to be prudent to make on-demand bonds issued. They need to take into account the creditability of the project owner as well as trustworthiness of the judiciary system of the country where the owner is domiciled.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.227-240
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• 2011

특허의 중요성이 커짐에 따라 특허분석의 중요성 또한 점점 커지고 있다. 특허분석은 네트워크 기반 방법과 키워드 기반 방법으로 나눠지는데 네트워크 기반은 특허 내부에 존재하는 세부 기술정보에 대한 분석이 불가능하다는 단점이 있고 키워드 기반은 기술정보간의 상호관계를 규명하지 못한다는 단점이 있다. 기존에 제시된 네트워크 기반 특허 분석과 키워드 기반 분석의 한계를 극복하기 위해서 두 방법을 혼합한 방법으로서 본 연구에서는 특허 키워드 네트워크 기반 분석 방법론을 제시하였다. 본 연구에서는 LED 분야의 특허들을 대상으로 텍스트 마이닝을 통해 중요한 기술정보를 추출한 다음, 키워드 네트워크를 구축하고, 이를 대상으로 커뮤니티 네트워크 분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 특허 키워드 네트워크는 매우 낮은 밀도와 매우 높은 클러스터링 지수를 나타내었다. 밀도가 높다는 것은 LED 분야내 특허 키워드 네트워크 내 노드(키워드)들이 산발적으로 연결되어 있다는 것을 의미하며, 클러스터링 지수가 높다는 것은 해당 키워드 네트워크 내 노드, 즉 키워드들이 각각의 커뮤니티로 매우 긴밀하게 연결되어 있음을 나타낸다. 둘째, 특허 키워드 네트워크도 다른 지식네트워크와 마찬가지로 명확한 멱함수 분포를 따른다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 이는 기존에 활발히 연구, 활용되어 많은 연결고리를 갖고 있는 특허개념(키워드)수록 지속적으로 다른 연구자들에 의해 선택되고 이 키워드를 바탕으로 새로운 키워드들이 연결되어서 이들 키워드간의 조합으로 새로운 기술이 발명된다는 것이다. 셋째, 특허가 개발될 때 특정 분야에 유입된 키워드 중 새로운 링크가 생긴 키워드의 대부분이 기존에 연결되어 있던 커뮤니티 내의 키워드들과 결합되어 새로운 특허 개념을 구성한다는 사실을 발견하였다. 이러한 사실은 단기(4년) 장기(10년) 두 기간 모두 동일하게 나타났다. 나아가 본 연구에서 제시한 방법론을 통해 도출된 특허 키워드 조합 정보를 활용하면 미래에 어떤 개념들이 합쳐져서 새로운 특허 단위로 만들어 질지 가늠해볼 수 있고, 새로운 특허를 개발할 때 참고할 수 있는 유용한 정보로 활용할 수 있다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.237-246
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• 2008

Purpose: If bone grafts and guided tissue regeneration are effective individually in treating osseous defects, then the questionis, what would happen when they are combined. Bone grafts using Calcium Carbonate(Biocoral) and Guided Tissue Regeneration using Calcium Sulfate(CALMATRIX) will maximize their advantages and show the best clinical results in intrabony defects. This study was to compare the effects of a combination of CS and CC with control treated only with modified widman flap in a periodontal repair of intrabony defects. Materials and Methods: 30 patients with chronic periodontitis were used in this study. 10 patients were treated with a combination of CS and CC as the experimental group II and another 10 patients were treated with CC as the experimental group I, and the remaining 10 patients, the control group were treated only with modified widman flap. Clinical parameters including probing depth, gingival recession, bone probing depth and loss of attachment were recorded 6 months later. Results: The probing depth changes were $3.30{\pm}1.34\;mm$ in the control group, $4.2{\pm}1.55\;mm$ in the experimental group I(CC) and $5.00{\pm}1.33\;mm$ in the experimental group II(CS+CC). They all showed a significant decrease 6 months after surgery(p<0.01). There was a significant difference(p<0.05) between the control and experimental group. However there were no significant difference(p<0.05) between the experimental group I and II. The gingival recession changes w $-1.30{\pm}1.25\;mm$ in the control group, This is a significant difference(p<0.01). However, there was a $-0.50{\pm}0.53\;mm$ change in the experimental group I(CC) and $-0.60{\pm}0.97\;mm$ in the experimental group II(CS+CC). In addition, in terms of gingival recession, there was a no significance difference(p<0.05) among the groups. The clinical attachment level changes were $2.00{\pm}1.33\;mm$ in the control group, $3.60{\pm}1.58\;mm$ in the experimental group I(CC) and $4.40{\pm}1.17\;mm$ in the experimental group II(CS+CC). They all showed a significant decrease 6 months after surgery(p<0.01). There was a significant difference(p<0.05) between the control and experimental group. However there was a no significance difference(p<0.05) between the experimental group I and II. The bone probing depth changes were $0.60{\pm}0.52\;mm$ in the control group, $3.20{\pm}1.48\;mm$ in the experimental group I(CC) and $4.60{\pm}1.43\;mm$ in the experimental group II(CS+CC). All of them showed a significant decrease 6 months after surgery(p<0.01), there was a significance difference(p<0.05) among the groups. Conclusion: Treatment using a combination of CS and CC have a potential to improve periodontal parameters in intrabony defects and More efficient clinical results can be expected in intrabony defects less than 2 walls grafted with CS and CC.

• 폴리머
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2008

전기방사법에 의해 폴리스테렌 나노섬유 부직포를 제조하였고, 간세포의 접착을 유도하기 위해 간세포접착 리간드인 Poly[N-p-vinylbenzyl-O-$\beta$-D-galactopyranocyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-D-gluconamide](PVLA)를 나노섬유의 표면에 코팅하였다. 얻어진 나노섬유는 평균직경이 500 nm이었고 분광학적인 방법을 통해 PS 나노섬유 표면의 개질 여부를 확인하였다. 장기간 배양시의 간세포 생존율을 MTT법으로 조사한 결과 기존의 세포배양접시에서는 급격하게 세포생존율이 감소함에 비해 PVLA가 코팅된 나노섬유상에서는 생존율이 서서히 감소하였으며 약 3주간에 걸쳐 간세포가 생존율이 유지되었다. 간세포의 대표적인 기능인 알부민분비 및 요소분해능을 측정한 결과 기존의 세포배양접시에서는 급격하게 간세포기능이 저하되었지만, PVLA가 코팅된 나노섬유상에서는 약 3주정도 초기의 간세포기능을 유지하는 것이 밝혀졌다.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2005

Propose: There have been many debates about the ideal surgical technique for acute Achilles tendon rupture. The purpose of this study is to review and analyze the clinical outcome of the acute Achilles tendon ruptures that had been repaired by indirect suture technique with minimal incision that utilized an instrument called Achillon (Newdeal, France). Materials and Methods: This study is based on the 14 cases (14 patients) of acute Achilles tendon total ruptures that have been repaired by minimal incision technique utilizing Achillon instrument from June 2003 to December 2004. Two cases were reruptured before 8 weeks and repaired again using Krackow suture which left 12 feet for postoperative functional evaluation with at least 6 months of follow-up. Ten cases were men and average age at time of injury was 34.4 (26-49) years. The time from injury to surgery was an average of 4.5 (1-9) days and the postoperative evaluations were done by an Arner-Lindholm scale and AOFAS score. The ability to return to original work and sports activities as well as patient satisfaction were also evaluated. Results: The follow-up period was averaged for 13.2 (6-24) months. Seventy-one percent of cases were ruptured during sports activities. The ruptured level was the average of 5.1 cm (3.2-8 cm) above calcaneal attachment and the skin incision was averaged for 2.7 cm (2.5-3.0 cm) long. At final follow-up, standing on tip-toe was possible in all cases while the heel-floor height on ruptured side was shorter by 0.7 cm (0-2 cm). By Arner-Lindholm evaluation scale, 9 cases were excellent, and 3 cases were good. Overall AOFAS score was an average of 96.1 (94-100), and all patients were satisfied with the result. Patients returned to work at an average of 1.3 months after the surgery and pre-injury sports activities were all possible from at 6 months after operation. Conclusion: Since we have treated acute Achilles tendon ruptures with minimal incision technique utilizing the Achillon and gained encouraging functional results with all patients returning to previous work with high patient satisfaction, this technique could be recommended as one of the ideal surgical options for the Achilles tendon ruptures.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.657-668
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• 2008

Purpose: In this study, we compared low-power $CO_2$ laser treatment to ultrasonic scaling, which is generally approved as a power-driven mechanical instrumentation, and evaluated both of these treatments regarding their clinical effectiveness and change in the volume of in GCF. Material and methods: 20 patients who had gingivitis were selected. all of patients has no systemic problems. Randomly selected, one quadrant received ultrasonic scaling only, another quadrant received ultrasonic scaling and $CO_2$ laser irradiation, the other quadrant received $CO_2$ laser irradiation only. Clinical parameters measured at baseline, 1 weeks, 2weeks, 4weeks and 8weeks. Result: Pocket probing depth and clinical attachment level were not changed during study period. Gingival index of all group were improved after treatment. At 1 weeks after treatment, Gingival index of ultrasonic scaling group was only significantly different compared to control group. At 2 weeks after treatment, gingival index of all experimental group were significantly different compared to control group. At 4 and 8 weeks after treatment, gingival index of all group were increased, but experimental group were lower than control group. Sulcus bleeding index was similar to the results of gingival index. At 1 weeks after treatment, all experimental group were significantly different compared to control group and it maintained during study. At 2 weeks after treatment, sulcus bleeding index of all group were lowest during study. Gingival crevicular fluid were measured with $Periotron^{(R)}$ 8000($Oraflow^{(R)}$, Inc. USA). At baseline, all group were showed moderately severe condition. At 1 week after treatment, laser treatment only group was reduced quantity of gingival crevicular fluid mostly, and all group were reduced quantity of gingival crevicular fluid. At 2 weeks after treatment, all group were health state. At 4 and 8 weeks after treatment, all group were showed recurrent of inflammation, and control group was the most significantly increased. Conclusion: This study showed that the effects of $CO_2$ laser treatment were similar to conventional ultrasonic scaling and this result remained longer than plaque control only. These results suggest possibility of $CO_2$ laser treatment for altered periodontal therapy.