• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.370-376
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• 2002

This study was designed to investigate lunch of the boy's and girl's middle school students in Busan. The survey was conducted from September 15 to September 30 in 2002. It was revealed that there is no difference in the scores measuring the knowledge In nutrition and the eating habit between male students and females. 10.6 % of the male students scored poor in the knowledge in nutrition, 38.2% fair 42.5% good and 8.7% excellent respectively while 4.1% of the female students scored poor in the same area, 31.6% fair, 52.1% good and 12.2% excellent respectively. The biggest number of both group of students scored good in their eating habit, the second biggest fair, the third biggest excellent and the least scored poor. Female students were reported to bring their lunch more than the male students do(p<0.05). And there was a significantly difference in the frequency of bringing lunch according to their knowledge in nutrition and their dietary attitude(p<0.001), but whether mothers have .jobs or not, mothers'educational background or monthly expenses for food didn't seem to make any differences. The intakes of nutritional elements except phosphorus and vitamin C are lower than RDA. The ratio of intakes of nutritional elements from lunch was 13∼14.1% of calcium, 17.9∼19.2% of vitamin A and 19.3∼19.6% of iron, showing a significant unbalance in nutritional intakes. Nutritional intakes had little relationship with the knowledge in nutrition and eating habit. The frequency of carrying lunch, energy intakes and phosphorus intakes had significantly relationship with each other. And the better the eating habit was, the more often the individual carried lunch.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of landscaping pavements on WBGT(Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature) of outdoor spaces that lack ventilation and shade at summer midday. The relative humidity(RH), dry-bulb temperature(DT) and globe temperature(GT) were recorded every minute from June to October 2009 at a height of 1.2m above ten experimental beds with different pavements, by a measuring system consisting of an electric humidity sensor(GHM-15), resistance temperature detector(RTD, Pt-100), standard black globe(${\phi} 150mm$) and data acquisition systems(National Instrument's Labview and Compact FieldPoint). Additionally, the surface dry-bulb temperatures also were recorded and compared. The area of each experimental bed was 1.5m(W)${\times}$2.0m(L) and ten different kinds of pavement were used including grass, grass+cubic stone, grass+porous brick, brick, stone panels, cubic stone, interlocking blocks, clay brick, naked soil, gravel and concrete. To prevent interference from ventilation, a 1.5m height cubic steel frame was established around each bed and each vertical side of the frame was covered with transparent polyethylene film. Based on the records of the hottest period from noon to 3 PM on 26 days with a peak dry-bulb temperature over $30^{\circ}C$ at natural condition, the wet-bulb temperature(WT) and WBGT were calculated and compared. The major findings were as follows: 1. The average surface DT was $40.1^{\circ}C$, which is $9^{\circ}C$ higher than that of the natural condition. The surface DT of the pavements with grass were higher than those of concrete and interlocking block. The peak DT of the surface almost every pavement rose to above $50^{\circ}C$ during the hottest time. 2. The averages of DT, WT and GT were $40.1^{\circ}C$, $27.5^{\circ}C$ and $49.1^{\circ}C$, and the peak values rose to $48.1^{\circ}C$, $45.8^{\circ}C$ and $59.5^{\circ}C$, respectively. In spite of slight differences that resulted according to pavements, no coherent differentiating factor could be found. 3. The average WBGT of grass was the highest at $34.3^{\circ}C$ while the others were similar in the range of around $33{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. Meanwhile, the peak WBGT was highest with stone panel at $47.9^{\circ}C$. Though there were some differences according to pavements, and while grass seemed to be worst in terms of WBGT, it seems difficult to say ablolutely that grass was the worst because the measurement was conducted without ventilation and shade during summer daytime hours only, which had temperatures that rose to a dangerous degree(above $45^{\circ}C$ WBGT), withering the grass during the hottest period. The average WBGT resulted also showed that the thermal environment of the pavement without ventilation and shade were at an intolerable level for humans regardless of the pavement type. In summary, the results of this study show that ventilation and shade are more important factor than pavement type in terms of outdoor thermal comfort in summer daylight hours.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.41-56
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to find out the basic data for irrigation plans of garlic and cucumber during the growing period, such as total amount of evapotranspiration, coefficients of evapotranspiration at each growth stage, the peak stage of evapotranspiration and the maximum evapotranspiraton, optimum irrigation point, total readily available moisture, and intervals of irrigation date. The plots of experiment were arranged with split plot design which were composed of two factors, irrigation point for main plot and soil texture for split plot, and three levels ; irrigation points with pP 1.7-2.1, pP 2.2-2.5, pP 2.6-2.8, for garlic and those with pP 1.9, pF 2.3, pP 2.7, for cucumber, soil textures of silty clay, sandy loam and sandy soil for both garlic and cucumber, with two replications. The results obtained are summarized as follows 1.There was the highest significant correlation between the avapotranspiration of garlic and cucumber and the pan evaporation, beyond all other meteorological factors considered, as mentioned in the previous paper. Therefore, the pan evaporation is enough to be used as a meteorological index measuring the quantity of evapotranspiration. 2.1/10 probability values of maximum total pan evaporation during growing period for garlic and cucumber were shown as 495.8mm and 406.8mm, respectively, and those of maximum ten day pan evaporation for garlic and cucumber, 63.8mm and 69.7mm, respectively. 3.The time that annual maximum of ten day pan evaporation can be occurred, exists at any stage between the middle of May and the late of June(harvest period) for garlic, and at any stage of growing period for cucumber. 4.The magnitude of evapotranspiration and of its coefficient for garlic and cucumber was occurred in the order of pF 1.7-2.1>pF 2.2-2.5>pF 2.6-2.8 and of pF 1.9>pF 2.3>pF2.7 respectively in aspect of irrigation point and of sandy loam>silty clay>sandy soil in aspect of soil texture for both garlic and cucumber. 5.The magnitude of leaf area index was shown in the order of pF 2.2-2.5>pF 1.7-2.1>pF 2.6-2.8 for garlic and of pF 1.9>pF 2.3>pF 2.7 for cucumber in aspect of irrigation point, and of sandy loam>sandy soil>silty clay in aspect of soil texture for both garlic and cucumber. 6.1/10 probability value of evapotranspiration and its coefficient during the growing period for garlic were shown as 391.7mm and 0.79 respectively, while those of cucumber, 423.lmm and 1.04 respectively. 7.The time the maximum evapotranspiration of garlic can be occurred is at the date of thirtieth before harvest period and the time for cucumber is presumed to be at the date of sixtieth to seventieth after transplanting, At that time, 1/10 probability value of ten day evapotranspiration and its coefficient for garlic is presumed to be 65.lmm and 1.02 respectively, while those of cucumber, 94.8mm and 1.36 respectively. 8.In aspect of irrigation point, the weight of raw garlic and cucumber were increased in the order of pF 2.2-2.5>pF 1.7-2.1>pF 2.6-2.8 and of pF 1.9>pF 2.3>pF 2.7 respectively. Therefore, optimum irrigation point for garlic and cucumber is presumed to be pF 2.2-2.5 and pF 1.9 respectively, when the significance of yield between the different irrigation treatments is considered. 9.Except the mulching period of garlic that soil moisture extraction patterns were about the same, those of garlic and cucumber have shown that maximum extraction rate exists at 7cm deep layer at the beginning stage after removing mulching for garlic and at the beginning stage of growth for cucumber and that extraction rates of 21cm to 35cm deep layer are increased as getting closer to the late stage of growth. 10.Total readily available moisture of garlic in silty clay, sandy loam, sandy soil become to be 18.71-24.96mm, 19.08-25.43mm, 10.35- 13.80mm respctively on the basis of the optimum irrigation point with pF 2.2-2.5, while that of cucumber, 11.8lmm, 12.03mm, 6.39mm respectively on the basis of the optimum irrigation point with pF 1.9. 11.The intervals of irrigation date of garlic and cucumber at the growth stage of maximum consumptive use become to be about three and a half days and one and a half days respectively, on the basis of each optimum irrgation point.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.43-52
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• 2012

As experiential education services are growing, the need for proper management is increasing. Considering that adequate measures are an essential factor for achieving success in managing something, it is important for managers to use a proper system of metrics to measure the performance of experiential education services. However, in spite of this need, little research has been done to develop a valid and reliable set of metrics for assessing the quality of experiential education services. The current study aims to develop a multi-item instrument for assessing the service quality of experiential education. The specific procedure is as follows. First, we generated a pool of possible metrics based on diverse literature on service quality. We elicited possiblemetric items not only from general service quality metrics such as SERVQUAL and SERVPERF but also from educational service quality metrics such as HEdPERF and PESPERF. Second, specialist teachers in the experiential education area screened the initial metrics to boost face validity. Third, we proceeded with multiple rounds of empirical validation of those metrics. Based on this processes, we refined the metrics to determine the final metrics to be used. Fourth, we examined predictive validity by checking the well-established positive relationship between each dimension of metrics and customer satisfaction. In sum, starting with the initial pool of scale items elicited from the previous literature and purifying them empirically through the surveying method, we developed a four-dimensional systemized scale to measure the superiority of experiential education and named it "Experiential Education PERFormance" (EEPERF). Our findings indicate that students (consumers) perceive the superiority of the experiential education (EE) service in the following four dimensions: EE-empathy, EE-reliability, EE-outcome, and EE-landscape. EE-empathy is a judgment in response to the question, "How empathetically does the experiential educational service provider interact with me?" Principal measures are "How well does the service provider understand my needs?," and "How well does the service provider listen to my voice?" Next, EE-reliability is a judgment in response to the question, "How reliably does the experiential educational service provider interact with me?" Major measures are "How reliable is the schedule here?," and "How credible is the service provider?" EE-outcome is a judgmentin response to the question, "What results could I get from this experiential educational service encounter?" Representative measures are "How good is the information that I will acquire form this service encounter?," and "How useful is this service encounter in helping me develop creativity?" Finally, EE-landscape is a judgment about the physical environment. Essential measures are "How convenient is the access to the service encounter?,"and "How well managed are the facilities?" We showed the reliability and validity of the system of metrics. All four dimensions influence customer satisfaction significantly. Practitioners may use the results in planning experiential educational service programs and evaluating each service encounter. The current study isexpected to act as a stepping-stone for future scale improvement. In this case, researchers may use the experience quality paradigm that has recently arisen.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.51-61
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• 2011

The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) was first introduced sixty years ago in the academic field. However, the phrase CSR was not explicitly stated before the 1990s in Korean business and academic researches. Recently CSR is more considered a corporate strategy than a philanthropic donation. CSR comprises contributions to local communities as well as using environmentally beneficial and humane practices. Sponsoring is one available marketing tactic used in order to communicate with the market. This study of sponsorship has concentrated on developing brand asset by accessing potential values of sporting events or star-players. However, sponsorship includes providing funds or goods to non-profit institutions as well as sports or entertainment organizations. Accordingly corporate community-specific sponsorship is defined as firms offering to provide money, goods and/or services to individuals and/or institutions within a particular community, thus establishing an interdependent relationship between the partners aspiring to gain social and economic assets. National sponsorship is typically targeted toward commonly recognized individuals and/or organizations with the intent to maximize exposure of a sponsor's brand, and is known to positively affect brand equity(community-specific sponsorship is committed to a limited local area) that a firm could benefit from by gaining a specific asset. POSCO sponsors the Jukdo Market, locate dinthe city of Pohang, tohelp revive their traditional market. Inreturn, the Jukdo Market merchant suni on display sflags with the POSCO embleminfrontof stores with in the market intending to make shopper sand merchant saware of POSCO's sponsorship. POSCO has succeeded in acquiring public support from the citizens of Pohang. However, the economic effects resulting from the cooperative relationship between POSCO and the Jukdo Market have yet to be measured by any empirical research. The purpose of this study is to assess the economic effects created by the community-specific sponsorship from the groups of merchants and shoppers, measuring its influence on the corporate image and subsequent brand loyalty, as parts of brand equity. The result of the study shows that the community-specific sponsorship of POSCO of the Jukdo Market had different influences on its corporate image and the brand loyalty of shoppers and merchants. First, the merchant group who was more frequently exposed to POSCO's flag recognized the sponsorship of POSCO more than the shopper group, and, therefore, had a better image of the company. Second, the recognition of POSCO's sponsorship had a positive influence on its corporate image, and that positive corporate image had a positive effect on brand loyalty development. However, the recognition of the sponsorship did not have a direct influence on brand loyalty. The friendly corporate image developed by the recognition of the sponsorship consequently could have had an effect on brand loyalty. Therefore, companies should not relinquish investments to corporate image development if they require more brand loyalty. Third, the influence of corporate image on brand loyalty shows stronger results in the shopper group rather than in the merchant group. Psycho-graphic factors of shoppers and merchants might give rise to the difference between the two groups.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2017

This study was conducted to analyze the urban heat island(UHI) intensity of South Korea by using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) satellite imagery. For this purpose, the metropolitan area was spatially divided according to land cover classification into urban and non-urban land. From the analysis of land surface temperature(LST) in South Korea in the summer of 2009 which was calculated from MODIS satellite imagery it was determined that the highest temperature recorded nationwide was $36.0^{\circ}C$, lowest $16.2^{\circ}C$, and that the mean was $24.3^{\circ}C$, with a standard deviation of $2.4^{\circ}C$. In order to analyze UHI by cities and counties, UHI intensity was defined as the difference in average temperature between urban and non-urban land, and was calculated through RST1 and RST2. The RST1 calculation showed scattered distribution in areas of high UHI intensity, whereas the RST2 calculation showed that areas of high UHI intensity were concentrated around major cities. In order to find an effective method for analyzing UHI by cities and counties, analysis was conducted of the correlation between the urbanization ratio, number of tropical heat nights, and number of heat-wave days. Although UHI intensity derived through RST1 showed barely any correlation, that derived through RST2 showed significant correlation. The RST2 method is deemed as a more suitable analytical method for measuring the UHI of urban land in cities and counties across the country. In cities and counties with an urbanization ratio of < 20%, the rate of increase for UHI intensity in proportion to increases in urbanization ratio, was very high; whereas this rate gradually declined when the urbanization ratio was > 20%. With an increase of $1^{\circ}C$ in RST2 UHI intensity, the number of tropical heat nights and heat wave days was predicted to increase by approximately five and 0.5, respectively. These results can be used for reference when predicting the effects of increased urbanization on UHI intensity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.365-371
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• 2012

The radiation therapy treatment technique is developed from 3D-CRT, IMRT to Tomotherapy. and these three technique was most widely using methods. We find out a comparison normal tissue doses and tumor dose of 3D-CRT, IMRT(Linac Based), and Tomotherapy on Head and Neck Cancer. We achieved radiological image used the Human model phantom (Anthropomorphic Phantom) and it was taken CT simulation (Slice Thickness : 3mm) and GTV was nasopharngeal region and PTV(including set-up margin) was GTV plus 2mm area. and transfer those images to the radiation planning system (3D-CRT - ADAC-Pinnacle3, Tomotherapy - Tomotherapy Hi-Art System). The prescription dose was 7020 cGy and measuring PTV's dose and nomal tissue (parotid gland, oral cavity, spinal cord). The PTV's doses was Tomotherapy, Linac Based - IMRT, 3D-CRT was 6923 cGy, 6901 cGy and 6718 cGy its dose value was meet TCP because its value was up to the 95% based on 7020 cGy, Nomal tissue (parotid gland, oral cavity, spinal cord) was 1966 cGy(Tomotherapy), 2405 cGy(IMRT), 2468 cGy(3D-CRT)[parotid gland], 2991 cGy(Tomotherapy), 3062 cGy(IMRT), 3684 cGy (3D-CRT)[oral cavity], 1768 cGy(Tomotherapy), 2151 cGy(IMRT), 4031 cGy(3D-CRT)[spinal cord] its value did not exceeded NTCP. All the treatment techniques are equated with tumor and nomal tissue doses. The 3D-CRT was worse than other techniques on dose distribution, but it is reasonable in terms of TCP and NTCP baseline Tomotherapy, IMRT -dose distribution was relatively superior- was hard to therapy to claustrophobic patients and patients with respiratory failure. Particularly, in case on Tomotherapy, it take MVCT before treatment so dose measurement will be unnecessary radiation exposure to patients. Conclusion, Tomotherapy was the best treatment technique and 2nd was IMRT, and 3rd 3D-CRT. But applicable differently depending on the the patient's condition even though dose not matter.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.65-85
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• 2001

Osteoporosis is the disease that is the most controversial issue with the aging tendency in 1990. It is an important issue in dealing with the health management for women in middle life. This study is designed to determine the relationships among the level of the knowledge of osteoporosis, the health promoting behaviors and the quality of life. The test has conducted a questionnaire survey of women with osteoporosis. This is a study that focused an interrelation of above issues and its purpose is to gain a foundation of a nursing intervention that can help to improve the qualify of life of an osteoporosis patients. The method of collecting data is collecting a questionnaire survey, individual interviews and records and the collected 123 questionnaire surveys are utilized for an data analysis. Questionnaire surveys are conducted in K and S Universities infirmaries and K general hospital in Seoul and C and J general hospital in near Seoul area from Sep. 27th to Nov. 4th, 2000. The instruments of this study were as follows: Yoon's used the revised and supplemented instrument to test the level of the knowledge of osteoporosis and she referred to the substance of Cassells & Knotz. Lee's revised and supplemented the instrument called Health Promoting Life style Profile that were invented by Walker, Sechrist & Pender and she used it to test the health promoting behaviors with the questionnaires added by this researcher. They are not related to the quality of life but relevant to the patients. Ro's tested the quality of life with the instrument that was invented by herself. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The general characteristics of this study subjects showed that the age of the patients was concentrated from 50 to 59. The periods after menopause was mainly from 6 to 10 years. Subjective symptoms that patients usually complain were musculoskelectal symptoms. 2. The results of measuring the level of the knowledge of osteoporosis, the health promoting behaviors and the quality of life were following. The level of the knowledge was the score 19.83 and it was above middle score out of the score 27 as full marks. In the result of the health promoting behaviors test, the score average was 2.58 with 4 point rating scale and it was about middle score. The quality of life test showed that average score was 2.92 with 5 point rating scale and it indicated that the quality was also around middle score. 3. The statistical test in the activities for promoting health according to the general characteristics of the patients showed that only monthly income has statistically significant difference(F-4.761, p=.004). The same test for the qualify of life indicated that the quality of life was higher from 1 to 5 years after menopause but it was not meaningful statistically. 4. In the correlation among the level of knowledge of osteoporosis, the health promoting behaviors and the qualify of life of the patients, showed a relationship between the health promoting behaviors and the qualify of life. The higher the health promoting behaviors, it was also higher the quality of life. But it was statistically significant with significant positive correlation.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-31
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• 2009

This paper empirically examines factors that potentially influence the success of a Web-based semantic search engine. A research model has been proposed that shows the impact of quality-related factors upon the effectiveness of a semantic search engine, based on DeLone and McLean's(2003) information systems success model. An empirical study has been conducted to test hypotheses formulated around the research model, and statistical methods were applied to analyze gathered data and draw conclusions. Implications for academics and practitioners are offered based on the findings of the study. The proposed model includes three quality dimensions of a Web-based semantic search engine-namely, information quality, system quality and service quality. These three dimensions each have measures designed to collectively assess the respective dimension. The model is intended to examine the relationship between measures of these quality dimensions and measures of two dependent constructs, including individuals' net benefit and user satisfaction. Individuals' net benefit was measured by the extent to which the user's information needs were adequately met, whereas user satisfaction was measured by a combination of the perceived satisfaction with search results and the perceived satisfaction with the overall system. A total of 23 hypotheses have been formulated around the model, and a questionnaire survey has been conducted using a functional semantic search website created by KT and Hakia, so as to collect data to validate the model. Copies of a questionnaire form were handed out in person to 160 research associates and employees working in the area of designing and developing semantic search engines. Those who received the form, 148 respondents returned valid responses. The survey form asked respondents to use the given website to answer questions concerning the system. The results of the empirical study have indicated that, of the three quality dimensions, information quality was found to have the strongest association with the effectiveness of a Web-based semantic search engine. This finding is consistent with the observation in the literature that the aspects of the information quality should serve as a basis for evaluating the search outcomes from a semantic search engine. Measures under the information quality dimension that have a positive effect on informational gratification and user satisfaction were found to be recall and currency. Under the system quality dimension, response time and interactivity, were positively related to informational gratification. On the other hand, only one measure under the service quality dimension, reliability was found to have a positive relationship with user satisfaction. The results were based on the seven hypotheses that have been accepted. One may wonder why 15 out of the 23 hypotheses have been rejected and question the theoretical soundness of the model. However, the correlations between independent variables and dependent variables came out to be fairly high. This suggests that the structural equation model yielded results inconsistent with those of coefficient analysis, because the structural equation model intends to examine the relationship among independent variables as well as the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables. The findings offer some useful implications for owners of a semantic search engine, as far as the design and maintenance of the website is concerned. First, the system should be designed to respond to the user's query as fast as possible. Also it should be designed to support the search process by recommending, revising, and choosing a search query, so as to maximize users' interactions with the system. Second, the system should present search results with maximum recall and currency to effectively meet the users' expectations. Third, it should be capable of providing online services in a reliable and trustworthy manner. Finally, effective increase in user satisfaction requires the improvement of quality factors associated with a semantic search engine, which would in turn help increase the informational gratification for users. The proposed model can serve as a useful framework for measuring the success of a Web-based semantic search engine. Applying the search engine success framework to the measurement of search engine effectiveness has the potential to provide an outline of what areas of a semantic search engine needs improvement, in order to better meet information needs of users. Further research will be needed to make this idea a reality.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.131-153
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• 2001

The importance of identifying gifted children during early childhood is becoming recognized. Nonetheless, most researchers preferred to study the primary and secondary levels where children are already and more clearly demonstrating what talents they have, and where more reliable predictions of gifted may be made. Comparatively lisle work has been done in this area. When we identify giftedness during early childhood, we have to consider the potential of the young children rather than on actual achievement. Giftedness during early childhood is still developing and less stable than that of older children and this prevents us from making firm and accurate predictions based on children's actual achievement. Dynamic assessment, based on Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development(ZPD), suggests a new idea in the way the gifted young children are identified. In light of dynamic assessment, for identifying the potential giftedness of young children. we need to involve measuring both unassisted and assisted performance. Dynamic assessment usually consists of a test-intervene-retest format that focuses attention on the improvement in child performance when an adult provides mediated assistance on how to master the testing task. The advantages of the dynamic assessment are as follows: First, the dynamic assessment approach can provide a useful means for assessing young gifted child who have not demonstrated high ability on traditional identification method. Second, the dynamic assessment approach can assess the learning process of young children. Third, the dynamic assessment can lead an individualized education by the early identification of young gifted children. Fourth, the dynamic assessment can be a more accurate predictor of potential by linking diagnosis and instruction. Thus, it can make us provide an educational treatment effectively for young gifted children.