• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2016

This study evaluated the fertilizing value of struvite deposit recovered from swine wastewater in cultivating lettuce. Struvite deposit was compared to complex fertilizer, organic fertilizer and compost to evaluate the fertilizing effect of struvite deposit. Laboratory pot test showed that the struvite deposit better enhanced lettuce growth in comparison to commercial fertilizers. It was revealed that the growth rate of lettuce was simultaneously controlled by phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg). Moreover, nutrients such as nitrogen (N), P, K, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were abundantly observed in the vegetable tissue of struvite pot. Meanwhile, struvite application led to the lower accumulation of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), chromium ($Cr^{6+}$) and nickel (Ni). In addition, no detection of cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and nickel (Ni) in the lettuce tissue was observed in struvite application pots. The experimental results proved that the optimum struvite dosage for lettuce cultivation was 0.5 g struvite/kg soil. The column experiments clearly showed that ammonia nitrogen was more slowly released from struvite deposit than from complex fertilizer. Consequently, it was concluded that the struvite deposits recovered from swine wastewater were effective as a multi-nutrient fertilizer for lettuce cultivation.

• Mycobiology
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.343-353
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• 2023

Lichens play crucial roles in the ecosystems, contributing to soil formation and nutrient cycling, and being used in biomonitoring efforts to assess the sustainability of ecosystems including air quality. Previous studies on heavy metal accumulation in lichens have mostly relied on manipulated environments, such as transplanted lichens, leaving us with a dearth of research on how lichens physiologically respond to heavy metal exposure in their natural habitats. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated lichens from two of South Korea's geographically distant regions, Gangwon Province and Jeju Island, and examined whether difference in ambient heavy metal concentrations could be detected through physiological variables, including chlorophyll damage, lipid oxidation, and protein content. The physiological variables of lichens in response to heavy metals differed according to the collection area: Arsenic exerted a significant impact on chlorophyll degradation and protein content. The degree of fatty acid oxidation in lichens was associated with increased Cu concentrations. Our research highlights the value of lichens as a bioindicator, as we found that even small variations in ambient heavy metal concentrations can be detected in natural lichens. Furthermore, our study sheds light on which physiology variables that can be used as indicators of specific heavy metals, underscoring the potential of lichens for future ecology studies.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2009

비오염 지역인 '06년 "탑라이스(Top-rice)" 생산단지 논토양에서 채취한 토양, 볏짚, 정조, 왕겨, 현미, 쌀겨 및 백미를 분석한 결과 다음과 같다. 논토양 중 비소 1.235 mg/kg, 카드뮴 0.094 mg/kg, 구리 4.412 mg/kg, 납 4.728 mg/kg 및 수은 0.0279 mg/kg으로 우리나라 토양환경보전법상 중금속 오염 우려 및 대책기준을 초과하는 지역은 없었다. 백미 중 비소 0.051 mg/kg, 카드뮴 0.040 mg/kg, 구리 0.345 mg/kg, 납 0.065 mg/kg 및 수은 0.0015 mg/kg으로 잔류허용기준을 초과하는 시료는 없었다. 벼에 흡수.이행된 중금속은 대부분 볏짚에 높게 분포하였고 그 다음으로 쌀겨 부위가 약간 높게 분포 하였다. 그 밖에 정조, 왕겨, 현미 및 백미 중에는 비슷한 농도로 낮게 분포하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 토양 중 중금속과 백미 중 중금속간 흡수기울기는 카드뮴(Cd 0.431) > 구리(Cu 0.054) ${\fallingdotseq}$ 수은(Hg 0.052) > 비소(As 0.021) >> 납(Pb 0.008) 순으로 토양 중 카드뮴이 벼에 흡수되어 쌀로 쉽게 이행되어 축적될 가능성이 제일 컸다. 벼에 흡수된 구리와 수은도 흡수이행이 용이하였고, 비소와 납은 거의 쌀로 이행되지 않았다. 벼의 지상부로 흡수.이행된 중금속 중 63.3-93.4%는 볏짚에 존재하였으며, 정조에 6.6-36.7%, 왕겨에 0.6-5.7%, 현미에 3.2-31.3%, 쌀겨에 0.8-4.6% 그리고 백미에 1.1-26.7%가 분포하는 것으로 나타났다. 카드뮴의 경우 지상부로 흡수된 양의 26.7-31.3%가 백미 또는 현미에 분포하였다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.160-166
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• 2017

본 연구는 중금속으로 오염된 논토양에서 봉의꼬리(P. multifida)와 쑥(A. princeps)의 식재 비율을 1:0, 8:1, 6:1, 4:1로 달리하여 재배함으로써 토양 내 중금속별 효율적인 식물상 정화모델을 개발하기 위하여 수행되었다. 중금속별 식물 건물중 1kg 당 축적량을 분석한 결과, 비소와 카드뮴의 경우에는 봉의꼬리 단일 식재구의 봉의꼬리 지상부에서 각 169.82와 $1.70mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}DW$로 가장 많았다. 납은 8:1 식재구의 봉의꼬리 지상부에서 $12.58mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}DW$로 가장 많았다. 그러나 구리와 아연의 축적량은 8:1 식재구에서 재배한 쑥의 지상부에서 각 33.94, $61.78mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}DW$로 가장 많았다. 단위 면적당($1m^2$) 토양에서 수확한 식물의 각 중금속별총흡수량은 중금속의 종류와 관계없이 쑥의 생산량이 가장 많았던 봉의꼬리와 쑥 4:1 식재구에서 가장 높은 경향을 보였다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.212-221
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• 2020

Background: Rapid industrialization has caused various impacts on nature, including heavy metal pollution. However, the impacts of industrialization vary depending on the types of industrializing activity and surrounding environment. South Korea is a proper region because the rapid socio-economical changes have been occurred since the late nineteenth century. Therefore, in this study, we estimate the anthropogenic impacts on an ecosystem from a sediment core of Yonghwasil-mot, an irrigation reservoir on the western coast of Korea, in terms of heavy metal concentrations, nutrient influx, and pollen composition. Results: The sediment accumulation rate (SAR) determined by 210Pb geochronology showed two abrupt peaks in the 1930s and 1950s, presumably because of smelting activity and the Korean War, respectively. The following gradual increase in SAR may reflect the urbanization of recent decades. The average concentrations of arsenic (As), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) during the twentieth century were > 48% compared to those before the nineteenth century, supporting the influence of smelting activity. However, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the As, Cu, and Pb concentrations decreased by 19% compared to levels in the twentieth century, which is coincident with the closure of the smelter in 1989 and government policy banning leaded gasoline since 1993. The pollen assemblage and nutrient input records exhibit changes in vegetation cover and water level of the reservoir corresponding to anthropogenic deforestation and reforestation, as well as to land-use alteration. Conclusions: Our results show that the rapid socio-economic development since the twentieth century clearly affected the vegetation cover, land use, and metal pollutions.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.60-66
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: The concern over heavy metal(loid)s in arable land and agricultural products increases for public health in recent years. This study aims to identify transition characteristics of heavy metal(loid)s and to assess dietary risk in barley grown at the major producing districts in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: The soil and barley samples were collected from 38 locations around the major producing districts at Jeollabuk-do in Korea for the propose of examining the concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s. The 34 barley samples were separately purchased on the market for the same survey. The average concentration and range of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in barley grown at the major producing districts in Korea were 0.037 (0.016-0.094), 0.028 (0.004-0.083) and 0.137 (0.107-0.212) mg kg-1, respectively. Currently, the maximum allowable level for barley Pb is set at 0.2 mg kg-1 in Korea, and the monitoring results suggested that some samples exceeded the maximum allowable level and required appropriate farming management. Bio-concentration factor values by heavy metal(loid)s in barley were high at Cd, copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), similar to other crops, while As and Pb were low, indicating low transferability. CONCLUSION: Human exposure to As, Cd and Pb through dietary intake of barley might not cause adverse health effects due to relatively low concentrations, although the Pb in some barley was detected higher than the maximum allowable level. Further study on uptake and accumulation mechanism of Pb by barley might be required to assess the human health risk associated with soil contamination.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.217-223
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 돈분 액비를 연용한 논토양 및 밭토양의 유해 중금속을 관리하는 방안을 마련하고자 전국적으로 액비를 장기 시용한 연차별 논토양 41점과 밭토양 54점을 채취하여 유해 중금속인 카드뮴, 구리, 니켈, 납, 아연, 비소의 함량을 조사하였다. 액비연용에 따른 년차별 변화에서 논토양 및 밭토양 중금속 전함량은 원소별로 일부 증가하는 경향은 보이나 연도별 축적 차이를 통계적으로 확인할 수 없었다. 그러나 액비연용에 따른 중금속 특히 구리 및 아연의 축적 여부는 이들이 식물영양에 필수 원소로 작용함을 고려하여 보다 장기적인 관점으로 계속 검토되어야 할 사항이다. 그러나 일부 밭토양에서 토양오염 우려기준을 초과하는 지점이 조사되어 액비 시용 전 토양 내 중금속 함량조사를 통해 시용 여부를 결정하여야 할 것이다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.505-513
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• 2012

한반도 연안에 서식하는 고래의 조직 내 미량금속 농도 잔류특성을 알아보기 위하여 2009년 동해안에서 혼획된 밍크고래의 간, 창자, 근육, 표피, 지방 내 미량금속(Cu, Cd, Pb, As, Zn, Hg) 농도를 측정하였다. 조직 내 Cu, Cd, Zn, Hg은 간에서 가장 높고 지방에서 가장 낮았다. 이와 대조적으로 As는 지방에서 가장 높은 농도를 보였으며, 근육에서 가장 낮은 농도를 나타내었다. 전반적으로 밍크고래의 조직 내 미량금속은 Zn > Cu > As > Pb > Hg > Cd의 순으로 높은 농도를 나타내었다. 성별에 따른 미량금속은 수컷은 간과 표피에 Cu, As, Zn을, 암컷은 창자와 근육에 Cu와 Pb을 더 효율적으로 축적하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 성숙도에 있어서는 간의 경우 Cd, 근육은 Hg, 표피와 지방은 As와 Hg, 창자는 Cd, As, Hg이 성숙한 개체에서 미성숙한 개체보다 상당히 높은 농도를 보였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.589-597
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• 2016

There are a number of industrial complexes which could be a source of heavy metal (loid)s contamination of arable soil in Gyeongnam province of South Korea. Heavy metal (loid)s accumulation of plant is more related to the concentration of plant available heavy metal (loid)s in arable soil than that of total heavy metal (loid)s. The objectives of this study were 1) to examine heavy metal concentrations in soils located near industrial complexes in Gyeongnam province and 2) to determine the relationship between concentration of plant available heavy metal (loid)s and chemical properties of soil. Soil samples were collected from 85 sites of arable lands nearby 7 industrial complexes in Gyeongnam province. Total heavy metal (loid)s concentration, available heavy metal (loid)s concentration, and chemical properties of collected soils were measured. The mean concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in the soils were $5.8mg\;kg^{-1}$, $1.3mg\;kg^{-1}$, $0.03mg\;kg^{-1}$, $51.5mg\;kg^{-1}$, and $68.7mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Total concentration of Cd and Zn in arable soil located near ${\nabla}{\nabla}$ industrial complex exceeded the warning criteria ($4mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $300mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Cd and Zn, respectively) as described by in the soil environmental conservation Act of Korea. The concentration of plant available heavy metal (loid)s was negatively related to the soil pH and available Pb and Zn concentrations had relatively high correlation coefficient when compared with other heavy metal (loid)s. The concentration of plant available Pb and Zn was negatively related to that of organic matter (OM). Based on the above results, it might be a good soil management to control pH and OM concentration with soil amendments such as lime and compost to reduce phytoavailability of heavy metal (loid)s in arable soil located near industrial complex.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.515-521
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• 2015

There is an increasing concern over heavy metal(loid) contamination of soil in agricultural areas including paddy soils. This study was conducted to monitor the background levels of heavy metal(loid)s, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in major rice growing soils and its accumulation in brown rice in Korea. The samples were collected from 82 sites nationwide in the year 2012. The mean and range values of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in paddy soils were 4.41 (0.16-18.9), 0.25 (0.04-0.82), 13.24 (3.46-27.8), 0.047 (0.01-0.20), 13.60 (3.78-35.0), 21.31 (8.47-36.7), and 54.10 $(19.19-103.0)mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. This result indicated that the heavy metal(loid) levels in all sampled paddy soils are within the permissible limits of the Korean Soil Environment Conservation Act. The mean and range values of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in brown rice were 0.146 (0.04-0.38), 0.024 (0.003-0.141), 4.27 (1.26-16.98), 0.0024 (0.001-0.008), 0.345 (0.04-2.77), 0.113 (0.04-0.197), and 22.64 $(14.1-35.1)mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. The mean and range BCF (bioconcentration factor) values of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in brown rice were 0.101 (0.01-0.91), 0.121 (0.01-0.70), 0.399 (0.05-2.60), 0.061 (0.016-0.180), 0.033 (0.004-0.44), 0.005 (0.003-0.013), and 0.473 (0.19-1.07), respectively, with Zn showing the highest. The results show that the levels of all metal(loid)s in all sampled brown rice are generally within the acceptable limit for human consumption.