• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.1303-1317
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the sodium (Na) and potassium (K) content of school meals served in elementary and junior high school in Korea. In this study, 872 kinds of school meal dishes were collected from twelve elementary and twelve junior high schools located in four different cities in Korea (Daegu, Masan, Gwangju, and Jeju). The dishes were classified into three main categories; staple dish, subsidiary dish, and dessert. Each main category was further sub-classified into 4 kinds of staple dishes, 15 kinds of subsidiary dishes, and 5 kinds of dessert dishes. The Na and K content of dishes were then analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The Na content of individual dishes showed considerable differences, ranging from 9 to 2,717 mg/100 g. Among the staple dishes, cooked rice contained relatively less Na, but other staple dishes such as a la carte, noodle, and rice-gruel contained considerably high amounts of Na. Regarding the subsidiary dishes, the Na content of salad was low, but those of Jangachi, stir-fried dishes, and kimchi were considerably high. Among the dessert dishes, beverages, fruit, and milk/dairy products contained relatively low amount of Na, while rice cakes and baked goods, and snacks contained noticeably high amounts of Na. Unlike the Na content, the K content between the dishes did not show much variability. Cooked rice and rice cakes contained relatively low amounts of K, similar to other dishes, and ranged from 104 to 220 mg/100 g. The Na/K ratio was especially high in rice cakes and Jangachi, while of the ratio in beverages, milk/dairy products, salad, and fruit were pretty low. The total content of Na and K and the Na/K ratio of elementary school meals were 974 mg, 378 mg and 2.7, respectively, and those in junior high school meals was 1,466 mg, 528 mg and 3.0. The results show that most school meals provide a significant amount of Na but significantly small amounts of K, as suggested by the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.96-101
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• 2003

This study was done to analyze the contents of minerals, to compare the measured values of calcium and the labeled values in food labeling and to analyze the ratio of calcium to other minerals in 43 calcium-fortified Food products sold in markets in Seoul, Korea. Content of minerals such as Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn was measured by atomic absorption or colorimetric method after dry-ashing or wet-ashing. The measured values of calcium were ranged 65.5~343.9% of the labeled values in 43 calcium-fortified products. In 21 calcium-fortified food products, the measured calcium values were ranged 120～160% of the labeled values, and in three drinks those were less than 80% of the labeled, which is not acceptable to the food regulation. The ratios of Ca:P were 2.63$\pm$1.99 (mean$\pm$SD) in grain Products, 1.79$\pm$0.39 in Ramyuns, 2.80$\pm$0.53 in retort pouch food products and 8.35$\pm$12.87 in drinks. The Ca:Fe ratios were 126.33$\pm$44.36 in grain products, 130.65$\pm$34.67 in Ramyuns, 120.31$\pm$71.15 in retort pouch food products and 700.25$\pm$553.70 in drinks. The ratios of Ca:Mg were 11.86$\pm$5.40 in grain products, 9.29$\pm$1.34 in Ramyuns, 9.09$\pm$2.09 in retort pouch food products and 32.50$\pm$41.35 in drinks. The P:Mg ratios were 4.11$\pm$1.54 in grain products, 4.17$\pm$0.67 in Ramyuns, 2.58$\pm$0.45 in retort pouch food Products and 2.59$\pm$2.50 in drinks. These results suggest calcium contents and the ratio of calcium contents to other minerals in calcium-fortified food products should be strictly controlled.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.95-106
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• 1976

In order to investigate chemical components and mineral of ginseng cultivated in Korea and to establish an appropriate extraction method, the present work was carried out with Raw ginseng(SC), White ginseng(SB) and Ginseng tail(SA). The results determined could be summarized as follows : 1. Among the proximate components, moisture content of SC, SB and SA were 66.37%, 12.61% and 12.20% respectively. The content of crude ash in SA was the highest value of three kinds of ginseng root: SA 6.04%, SB 3.52% and SC 1.56%. The crude protein of Dried ginseng root(SA and SB) was about 12-14%, which was more than two times compared with that of SC(6.30%) The content of pure protein seemed to be in similar tendency with that of crude protein in three kinds of ginseng root: 2.26% in SC, 5.94% in SB and 5.76% in SA. There was no significant difference in the content of fat among the kinds of ginseng root. $(1.1{\sim}2.5%)$ 2. The highest Ginseng extract was obtained by use of Continuous extractor which is a modified Soxhlet apparatus for 60 hours extraction with 60-80% ethanol. 3. Ginseng and the above-mentioned ginseng extract (Ginseng tail extract: SAE, White Ginseng extract : SBE, Raw Ginseng extract: SCE) were analyzed by volumetric method for the determination of Chlorine and Calcium, by colorimetric method for that of Iron and Phosphorus, by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer for that of Zinc, Copper and Manganese. The results were as follows : 1. The content of phosphorus in SA, SB and SC were 1.818%, 1.362%, 0.713% respectively and phosphorus content in three kinds of extract were in low level (SAE: 0.03%, SBE: 0.063%, SCE: 0.036%) 2. In the Calcium content, SA, SB and SC were 0.147%, 0.238%, 0.126% and the Calcium contents of Ginseng extracts were 0.023%, 0.011% and 0.016%. The extraction ratio of Calcium from SA was the highest value (15.6%), while that in the case of SB was 4.6%. 3. The Chlorine content of SA was 0.11%, this was slightly higher than others(SB: 0.07%, SC: 0.09%) and extraction ratio of SA and SB were 36.4%, 67.1% while that of SC was 84.4%. 4. The Iron content of SA, SB and SC were 125ppm, 32.5ppm and 20ppm but extraction ratio was extremely low (SAE: 1.33%, SBE: 0.83%, SCE: 1.08%), 5. The Manganese content of SA, SB and SC were 62.5ppm, 25.0ppm and 5.0ppm respectively but the Manganese content of extract could not determined, Copper content of SA, SB and SC were 15.0ppm, 20.0ppm and those of extract were 7.5ppm, 6.5ppm, 4.5ppm while those of extraction ratio were 50%, 32.5% and 90% respectively, Zinc was abundant in Ginseng compared with other herbs, (SA: 45.5ppm, SB: 27.5ppm and SC: 5.5ppm) and the extracted amount were 4.5ppm, 1.25ppm 1.50ppm respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.223-233
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• 1976

The potassium equilibrium activity ratio ($AR^k_e$) and energies of exchange for replacement of ca+Mg by K ($E_k$) were measured for seven paddy soils to investigate their correlations with the exchangeable K (Kex) and uptake of K at different growth stages of rice plant. It was found that $AR^k_e$ had highly significant correlations at 1% level with uptake of K at maximum tillering, heading and harvesting stages, and also with Kex in soils at maximum tillering stage. The larger $AR^k_e$ of soils, the more uptake of K by rice plant. The fact indicates that uptake of K by the plant can be characterized in terms of $AR^k_e$ or energy of exchange of soils. In aspect of energy of exchange, higher uptake of K and yield of grain were observed from -2500 to -3000 calories per chemical equivalent, representing suitable balances between K and Ca+Mg in soils. Low uptake of K was observed at the energies of exchange below -3500 calories per chemical equivalent, which were prevalent in the ordinary acidic soils. From the correlations between energy of exchange and Kex, it can be concluded that at least 0.37 meq. of exchangeable K should be existed in 100g of dried acidic soil to keep suitable balances of K and Ca+Mg. The result shown that application of K adsorbed zeolite to paddy soils increased $AR^k_e$ and consequently brought about higher K uptake and grain yield. Therefore, a reasonable way recommended to get good balance of exchangeable K in the soil is applying 1.7 tonns of K adsorbed zeolite containing 60kg $K_2O$ per hectare.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.33-54
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• 2021

With the fourth industrial revolution and the arrival of the New Normal era due to Corona, the importance of Non-contact technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data research has been increasing. Convergent research is being conducted in earnest to keep up with these research trends, but not many studies have been conducted in the area of nuclear research using artificial intelligence and big data-related technologies such as natural language processing and text mining analysis. This study was conducted to confirm the applicability of data science analysis techniques to the field of nuclear research. Furthermore, the study of identifying trends in nuclear spent fuel recognition is critical in terms of being able to determine directions to nuclear industry policies and respond in advance to changes in industrial policies. For those reasons, this study conducted a media trend analysis of pyroprocessing, a spent nuclear fuel treatment technology. We objectively analyze changes in media perception of spent nuclear fuel dry treatment techniques by applying text mining analysis techniques. Text data specializing in Naver's web news articles, including the keywords "Pyroprocessing" and "Sodium Cooled Reactor," were collected through Python code to identify changes in perception over time. The analysis period was set from 2007 to 2020, when the first article was published, and detailed and multi-layered analysis of text data was carried out through analysis methods such as word cloud writing based on frequency analysis, TF-IDF and degree centrality calculation. Analysis of the frequency of the keyword showed that there was a change in media perception of spent nuclear fuel dry treatment technology in the mid-2010s, which was influenced by the Gyeongju earthquake in 2016 and the implementation of the new government's energy conversion policy in 2017. Therefore, trend analysis was conducted based on the corresponding time period, and word frequency analysis, TF-IDF, degree centrality values, and semantic network graphs were derived. Studies show that before the 2010s, media perception of spent nuclear fuel dry treatment technology was diplomatic and positive. However, over time, the frequency of keywords such as "safety", "reexamination", "disposal", and "disassembly" has increased, indicating that the sustainability of spent nuclear fuel dry treatment technology is being seriously considered. It was confirmed that social awareness also changed as spent nuclear fuel dry treatment technology, which was recognized as a political and diplomatic technology, became ambiguous due to changes in domestic policy. This means that domestic policy changes such as nuclear power policy have a greater impact on media perceptions than issues of "spent nuclear fuel processing technology" itself. This seems to be because nuclear policy is a socially more discussed and public-friendly topic than spent nuclear fuel. Therefore, in order to improve social awareness of spent nuclear fuel processing technology, it would be necessary to provide sufficient information about this, and linking it to nuclear policy issues would also be a good idea. In addition, the study highlighted the importance of social science research in nuclear power. It is necessary to apply the social sciences sector widely to the nuclear engineering sector, and considering national policy changes, we could confirm that the nuclear industry would be sustainable. However, this study has limitations that it has applied big data analysis methods only to detailed research areas such as "Pyroprocessing," a spent nuclear fuel dry processing technology. Furthermore, there was no clear basis for the cause of the change in social perception, and only news articles were analyzed to determine social perception. Considering future comments, it is expected that more reliable results will be produced and efficiently used in the field of nuclear policy research if a media trend analysis study on nuclear power is conducted. Recently, the development of uncontact-related technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data research is accelerating in the wake of the recent arrival of the New Normal era caused by corona. Convergence research is being conducted in earnest in various research fields to follow these research trends, but not many studies have been conducted in the nuclear field with artificial intelligence and big data-related technologies such as natural language processing and text mining analysis. The academic significance of this study is that it was possible to confirm the applicability of data science analysis technology in the field of nuclear research. Furthermore, due to the impact of current government energy policies such as nuclear power plant reductions, re-evaluation of spent fuel treatment technology research is undertaken, and key keyword analysis in the field can contribute to future research orientation. It is important to consider the views of others outside, not just the safety technology and engineering integrity of nuclear power, and further reconsider whether it is appropriate to discuss nuclear engineering technology internally. In addition, if multidisciplinary research on nuclear power is carried out, reasonable alternatives can be prepared to maintain the nuclear industry.