• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1218-1226
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• 2019

The white-spotted flower chafer Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis is a medicinally beneficial and important edible insect species. We previously performed an in silico analysis of the Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis transcriptome to identify putative antimicrobial peptides and then tested their antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. These peptides had potent antimicrobial activities against bacteria and yeast without inducing hemolysis. In the present study, the cationic antimicrobial peptide, protaetiamycine 2, was selected for further assessment of its anti-inflammatory properties in mouse macrophage Raw264.7 cells. Protaetiamycine 2 treatment of Raw264.7 cells suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide production and reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, as determined by real-time PCR and western blotting. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines ($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and $IL-1{\beta}$) was also attenuated through the MAPKs and $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling. We also confirmed that protaetiamycine 2 bound to bacterial cell membranes by a specific interaction with LPS. Collectively, these data obtained from LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells indicated that protaetiamycine 2 could have both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.437-444
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• 2022

This study investigated the optimal quality characteristics of sauerkraut made by adding 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% (w/w) sea salt to cabbage according to the storage period. The results showed that the pH and salinity of 0.5-2.5% sauerkraut decreased, while its total acidity increased during storage. After 20 d of storage, 1.5% or less sauerkraut showed low yellowness, but high brightness and hardness. Moreover, the lactic acid bacteria in 0.5-2.5% sauerkraut maintained at least 7.06 log CFU/mL until 28 d of storage, suggesting that the lower the salt concentration, the higher were the amount of lactic acid bacteria. The coliform group was not detected after 4 d of storage. In conclusion, the quality characteristics of sauerkraut with a salt concentration of 1.5% or less were excellent until 20 d of storage at 4℃. This study provides valuable data for the safe and high-quality assessment of low-salt sauerkraut in the future.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.68 no.4
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• pp.371-382
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• 2023

This study aimed to estimate optimal treatment for enhancing the germination rate and disinfections effect of organic wheat varieties, Jokyung, Geumgang, Saegumgang, and Baekgang using hot water treatment and lime sulfur mixture. Before disinfection, the germination rates of the seeds averaged 86.3±2.5% to 87.5±2.9%, while the infection levels caused by fungi and bacteria were observed to be 22.5±2.9% to 38.3±2.5% and 18.8±4.8% to 23.8±2.5%, respectively. The germination rates of four wheat varieties under hot water treatments were either the same or higher compared to untreated seeds. As the temperature and treatment time of hot water treatment increased, the contamination levels of fungi and bacteria decreased. The optimal hot water treatment for the seeds was observed at 55℃ for 10 minutes, resulting in germination rates averaging 90.0±0.0% to 97.5±2.9%, which were either the same or higher than untreated seeds. The disinfection effectiveness against fungi and bacteria was high, averaging 83.3~93.5% and 100%, respectively. Additionally, an investigation was conducted on the germination rates and microbial disinfection efficacy of 0.2% and 0.4% lime-sulfur mixture with varying treatment times, 3 to10 minutes for each wheat variety. As the treatment time elapsed, no significant differences in germination rates were observed among four wheat varieties. However, the germination rates were higher compared to the untreated group (86.3~87.5%), and the optimal treatment time was found to be 7 minutes or 10 minutes, resulting in an average reduction of 90.0~96.0% in contamination levels of fungi and bacteria. Therefore, the germination rates and disinfection effects varied depending on the treatment conditions of hot water treatment and lime-sulfur mixture applied for the disinfection of the four varieties of organic wheat seeds. However, it is considered that treating the seeds with hot water treatment at 55℃ for 10 minutes or with 0.2% or 0.4% lime-sulfur compound for 10 minutes enhances germination rates and reduces the contamination rate of fungi and bacteria compared to untreated seeds. Thus, these environmentally friendly seed disinfection technologies are likely to be highly useful in agricultural fields.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2009

Consumers are very concerned about food safety as the risk with food increased. This study was conducted to evaluate the perceptions and practices of consumers on food safety in order to collect some information for the development of consumer education program. Total 500 consumers were asked to answer for survey constituted with 6 questions of generic information, 4 of food safety perceptions and 8 of food safety practices from June to July, 2006. More than half of respondents (51.8%) were unsatisfied with the food safety management of government while the individual practices on food safety were satisfactory. Especially, most respondents (98.7%) checked the expiration date of food when they purchased and 97% of respondents were washed hands before food preparation. The higher food safety perception, the better food safety practices of consumers. These results suggest that the systematic and continuous educations on food safety hazards and the principles of sanitation management are necessary for safe food handling and perception on food safety.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.3 s.87
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• pp.290-300
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• 2005

Increased sanitation management of foodservice establishments is required because most of the reported foodborne-disease outbreaks were in the foodservice industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the important control points for good sanitation. In this study, we inspected twenty foodservice establishments in Seoul, Kyunggi, Kyungnam with a self-developed monitoring tool. These foodservice establishments included secondary schools, universities, and industries. Six of them had appointed as the HACCP-certified establishments from the Korea Food and Drug Administration. The inspection was conducted from June to August in 2002. The inspection tool consisted of nine dimensions and sixty-five items. The dimensions were 'personal sanitation', 'supply of raw food', 'food storage', 'handling of raw food and ready-to-eat', 'cleaning and sterilization', 'waste control', 'pest control', and 'control of establishment and equipment' The highest possible score of this inspection tool is 105 points. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SPSS Package(11.0) for descriptive analysis Kruskal-Wallis. The score for the secondary schools (83.6 points) was higher than for the others and number of in compliance item was 50.9 on average. Therefore, we concluded that the secondary schools' sanitation condition was good. The foodservice establishments acquired HACCP certification was 89.7 points, which was significantly higher than that of establishments not applying foodservices in total score. Instituting the HACCP system in a foodservice is very effective for sanitation management. Many out of the compliance observations were found in the dimensions of 'waste control', 'control of establishment and equipment', and 'supply of raw food' 'Clean condition of refrigerator' item was $65\%$ out of the compliance that was the highest percent in this study. 'Notify and observance of heating/reheating temperature' was $45\%$ out of compliance. Items which were over $30\%$ out of compliance were 'sterilization of knifes and chopping boards in cooking', 'education of workers', 'maintain refrigerator temperature blow $5^{\circ}C$', and 'countermeasure of infection workers' In the results, most of the foodservice establishments were poorly managed in temperature control and cross-contamination. The important control points revealed in this study were preventing contamination, cooking temperature compliance, management of raw food and refrigerator. Therefore foodservice establishments should pay attention to education and training about important control points. The systematic sanitation management monitoring tool developed in this study can be effectively applied for conducting self-inspection and improving the sanitary conditions of their own foodservice operations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.1038-1048
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate some heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg) in 52 commercial herbal pills used as general processed food, to identify weekly heavy metal intakes from herbal pills and to evaluate their potential health risks. The samples were digested with a microwave and determinations of heavy metal residues were carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and mercury analyzer. The mean values of heavy metal contents for herbal pills used as general processed food were Pb 0.421 (0.032~1.630), Cd 0.157 (0.011~0.515), Cr 1.033 (0.112~9.933), Cu 6.923 (1.333~16.755), Hg 0.010 (0.001~0.088) mg/kg. Lead contents of herba and cadmium of algae, herba were high (ANOVA-test, p<0.05). Levels of cadmium concentrations exceeding WHO reference values (0.3 mg/kg) were observed in 10 samples (4 species). The significant correlation was observed between Pb and Cd (r=0.633, p<0.01). The weekly intakes of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg from herbal pills were 1.112 (0.072~5.088), 1.614 (0.029~9.257), 3.000 (0.252~23.690), 0.182 (0.008~1.235), 0.220 (0.000~0.420)%, respectively, as compared with the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) established by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee for food safety evaluation. Our data suggest regulations limiting heavy metals in herbal pills used as general processed food.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.261-267
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• 2017

The study has attempted to evaluate and compare the image evaluation and exposure dose by respectively applying filter back projection (FBP), the existing test method, and adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) with different values of tube voltage during the low dose computed tomography (LDCT). With the image reconstruction method as basis, chest phantom was utilized with the FBP and ASIR set at 10%, 20% respectively, and the change of tube voltage (100 kVp, 120 kVp). For image evaluation, back ground noise, signal-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-noise ratio (CNR) were measured, and, for dose assessment, CTDIvol and DLP were measured respectively. In terms of image evaluation, there was significant difference in ascending aorta (AA) SNR and inpraspinatus muscle (IM) SNR with the different amount of tube voltage (p < 0.05). In terms of CTDIvol, the measured values with the same tube voltage of 120 kVp were 2.6 mGy with no-ASIR and 2.17 mGy with 20%-ASIR respectively, decreased by 0.43 mGy, and the values with 100 kVp were 1.61 mGy with no-ASIR and 1.34 mGy with 20%-ASIR, decreased by 0.27 mGy. In terms of DLP, the measured values with 120 kVp were $103.21mGy{\cdot}cm$ with no-ASIR and $85.94mGy{\cdot}cm$ with 20%-ASIR, decreased by $17.27mGy{\cdot}cm$ (about 16.7%), and the values with 100 kVp were $63.84mGy{\cdot}cm$ with no-ASIR and $53.25mGy{\cdot}cm$ with 20%-ASIR, a decrease by $10.62mGy{\cdot}cm$ (about 16.7%). At lower tube voltage, the rate of dose significantly decreased, but the negative effects on image evaluation was shown due to the increase of noise.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.890-896
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate soil erosion risk with a standard unit watershed in the upper Upper Nakdong River Basin according to soil characteristics and landuse using the spatial soil erosion map. The study area is $3,605.6km^2$, which consists of 2 subbasins, 35 standard unit watersheds (Andong basin 18, Imha basin 17). As a evaluation of soil erosion potential using the spatial soil erosion map, total annual soil loss and soil loss per area estimated $2,013{\times}10^3Mg\;yr^{-1}$ (Andong basin 979, Imha basin 1,034) and $6.1Mg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ (Andong basin 6.0, Imha basin 5.2), respectively. 54.2% of soil loss was originated from Arable land (Andong basin 49.0%, Imha basin 59.0%), and the area of regions, graded as higher "Moderate" for annual soil loss, was $201.7km^2$ (Andong basin 84.9, Imha basin 116.8). Average soil loss per area of unit watersheds by classification according to soil dominant parent material types ranked "Sedimentary rock group" > "Mixed group" > "Metamorphic rock group" > "Igneous rock group". In conclusion, the results of this study inform that the classification of soil parent material type would be effective for soil erosion analysis and interpretation in the Upper Nakdong River Basin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.603-610
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• 2016

This study was performed to analyze the results of radiologic parameters compared both leg weight bearing position to single leg weight bearing position in ankle osteoarthritis. Between January 2016 and June 2016, 25 patients (50 ankles) who visited our Hospital to treat ankle pain. In radiographic assessment, We masured tibial anterior surface angle(TAS), tibial medial malleolar angle(TMM), talar tilting angle(TT), joint space width(JSW), tibiotalar joint space, fibulotalar joint space of ankle as radiologic parameters. On the right leg of the both leg weight bearing position, TAS was $87.24^{\circ}$, TT was $6.44^{\circ}$, TMM was $26.76^{\circ}$, fibulotalar joint space was 0.98mm. Right leg of the single leg weight bearing position, TAS was $88.93^{\circ}$, TT was $2.41^{\circ}$, TMM was $19.77^{\circ}$, fibulotalar joint space was 1.6mm. And then, on the left leg of the both leg weight bearing position, TAS was $87.25^{\circ}$, TT was $5.71^{\circ}$, TMM was $23.92^{\circ}$, fibulotalar joint space was 1.22 mm and left leg of the single weight bearing position, TAS was 88.75, TT was $3.19^{\circ}$, TMM $21.45^{\circ}$, fibulotalar joint space was 1.22 mm. There are unsimilarity between measure values of TAS and tibiotalar joint space. As the result of test of weight bearing ankle study, it would be more exact to examine to measure one side in the first time rather than both to conclude on accurate measurement.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.21-35
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• 2016

Recently, there has been a rapid increase in the sale and purchase of an array of organic products. In particular, organic milk has grown in popularity. This growth could lead to expensive, premium retail prices for various organic cow's milk products. In fact, most consumers believe that (1) dairy farming to produce organic milk is beneficial for human health and (2) organic milk products are made without the use of various antibiotics, synthetic chemicals, genetic modification, extra hormones, and so on. Several factors, including breed, diet, and stage of lactation, are known to influence the composition of milk. Therefore, this review (1) presents a research outline to compare organic and conventional milk and (2) provides a summary of individual elements that affect the composition of milk.