• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.E2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively estimate the washout removal efficiencies of criteria air pollutants such as SO$_2$, TSP, PM10, CO, NO$_2$, and O$_3$corresponding to the amounts and durations of precipitation. The removal patters by washout were studied with air pollutants data and the corresponding precipitation data in Seoul, Korea during the periods of 1990 to 1999. In addition, washout patterns were classified into four seasons and four time Bones, i.e., night, morning, afternoon, and evening. In this study, natures of air pollutants by sequential precipitation were also intensively studied by examining the linear relationships between removal efficiencies and the amounts and durations of precipitation for each pollutant. The results of this study showed that SO$_2$, TSP, and O$_3$were rapidly removed by initial precipitation; however, NO$_2$was slowly removed 2-hour after precipitation. Both CO and PM10 were weakly removed by washout and their removal patters showed to be irregular.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.315-322
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• 1996

Recently, hospital acquired infections have an increase interest as a public problems, which are caused of indoor pollutants in hospital. Microorganisms, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, and anesthetic gases are main hazardous pollutants in hospital. The possible pathways of the infection are a respiratory channel as well as a blood channel. The blood channel is concerned since these pollutants might be dissolved into the Ringer's solution. The objective of this research was to evaluate the removal efficiencies of adsorption trap for formaldehyde and microorganisms as indoor pollutants which permeated into the Ringer's solution. Dissolved formaldehyde in the solution was increased with the injection dose time. The amount of dissolved formaldehyde was 67.5 $\pm$ 9.5% in Ringer's solution when injection dose time was controlled about 7hrs. An adsorption trap was designed for preventing formaldehyde and microorganisms to be permeated into Ringer's solution. The adsorption trap was packed with 0.4g of active carbon (60/80 mesh) in a sterilized plastic tube (7.79 cm length, 0.46 cm i.d.) and both ends were packed with glass wool. Devised infusion set equipped with the adsorption trap showed 99.9% of removal efficiency for formaldehyde. Microorganism numbers detected on sterilized water for injection and 5% dextrose infusion used in the hospital were 2,695 $\times 10^3$ cells/l and 4,190 $\times 10^3$ cells/l, respectively. Removal efficiency by the adsorption trap was 92.3 $\pm$ 8.5% as for microorgnisms.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.321-330
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• 2018

Concentrations of the atmospheric radon and gaseous pollutants were measured at the Gosan site on Jeju Island from 2010 to 2015, in order to observe their time-series variation characteristics and examine the concentration change related to the airflow transport pathways. Based on the realtime monitoring of the atmospheric radon and gaseous pollutants, the daily mean concentrations of radon ($^{222}Rn$) and gaseous pollutants($SO_2$, CO, $O_3$, $NO_x$) were $2,400mBq\;m^{-3}$ and 1.3, 377.6, 41.1, 3.9 ppb, respectively. On monthly variations of radon, the mean concentration in October was the highest as $3,033mBq\;m^{-3}$, almost twice as that in July ($1,452mBq\;m^{-3}$). The diurnal variation of radon concentration shows bimodal curves at early morning (around 7 a.m.) and near midnight, whereas its lowest concentration was recorded at around 3 p.m. Several gaseous pollutants($SO_2$, CO, $NO_x$) showed a similar seasonal variation with radon concentration as high in winter and low in summer, whereas the $O_3$ concentrations had a bit different seasonal trend. According to the cluster back trajectory analysis, the frequencies of airflow pathways moving from continental North China, East China, Japan and the East Sea, the Korean Peninsula, and North Pacific Ocean routes were 36, 37, 10, 13, and 4%, respectively. When the airflow were moved to Jeju Island from continental China, the concentrations of radon and gaseous pollutants were relatively high. On the other hand, when the airflows were moved from North Pacific Ocean and East Sea, their concentrations were much lower than those from continental China.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.107-115
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• 1993

This study was carried out to find the characteristics of surface ozone concentration data obtained during 1988-1991 by the Korea Ministry of Environment. Seasonal data (spring, summer, autumn and winter) wre obtained in May, August, November and February respectively at Kwanghwamun in Seoul. The pollutants analyzed in this study are $SO_2, TSP, CO, NO, NO_2 and NO_2/NO$. Atmospheric factors such as solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity, cloud amount and atmospheric temperature are also analyzed. The influence of pollutants and atmospheric factors that affect ozone concentration were analyzed by statistical method. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The ozone concentration varied seasonally. The maximum values were 23 ppb in spring, 33 ppb in summer, 16 ppb in autumn and 13 ppb in winter. So the seasonal ozone value was highest in Summer. 2. Te diurnal concentration of ozone was highest during 2-4 P. M. and was very low in the morning and evening. 3. The maximal correlation coefficients of each season between ozone concentration and the influencing pollutants or atmospheric factors asr as follows ; a. spring, r = 0.44(solar radiation) b. summer, r = -0.59(relative humidity) c. autumn, r = -0.55(relative humidity) d. winter, r = -0.58($NO_2$) 4. The major factor affecting the ozone concentration in spring was solar radiation, Relative humidity was the first affecting factor in summer, autumn and $NO_2$ concentration was dominant in winter.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.699-712
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• 1996

For the efficient control of atmospheric quality, it is so important to predict the influence accurately of which the air pollutant emitted into the atmosphere. Atmospheric dispersion model enables to simulate and grasp the atmospheric condition occurred due to the emission of pollutants. The result of model is largely affected by the amount of emission, the characteristics of physical and chemical process, meteorological input data, and the receptor which the concentration is calculated. The aim of this research, therefore, is to suggest more suitable model in Pusan area than other areas by performing TCM2, CDM2.0 and ISCLT2 models. As the basic work for executing the model, we computed the amount of emission of air pollutants in Pusan at 1992 and analyzed the occurrence frequency of atmospheric stability for recent decade(1985~19941, CDM2.0 showed the similar result relatively with observed value in the case of full year(1992), fall and winter, and ISCLT2 brought more suitable result in spring for Pusan area. As the result of this research, in future, it is necessary for us to develop the numerical model considering the topographical characteristics, to select the proper observation site and to increase the observation site for Pusan.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.403-415
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• 1999

To properly assess air pollution levels, application of quality assurance and quality control(QA/QC) is believed to be an essential step. In order to cope with such scientific principle, a field study was designed with an aim of comparing: 1) the methods of calibration for airborne pollutants and 2) the protocols developed for their measurements. Measurements were made at Han Yang University, Seoul during 29 May through 1 June 1998 under the management of the Division of Measurements and Analysis(DMA) of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment(KOSAE). In this work, we report our results of intercomparative measurements on several gaseous criteria pollutants that were investigated mainly by the two institutes-Seoul National University(SNU) and the Korean Research Institute for Standards and Science(KRISS). Although measurements of major gaseous pollutants had been made routinely by many scientific institutes and organizations in Korea, most scientists involved in those studieswere obliged to do their experiments on the basis of their own procedural steps spaning from the preparation of gaseous standards to the methodological selections for the calibration. Hence, this campaign offered a unique opportunity to examine many important aspects on the measurements of these important gaseous pollutants. In the course of our study, we investigated the compatibility of data sets obtained by the two institutes in concert with reference data sets collected concurrently from a government-managed monitoring station. On the basis of our study, we conclude that different data sets made by different participants during this campaign agree well within the reasonable range of uncertainties.low, which indicated that during this period the potential acidity of precipitation was high but the neutralizing capacity was low. For Spring, pAi was very low but pH was slightly high. This was likely due to the large amount of $CaCO_3$ in the soil particles transported over a long range from the Chinese continent that were incorporated into the precipitation, and then neutralized the acidifying species with its high concentraton.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.55-69
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• 2021

Chungnam region accounts for the largest SO_X (22.8%) emission with the second-largest NO_X (10.8%) emission in Korea due to the integration of many large industrial sources including a steel mill, coal-fired power plants, and petrochemical complex. Air pollutants emitted by large industrial sources can cause harmful problems to humans and the environment. Thus, it is necessary to understand dispersion patterns of air pollutants from large industrial sources in Chungnam to characterize atmospheric contamination in Chungnam and the surrounding area. In this study, seasonal atmospheric dispersion characteristics for SO_X, NO_X, and PM2.5 from ten major point sources in Chungnam were evaluated using HYSPLIT 4 model, and their contributions to SO₂, NO₂ concentrations in the regions near the source areas were estimated. The predictions of the HYSPLIT 4 model show a seasonal different dispersion pattern, in which air pollutants were dispersed toward the southeast in winter while, northeast in summer. In summer, due to weaker wind speed, air pollutants concentrations were higher than in winter, and they were dispersed to the metropolitan area. The local emissions of air pollutants in Taean area had a greater influence on the ambient SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations at Taean, whereas SO_X and NO_X emissions from large sources located at Seosan showed relatevely little effect on the ambient ambient SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations at Seosan.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Emergency Medicine
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.603-615
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• 2018

Objective: We analyzed the association between regional weather and temporal changes on the daily occurrence of trauma emergencies and their severity. Methods: In this cross-sectional prospective study, we investigated daily atmospheric patterns in trauma episodes in 1,344 patients in Cheongju city, South Korea, from January 2016 to December 2016 and analyzed the association of trauma occurrence and Injury Severity Scores (ISS) with weather conditions on a daily scale. Results: The mean age of trauma patients was $53.0{\pm}23.8years$ and average ISS was $9.0{\pm}2.0$. Incidence of trauma was positively correlated with average temperature (r=0.512, P<0.001) and atmospheric pressure (r=0.332, P=0.010) and negatively correlated with air pollutants (particulate matter less than $2.5{\mu}m^3$ [PM2.5], r=-0.629, P<0.001; particulate matter less than $10{\mu}m^3$ [PM10], r=-0.679, P<0.001). ISS was not significantly correlated with climate parameters and air pollutants, and variability was observed in the frequency and severity of trauma by time of day (highest occurrence, 16-20 pm; highest ISS, 4-8 am), day of the week (highest occurrence and highest ISS, Saturday), month of the year (highest occurrence, July; highest ISS, November), and season (highest incidence, summer; highest ISS, autumn). Conclusion: The study shows a positive relationship between trauma occurrence and specific weather conditions, such as atmospheric temperature and pressure. There was a negative relationship between concentrations of PM2.5 or PM10, and trauma occurrence. However, no correlation was observed between weather conditions or the concentrations of air pollutants and ISS. In addition, seasonal, circaseptan, and circadian variations exist in trauma occurrence and severity. Thus, we suggest that evaluation of a larger, population-based data set is needed to further investigate and confirm these relationships.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 1993

In order to study on the cause of visibility aggravation, we have selected the days of low-visibility observed in Seoul with haziness that was below 6km from 12 to 15 LST. According to the examinations, the number of low-visibility days satisfying the criteria is 30 days in 1989, 39 days in 1990, and 35 days in 1991, respectively. The annual number of low visibility days appears to increase mainly due to an increase in emission of air pollutants and in anthropogenic water vapor in the biosphere. The relationship between visibility and air pollutants(TSP, $NO_2, SO_2, O_3$) of selected days is also studied. Air pollution concentrations of selected days are much higher than those of other days. It is observed that the cause of visibility aggravation in Seoul is mainly smog and air pollutants. In particular, the visibility reduction and high $SO_2$ concentrations at Seoul in winter are similar phenomena that occurring with London smog, while the visibility reduction and high $O_3$ concentrations at Seoul in summer are also similar to the type of Los Angeles smog.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.371-383
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• 1999

This paper discusses the importance of indoor air quality based on literaure review of domestic and foreign studies. A number of international efforts to propose standards and guidelines for indoor environmental quality are also reviewed. The pattern of major studies on indoor air quality focussed on characterizaton of gaseous pollutants, particulates, and other specific pollutants during the past decades, whereas VOCs, specific carcinogen, and microbiological agents might be good target pollutants to investigate the effects of human health in recent years. Management of indoor air quality requires a different approach than that adopted for outdoor air. Adequate ventilation of the indoor environment is essential, and a balance between energy conservation and the need for good air quality is required. The ways for managing indoor air quality that will be of great importance are discussed a role of control policy for guidance on how to achieve good indoor air quality.