• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2000.04a
• /
• pp.760-765
• /
• 2000

The study deals with the development of a computational procedure for evaluating the temperature rise in dry and lubricated multi-layered contacts of head/disk interface. A transient computational model with a transformed rectangular computational domain is utilized. A model and a computational method for micro-contact with sub-lubricated zone, including friction heat generation, have been presented. The model was applied, taking full account of the changes in contact area and contact load due to frictional heating. The computational distribution of temperature is obtained with the analytical findings for various composition and contact conditions. Especially, a rapid rise ($220^{\circ}C$ or above) in read head temperature lese to a saturation in the influence of a thermal spike on signal performance. This general class of problems can be treated provided that heat generation distribution and layer properties are known.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.231-245
• /
• 2024

A 3D discrete element model integrating the rough surface contact concept with the flat-joint model is suggested to examine the mechanical characteristics of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) in concrete. The essential components of our DEM procedure include the calculation of the actual contact area in an element contact-pair related to the bonded factor using a Gaussian probability distribution of asperity height, as well as the determination of the contact probability-relative displacement form using the least square method for further computing the force-displacement of ITZs. The present formulations are implemented in MUSEN, an open source development environment for discrete element analysis that is optimized for high performance computation. The model's meso-parameters are calibrated by using uniaxial compression and splitting tensile simulations, as well as laboratory tests of concrete from the literature. The present model's DEM predictions accord well with laboratory experimental tests of pull-out concrete specimens published in the literature.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.146-159
• /
• 2018

This paper presents a wear analysis procedure for calculating the wear of journal bearings of a four-strokes and four-cylinder engine operating at a constant angular crank shaft speed during firing conditions. To decide whether the lubrication state of a journal bearing is in the possible region of wear scar, we utilize the concept of the centerline average surface roughness to define the most oil film thickness scarring wear (MOFTSW) on two rough surfaces. The wear volume is calculated from the wear depth and wear angle, determined by the magnitude of each film thickness on a set of oil films with thicknesses lower than the MOFTSW at every crank angle. To calculate the wear volume at one contact, the wear range ratio during one cycle is used. The total wear volume is then determined by accumulating the wear volume at every contact. The fractional film defect coefficient, asperity load sharing factor, and modified specific wear rate for the application of the mixed-elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication regime are used. The results of this study show that wear occurs only at the connecting-rod big-end bearing. Thus, simulation results of only the big-end bearing are illustrated and analyzed. It is shown that the wear volume of each wear scar group occurs consecutively as the crank angle changes, resulting in the total accumulated wear volume.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.132-139
• /
• 2016

The piston of a marine diesel engine works under severe conditions, including a combustion pressure of over 180 bar, high thermal load, and high speed. Therefore, the analyses of the fatigue strength, thermal load, clamping (bolting) system and lubrication performance are important in achieving a robust piston design. Designing the surface profile and the skirt ovality carefully is important to prevent severe wear and reduce frictional loss for engine efficiency. This study performs flexible multi-body dynamic and elasto-hydrodynamic (EHD) analyses using AVL/EXCITE/PU are performed to evaluate tribological characteristics. The numerical techniques employed to perform the EHD analysis are as follows: (1) averaged Reynolds equation considering the surface roughness; (2) Greenwood_Tripp model considering the solid_to_solid contact using the statistical values of the summit roughness; and (3) flow factor considering the surface topology. This study also compares two cases of skirt shapes with minimum oil film thickness, peak oil film pressure, asperity contact pressure, wear rate using the Archard model and friction power loss (i.e., frictional loss mean effective pressure (FMEP)). Accordingly, the study compares the calculated wear pattern with the field test result of the piston operating for 12,000h to verify the quantitative integrity of the numerical analysis. The results show that the selected profile and the piston skirt ovality reduce friction power loss and peak oil film pressure by 7% and 57%, respectively. They also increase the minimum oil film thickness by 34%.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.137-143
• /
• 2006

The sliding contact interface of machine components such as bearings, gears frequently operates in lubrication at the inception of sliding failure under high loads, speed and slip. The surface temperature at the interface of bodies in a sliding contact is one of the most important factors influencing the behavior of machine components. Most surface failure in sliding contact region result from frictional heat generation. However, it is difficult to measure temperature rise experimentally. So the calculation of the surface temperature at a sliding contact interface has long been an interesting and important subject for tribologist. The surface temperature rise is related in contact pressure, sliding speed, material properties and lubrication thickness. Though roughness, load, ect all of the condition, are same, film thickness varies with velocity. In this study, surface temperature rise due to frictional heating in lubrication is calculated with various velocities. Surface film shearing and dry solid asperity contact are used to simulate the change of frictional heat in lubricated contact

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.79-83
• /
• 2007

The implications of a theory of lubricated pad asperity wafer contact are traced through several fundamental areas of chemical-mechanical polishing. The hypothesized existence of a nanolubrication layer underlies a high accuracy model of polish rates. It also provides a quantitative explanation of a power law relationship between the coefficient of friction and a measure of pad surface flattening. The theory may further be useful for interpreting friction changes during polishing, and may explain why the coefficient of friction is sometimes observed to have a temperature or velocity dependence.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 1998.06a
• /
• pp.497-502
• /
• 1998

To understand the effect of surface roughness on silicon wafer bonding, a continuum mechanical model is presented. This model is based on Obreimoff's experiment and the contact theory of rough surfaces. The surface energy of silicon was calculated to be much reduced than the theoretical value. Problems are discussed concerning surface film effects and the assumption of constant asperity radius and statistical distribution function.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.16-23
• /
• 2019

In this study, we aim to analyze the effects of both contact layer properties and surface roughness on contact resistance. The contact has a great influence on performance in terms of electrical conduction and heat transfer. The two biggest factors determining contact resistance are the presence of surface roughness and the surface layer. For this reason we calculated the contact resistance by considering both factors simultaneously. The model of this study to calculate contact resistance is as follows. First, the three representative surface parameters for the GW model are obtained by Nayak's random process. Then, the apparent contact area, real contact area, and contact number of asperities are calculated using the GW model with the surface parameters. The contact resistance of a single surface layer is calculated using Mikic's constriction equation. The total contact resistance is approximated by the parallel connection between the same asperity contact resistances. The results of this study are as follows. The appropriate thickness with reduction effect for contact resistance is determined according to the difference in conductivity between the base layer and surface layer. It was confirmed that the standard deviation of surface roughness has the greatest influence on surface roughness parameters. The results of this study will be useful for selecting the surface material and surface roughness when the design considering the contact resistance is needed.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.168-186
• /
• 2017

This paper presents a wear analysis procedure for calculating the wear of journal bearings during the start-up and coast-down cycles of a motoring stripped-down single cylinder engine operating with a tilted shaft. In order to decide whether the lubrication state of a journal bearing is in the mixed-elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication regime, we utilize lift-off speed and MOFT (most oil film thickness) under mixed-elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication regime at the corresponding aligned shaft. We formulate an equation for the modified film thickness in a misaligned journal bearing considering the additional wear volume described in Part I of this study. For this, we use the calculation results of the degree of misalignment and tilting angle obtained after finding the eccentricities of the two bearings supporting the crankshaft of a single cylinder engine. In this Part II, we calculate the wear of journal bearings using the fractional film defect coefficient, the asperity load sharing factor, and the modified specific wear rate for the application of mixed-elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication regime. We show that the accumulated wear volume after turning the ignition switch on and off once, increases to ${\sigma}=39{\mu}m$ and then decreases from ${\sigma}=39{\mu}m$ with increasing in surface roughness.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.342-347
• /
• 2009

This paper presents EHL analysis for rough surfaces with directional roughness. Three different types of surfaces with pure longitudinal roughness, pure transversal roughness and isotropic roughness are generated. For the surfaces with longitudinal and transversal roughness, two cases are analyzed; one is a case of asperity peak on a spherical contact center, the other one is of valley on a spherical contact center. As a results, the surface with pure transversal roughness gives higher pressure and smaller minimum film thickness than the surface with pure longitudinal roughness, and the surface with isotropic roughness has similar EHL behavior with the surface with pure transversal roughness.