• 제목/요약/키워드: associated prime

검색결과 126건 처리시간 0.018초

한반도 풍혈지의 종조성과 식물지리학적 중요성 (The Plant Species Composition and Phytogeographical Significance on Algific Talus Slope in Korea)

  • 김진석;정재민;이병천;박재홍
    • 식물분류학회지
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    • 제36권1호
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    • pp.61-89
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    • 2006
  • 풍혈지는 여름철에 너덜지대 사면의 암괴 틈에서 찬 공기가 스며 나오며, 또한 결빙현상을 보이는 국소적 저온환경을 형성하는 지역이다. 본 연구에서는 풍혈지에 대한 식물상적 조사를 바탕으로 식물지리학적 중요성과 보존의 필요성을 제시하고자 국내 주요 풍혈지 7개소에 대한 현지 조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 풍혈지에서 한들고사리, 두메고사리 좀미역고사리, 월귤, 뚝지치 등 식물지리학적으로 중요한 다수의 북방계 식물들이 조사되었다. 또한 수직분포면에서도 산우드풀, 민둥인가목, 요강나물, 산새풀, 집사초와 같은 아고산식물들이 해발이 낮은 풍혈지에 생육하는 특이성을 보이고 있었다. 풍혈지는 빙하기에 남하했던 북방계 식물들이 최후빙기 이후 이주과정에서 국소적 기후환경에 적응, 고립되어 있는 피난처로 판단되어진다. 고피난처인 풍혈지는 기상학, 지형학적 중요성뿐만 아니라 식물지리학적으로도 아주 중요한 서식지 형태로 소집단으로 격리 분포하는 북방계 식물 종들에 대한 보존생물학적 연구를 통한 합리적인 현지내 외 보존대책의 수립이 시급하다고 판단된다.

이중점화기법을 통해 본 남녀 대학생의 '성공/실패'에 대한 암묵적 표상 (A Study of College students' implicit representations of 'success/failure' by dual-priming task)

  • 조혜자 ;방희정 ;조숙자 ;김현정
    • 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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    • 제14권1호
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    • pp.101-123
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    • 2008
  • 본 연구는 남녀 대학생을 대상으로, 어머니와 연합된 성공/실패에 대한 표상을 알아보기 위해 시도되었다. 이를 위해 연구 1에서는 어머니/바구니와 성공/실패를 이중점화자극으로 100ms 동안 제시하고 난 뒤, 150ms 후(SOA 250ms)에 수용/거부와 관련된 목표자극(probe)을 제시하고 어의판단에 걸리는 시간을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 어머니조건의 반응이 통제조건보다 빨랐으며, 수용에 대한 반응이 거부 반응보다 빨랐고, 여자집단의 반응이 남자보다 빨랐다. 연구 2에서는 남녀별로 애착 고집단과 저집단을 나누어, 어머니와 성공/실패를 이중점화시킨 뒤 수용/거부에 대한 어의판단 시간을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 성공/실패와 수용/거부 간에 상호작용이 나타나, 성공-수용에 대한 반응은 가장 빨랐고, 실패-수용, 실패-거부, 성공-거부의 순으로 반응이 느려졌다. 한편 남자집단에서는 애착고저 집단 간에 유의미한 차이가 없고 상호작용도 나타나지 않았지만, 여자집단에서는 3원 상호작용이 나타났다. 즉 여자 애착 고집단에서는 성공-수용, 성공-거부에 대한 반응차이가 크지 않았고, 실패-거부에 대한 반응이 매우 느렸으나, 여자 애착 저집단에서는 성공-수용은 매우 빠른데 비해 성공-거부는 매우 느렸다. 이러한 결과는 자기 긍정성 및 성별, 애착유형에 따라 다른 성공/실패 도식과 관련하여 논의되었다.

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죽음의 태도에 관한 조사연구 -임종환자의 간호를 위하여- (A Study On The Attitudes Toward Death -For Nursing Care of The Terminally Ill-)

  • 유계주
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.162-178
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    • 1974
  • The present study is purported to provide a basic information to be utilized by nurses to care and attend effectively for patients nearing the moment of death. Therefore, the primary purpose of the study has been placed upon grasping an understanding of the trends of death in general. For this purpose: 1. By utilizing the schneidman questionnaire, the trend of death has been categorized by 6 parts and analyzed. 2. A search has been conducted to find out dying patient's needs, nurse's attitudes viewed by the patient, and nurse attitudes to dying patient. The followings are itemized results of analysis: 1. Analysis by the schneidman questionnaire. (1) In general concepts of death. the first sighting of the occurrence of death was experienced upon strangers, grandfather and great grandfather. The death is openly discussed among people of all ages and sex. Ages in which the death is mostly feared were from 12 to well over 70 yews old that are evenly distributed regardless of difference in age. (2) As to the attitudes toward death the occurrence of death to most closely associated person influenced most upon the attitude of their own termination of lives. Among the reading materials, the maximum influence was effected by the Bible. In terms of religion, the thoughts of death were Influenced by religions education in case of the believers of the western religions (36%), and by their own health and physical conditions in case of the believers in the oriental religions (35%). In case of non-believer, their attitude toward death were largely determined through their own thinking meditation (45%). People aged 20 or thereunder revealed that they wished to know the day of their own death to be occurred (58%). However, the older the less thor wanted to know. (3) As to the choosing the time of death, 57% preferred senility, and 30% preferred the time in mediately following the prime period of their lives in general. In terms of religion, 85% of the believer in the oriental religion preferred senility, and 67% in the western religion, 58% in others, Therefore. the desiring of their lives to be terminated in earlier stage, not by the natural senility. sequenced as follows : Others, western religions and oriental religions. (4) Referring to the disposal of the corpse under the assumption that it had already occurred, majority desired the burial system. There has been seen a slight tendency to consider the importance of holding funeral services for the sake of survivors. Concerning the life insurance policy, it showed that the nurse had less belief in it than the patient (5) Upon the subject of life-after-death. religion wise, 72% of western religion believers preferred to have an existence of life-after-death: Among the believers of oriental regions, 35% desired this category, 30% did not mind either way. and 35% did not desire the existence of such a life-after-death. In others, 53% did not mind whether or not such a life existed. (6) In general, serious thoughts were not being attended to the commitment of suicide. 37% emphasized that such an act should be prevented. However, 30% insisted that such commitment should not be bothered, and that society possesses no right to prevented it. More male wished to commit suicide (13%) than females (9%). 2. Nurse's attitudes toward terminal patients and patient's needs. In the instance where the patient realized that their death is imminent, most of them showed desire to discuses mainly on the problems of life. When faced a situation of this nature, it is revealed that 40% of nurses could not furnish appropriate care for them.

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소비자의 사회 경제적 위치가 쇠고기 구매 태도에 미치는 영향 (A Survey on the Effect of Consumer's Social-Economic Status on Beef Purchase Attitude)

  • 이성갑;양석진;김동훈;조봉제;장중영;이효구;윤보라;이영준;이옥환
    • 한국식품영양학회지
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    • 제25권1호
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    • pp.132-141
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    • 2012
  • 본 연구는 도시지역에 거주하는 소비자 1,343명을 대상으로 쇠고기 구매와 관련된 요인과 쇠고기 유통제도에 대한 소비자 의향을 설문조사하여 쇠고기 마케팅에 활용하고자 실시하였다. 가정에서 쇠고기를 구입하는 회수는 소비자의 사회, 경제적 위치에 따라 다르게 나타나, 서울시와 광역시가 일반시보다, 고소득층이 저소득층보다, 40대가 20대보다 더 자주 구입하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 구입 장소는 서울시, 광역시 등 대도시 거주자와 월 200만 원 이상의 고소득층은 백화점, 할인점을 주로 이용하고 있는 반면, 중소도시 및 저소득층은 전문점 및 정육점을 주로 이용하였다. 시판 쇠고기에 대한 개선 사항은 대도시 거주자, 고소득층 및 30대 이상은 위생, 포장방법을 중소도시, 저소득층 및 20대는 육질의 균일성 및 가격 인하를 요구하였다. 등급제에 대한 인식은 거주지, 월소득 및 연령층에 따라 다르게 나타났으며, 중소도시 거주자, 저소득층 및 20대와 40대에서 부정적으로 나타났다. 구분판매제에 대한 의향은 중소도시 거주자, 200만 원 이상의 고소득층, 30~40대의 가정주부에서 긍정적으로 평가하였으나, 상당비율의 소비자가 이 제도에 대해 모르거나 중요치 않은 것으로 인식하고 있었다. 쇠고기 구매시 고려하는 사항 중 선호 부위는 등심, 양지, 갈비 순이었으며, 구매시 고려요인은 부위, 가격, 원산지 순이었다. 또한 품질 요인으로는 신선도, 색깔 등을, 표시사항에 대해서는 가격, 품종 부위 순으로 중요시 하는 것으로 나타났다.

마우스에서 조류 병원성 대장균의 P Fimbriae subunits을 발현하는 약독화 살모넬라균 경구 접종 후 면역 반응 유도 실험 (Induction of Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses in Mice Orally Administered with Recombinant Attenuated Salmonella Expressing Subunits of P Fimbriae of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli)

  • 오인경;문보미;이존화;허진
    • 한국임상수의학회지
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    • 제28권3호
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    • pp.297-302
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    • 2011
  • 조류병원성 대장균 (APEC)은 가금에서 많은 장관외 질병을 야기한다. 병원성 인자 중 하나인 P-fimbriae 또한 질병과 밀접하게 관련되어 있다. 이번 연구에서 마우스에 P-fimbriae의 subunit 들인 PapA와 PapG를 발현하는 재조합 약독화 Salmonella Typhimurium 백신균주 접종 후 APEC 방어에 필요한 면역반응 유도 여부를 알아보기 위한 실험을 수행하였다. 각 백신 균주로 경구 접종 후 각 항원에 대한 serum IgG 항체 역가는 접종 후 4주째부터 대조군에 비해 항체 역가가 높게 유도되기 시작하여 실험이 끝날 때까지 높은 항체 역가가 계속 유지 되었다. 한번 접종 된 경우보다 추가 접종 된 군에서 보다 높은 항체 역가가 관찰되었다. 더불어 각 항원에 대한 mucosal IgA 역가 또한 높게 유도되었다. 두 균주를 혼합하여 접종 하였을 경우에는 각 백신 균주를 접종하였을 경우보다 높은 serum IgG와 mucosal IgA의 역가가 관찰되었다. 이 결과는 이들 백신 균주가 면역원성이 있음을 확인하는 결과였다. 또한 helper T cells type을 알아보기 위해 IgG1과 IgG2a의 항체 역가를 측정하여 본 결과 각 백신 균주를 접종하였을 경우에는 IgG2a의 항체 역가가 IgG1의 항체 역가 보다 월등히 높은 이들 백신 균주를 접종 하였을 경우에는 Th1-type의 면역 반응이 유도되지만 두 백신 균주를 혼합 접종하였을 경우에는 Th1-과 Th2-type 모두를 유도하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 이 결과를 통해서 이들 두 백신 균주를 혼합 접종 하였을 경우에는 세포성 면역뿐만 아니라 체액성 면역 모두를 유도할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

지속적 관여도 및 인지된 위험이 소비자의 온라인 상인선택 프로세스에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구: 요구신뢰 수준 개념을 중심으로 (How Enduring Product Involvement and Perceived Risk Affect Consumers' Online Merchant Selection Process: The 'Required Trust Level' Perspective)

  • 홍일유;이정민;조휘형
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제22권1호
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    • pp.29-52
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    • 2012
  • Consumers differ in the way they make a purchase. An audio mania would willingly make a bold, yet serious, decision to buy a top-of-the-line home theater system, while he is not interested in replacing his two-decade-old shabby car. On the contrary, an automobile enthusiast wouldn't mind spending forty thousand dollars to buy a new Jaguar convertible, yet cares little about his junky component system. It is product involvement that helps us explain such differences among individuals in the purchase style. Product involvement refers to the extent to which a product is perceived to be important to a consumer (Zaichkowsky, 2001). Product involvement is an important factor that strongly influences consumer's purchase decision-making process, and thus has been of prime interest to consumer behavior researchers. Furthermore, researchers found that involvement is closely related to perceived risk (Dholakia, 2001). While abundant research exists addressing how product involvement relates to overall perceived risk, little attention has been paid to the relationship between involvement and different types of perceived risk in an electronic commerce setting. Given that perceived risk can be a substantial barrier to the online purchase (Jarvenpaa, 2000), research addressing such an issue will offer useful implications on what specific types of perceived risk an online firm should focus on mitigating if it is to increase sales to a fullest potential. Meanwhile, past research has focused on such consumer responses as information search and dissemination as a consequence of involvement, neglecting other behavioral responses like online merchant selection. For one example, will a consumer seriously considering the purchase of a pricey Guzzi bag perceive a great degree of risk associated with online buying and therefore choose to buy it from a digital storefront rather than from an online marketplace to mitigate risk? Will a consumer require greater trust on the part of the online merchant when the perceived risk of online buying is rather high? We intend to find answers to these research questions through an empirical study. This paper explores the impact of enduring product involvement and perceived risks on required trust level, and further on online merchant choice. For the purpose of the research, five types or components of perceived risk are taken into consideration, including financial, performance, delivery, psychological, and social risks. A research model has been built around the constructs under consideration, and 12 hypotheses have been developed based on the research model to examine the relationships between enduring involvement and five components of perceived risk, between five components of perceived risk and required trust level, between enduring involvement and required trust level, and finally between required trust level and preference toward an e-tailer. To attain our research objectives, we conducted an empirical analysis consisting of two phases of data collection: a pilot test and main survey. The pilot test was conducted using 25 college students to ensure that the questionnaire items are clear and straightforward. Then the main survey was conducted using 295 college students at a major university for nine days between December 13, 2010 and December 21, 2010. The measures employed to test the model included eight constructs: (1) enduring involvement, (2) financial risk, (3) performance risk, (4) delivery risk, (5) psychological risk, (6) social risk, (7) required trust level, (8) preference toward an e-tailer. The statistical package, SPSS 17.0, was used to test the internal consistency among the items within the individual measures. Based on the Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficients of the individual measure, the reliability of all the variables is supported. Meanwhile, the Amos 18.0 package was employed to perform a confirmatory factor analysis designed to assess the unidimensionality of the measures. The goodness of fit for the measurement model was satisfied. Unidimensionality was tested using convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity. The statistical evidences proved that the three types of validity were all satisfied. Now the structured equation modeling technique was used to analyze the individual paths along the relationships among the research constructs. The results indicated that enduring involvement has significant positive relationships with all the five components of perceived risk, while only performance risk is significantly related to trust level required by consumers for purchase. It can be inferred from the findings that product performance problems are mostly likely to occur when a merchant behaves in an opportunistic manner. Positive relationships were also found between involvement and required trust level and between required trust level and online merchant choice. Enduring involvement is concerned with the pleasure a consumer derives from a product class and/or with the desire for knowledge for the product class, and thus is likely to motivate the consumer to look for ways of mitigating perceived risk by requiring a higher level of trust on the part of the online merchant. Likewise, a consumer requiring a high level of trust on the merchant will choose a digital storefront rather than an e-marketplace, since a digital storefront is believed to be trustworthier than an e-marketplace, as it fulfills orders by itself rather than acting as an intermediary. The findings of the present research provide both academic and practical implications. The first academic implication is that enduring product involvement is a strong motivator of consumer responses, especially the selection of a merchant, in the context of electronic shopping. Secondly, academicians are advised to pay attention to the finding that an individual component or type of perceived risk can be used as an important research construct, since it would allow one to pinpoint the specific types of risk that are influenced by antecedents or that influence consequents. Meanwhile, our research provides implications useful for online merchants (both online storefronts and e-marketplaces). Merchants may develop strategies to attract consumers by managing perceived performance risk involved in purchase decisions, since it was found to have significant positive relationship with the level of trust required by a consumer on the part of the merchant. One way to manage performance risk would be to thoroughly examine the product before shipping to ensure that it has no deficiencies or flaws. Secondly, digital storefronts are advised to focus on symbolic goods (e.g., cars, cell phones, fashion outfits, and handbags) in which consumers are relatively more involved than others, whereas e- marketplaces should put their emphasis on non-symbolic goods (e.g., drinks, books, MP3 players, and bike accessories).

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