• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.85-95
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• 2009

One of the most important elements in creating the pleasant residential environment is the wind. For the pleasant residential environment, it is important that the air pollutants are not stagnant but appropriately and swiftly diffused and removed by winds. Especially, the river becomes a main route of wind in the urban core. So, it is necessary to secure the space to circulate the sufficient cool air to this area. But, recently many high-rise apartment complexes have been built along the rivers that have the fine view and pleasant environment. As a result, the cool and fresh air coming from mountains hardly diffuses into the urban core but just flows along the river. Considering the facts above, this study selected types of building layout and kind of land cover as complex or architectural design factors that have an influence on wind environment. Based on the factors, it analyzed change in wind environment according to apartment complex development aiming at the Sinchun area which is Daegu Metropolitan City's main wind corridor. Therefore, when apartment complex development is planned in the future, it can offer basic data for establishing plans for more pleasant complexes. As a result of the analysis, it was shown that the layout type of housing and the building height plan in consideration of wind corridor around the river were pretty effective in increasing the wind speed and circulating the air in the apartment complex. Therefore, if wind corridor is considered when apartment complex development is planed in the future, this study can offer useful information contributing to improve comfort in residential environment in the level of complex building as well as city planning.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.56-62
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• 2010

The integration of PV modules into building facades or roof could raise their temperature that results in the reduction of PV system's electrical power generation. Hot air can be extracted from the space between PV modules and building envelope, and used for heating in buildings. PV/thermal collectors, or more generally known as PVT collectors, are devices that operate simultaneously to convert solar energy from the sun into two other useful energies, namely, electricity and heat. This paper compares the experimental performance of BIPVT((Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal) collectors that applied on building roof and facade. There are four different cases: a roof-integrated PVT type and a facade-integrated PVT type, the base models with an air gap between the PV module and the surface, and the improved models for each types with aluminum fins attached to the PV modules. The accumulated thermal energy of the roof-integrated type was 15.8% higher than the facade-integrated regardless of fin attachment. The accumulated electrical energy of the roof-integrated type was 7.6% higher, compared to that of the facade-integrated. The efficiency differences among the collectors may be due to the fact that the pins absorbed heat from the PV module and emitted it to air layer.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to suggest an optimum guide line of the unit plan design in national housing (less than $85m^2$ of exclusive floor area in a dwelling unit). The unit plan of apartment have been improved diversely for the residents, and the family members per household have been decreased for decades comparing with the past. In contrast, the living space per household has been increased steadily, it is because of the improvement of the living standard. The unit plan have been improved from 2-bay corridor access type and 2~3 and 4-bay staircase type. In december 2005, the balcony was permitted to be used as exclusive living area without the increase of the original living area by law. So the apartment residents have been able to use more spacious area exclusively in a dwelling unit. On the other hand, the legalization on permitting balcony area into a exclusive area resulted in a distorted wide and enlarged plan only for the business profit improvement lately. The living environment has been changed differently unlike at the time of the legislation of the national housing. The family member per household has been decreased and the related law and the institution has also been changed. Moreover It has passed 40 years since the legislation of national housing ($85m^2$). So, The size of national housing should be reviewed according to the current trend in terms of the decrease of household and the utilization of balcony area.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

An understanding of particle-particle interactions in filtration requires studying the detachment as well as the attachment of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles captured in a granular media filter can be released by changing the physicochemical factors. In this study, the detachment of captured silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in granular media filtration was examined under different ionic strengths, ion type, and the presence or absence of natural organic matter (NOM). Filtration velocity and ionic strength were chosen as the physical and chemical factors to cause the detachment. Increasing filtration velocity caused a negligible amount of AgNP detachment. On the other hand, lowering ionic strength showed different release amounts depending on the background ions, implying a population of loosely captured particles inside the filter bed. Overall detachment was affected by ionic strength and ion type, and to a lesser degree by NOM coating which resulted in slightly more detachment (in otherwise identical conditions) than in the absence of that coating, possibly by steric effects. The secondary energy minimum with Na ions was deeper and wider than with Ca ions, probably due to the lack of complexation with citrate and charge neutralization that would be caused by Ca ions. This result implies that the change in chemical force by reducing ionic strength of Na ions could significantly enhance the detachment compared to that caused by a change in physical force, due to a weak electrostatic deposition between nanoparticles and filter media. A modification of the 1-D filtration model to incorporate a detachment term showed good agreement with experimental data; estimating the detachment coefficients for that model suggested that the detachment rate could be similar regardless of the amount of previously captured AgNPs.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.891-907
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• 2020

Many studies reveal that during destructive earthquakes, most of the structures enter the inelastic phase. The amount of hysteretic energy in a structure is considered as an important criterion in structure design and an important indicator for the degree of its damage or vulnerability. The hysteretic energy value wasted after the structure yields is the most important component of the energy equation that affects the structures system damage thereof. Controlling this value of energy leads to controlling the structure behavior. Here, for the first time, the hysteretic behavior and energy dissipation capacity are assessed at presence of elliptical braced resisting frames (ELBRFs), through an experimental study and numerical analysis of FEM. The ELBRFs are of lateral load systems, when located in the middle bay of the frame and connected properly to the beams and columns, in addition to improving the structural behavior, do not have the problem of architectural space in the bracing systems. The energy dissipation capacity is assessed in four frames of small single-story single-bay ELBRFs at ½ scale with different accessories, and compared with SMRF and X-bracing systems. The frames are analyzed through a nonlinear FEM and a quasi-static cyclic loading. The performance features here consist of hysteresis behavior, plasticity factor, energy dissipation, resistance and stiffness variation, shear strength and Von-Mises stress distribution. The test results indicate that the good behavior of the elliptical bracing resisting frame improves strength, stiffness, ductility and dissipated energy capacity in a significant manner.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.17-30
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• 2012

This study is targeted on children's parks in Seogu, Daejeon with the goal of maximizing the usage and versatility of existing parks in the area by the survey and analysis of the general status of children's parks, land use near the parks, population, users, and traits of usage. For the purposes of this thesis this study has selected 65 of the children's parks in the Seogu District to monitor. It also focused on a number of these parks located in areas which underwent a lot of changes and needed an increase in usage and versatility. Based on the selection criteria, the four target parks, Wojeong, Meongwhack, Dosan and Wicdunjimi children's park were selected. The Survey shows that 55.9% of park visitors visited a park to 'rest and take a walk' and used 'main facilities' meaning resting facilities like pergola and benches. In the nighttime, the number of park visitors is so few because of safety problems. 50% of users were satisfied with parks. It shows that there are many respondents who want to recompose these parks as places for light exercise, resting, meeting, and as community symbols. Generally, these target parks don't reach their full potential and they also do not play their proper roles because they are hampered by the constriction of the law. These stick to an outdated idea of what a park should be like without considering the actual and practical needs of city dwellers. When it comes to the remodeling and refurbishing of these parks we have to rethink the planning process so that these parks may be more versatile and practical in order to accommodate the radical changes of users and patterns of usage.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.223-232
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to identify the supply status and planning trend of North Korean housing through analysis on the North Korean architecture specialized media data. The flat composition is changing and the living room is becoming the center of the houses. Also, in the urban areas, the standard apartment type is four apartments in a row and the plan form is getting diversified into circle type, Y type, and irregular type. On the other hand, in the rural areas, two houses in a row and single house are typical and the change in planning scale and space structure are not substantial. Since the 2000s, design changes have been made to emphasize the third dimensional structure of buildings such as the elliptical houses and L-shaped houses. Furthermore, 8~10 households are located on one floor which leads to the tendency of the building enlargement. In terms of house size, a square concept was introduced to replace the initial 2~3 room concept and the basic module of the room planning the 3 room house based on $3m{\times}3m$. However, there seems to be no standard house size, and the house size may differ depending on the social classandregion. In the early 1980s, when there was focus on the apartment complex construction, the high-rise apartment buildings of 30~40 floors was planned. However, during the Pyongyang redevelopment project, apartments of more or less than 10 floors were built and row-houses of more or less than 4 floors were built. In terms of the complex scale, a lot of small complexes of around 300 households are emerging after 2010. The construction projects are mainly limited to specific regions such as Pyongyang and Samjiyeon, and also limited to specific classes such as the workers and soldiers initially and the scientists lately. In addition, living boundary composition and ancillary facilities for sufficient green area ratio securement and the people of North Korea are maintained consistently. In recent years, the specialized floor planning such as solar house and the house for the disabled people, framework houses for redevelopment business, and multi-storied house construction technology are also emerging.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.224-233
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• 2010

As urban function has become diversified and complicated, multifunctional complex facilities to satisfy new functional desires are necessary. Since local autonomy started, many facilities previously run and managed by central administrative agencies are now under management of localities, and functionally, the necessity for governments complexes town to satisfy diverse taste of populace such as creating local community becomes imminent. Analyzing characteristics by space composition factor of the public health center, newly built as part of such governments complexes town and understanding required area of each part, this project is to be used as basic material for construction plan of public health center that is equipped with local characters while devising construction of the public health center in the governments complexes town. Research method is to analyze four public health center facilities located in governments complexes town sites built after 2007, among twenty five public health centers in Seoul, by spatial functions. Also, based on statistical documents of usage of public health center facilities, research over spatial compositional factors and area composition has been conducted. As a result, connectivity between local government building located inside the governments complexes town and public health center and that of spatial composition factor by part, area ratio by part and floor type of public health center are comprehended. Connectivity type of public health centers are divided into horizontal and vertical connectivity and it is found that spatial composition of public health center is compartmentalized into low level, mid level and high level, to make access by users easier. Level type is decided as radial, rotational and combined by hallway connecting facilities.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.162-171
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• 2010

In the field of architecture, the sustainable architectural concept, "green buildings," has been suggested as an alternative to solve the environmental problems; however, the concept has not yet been converted to awareness and development of related technology. The leading role of public sector has been socially and economically influential in the nation, hence green public buildings are significant to stimulate the spread of green buildings in the nation. This study is to draw an appropriate method of implementing the green building concept to the two main government office buildings of Jeju Special Self-Governing Province based on the plan to improve the work environment; it is also to provide long-term directions of implementing policies and reference for the public and private sector to utilize the green building concept. Its research methodology was the survey method. A total of 142 questionnaires were returned by government employees of the two buildings. It accounts for 20% of the total number of 711 workers of the buildings. According to the analysis of the returned questionnaire, the majority of the surveyed have a positive evaluurned toward the introduction of green buildings due to their expecturned for the possible i the buildingstheir work environment. In addition, they showed more interest in space planning with natural ventilation than automatic systems regarding applied methods for green buildings.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.307-317
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• 2013

Elementary school's physical environment is critical to lower grade students. Among the many physical conditions, Toilet, which belongs to health and sanitation category is very important to those who start school for the first time. The purpose of this study is for suggesting the guidelines of toilet design reflecting psychological and behavioral aspects of lower grade students. The research was executed as follows. Firstly, focused survey groups were carefully chosen. Five elementary schools were selected, being all open after 2005 under Seoul Gangseo District Office of Education. Secondly, field study was executed to find out toilet usage, during the period between April to June 2012, by visiting schools to see basic facilities, taking pictures and making actual measurement in each toilets. The architectural analysis was focused on location, moving line, actual size and space zoning, while the interior analysis being on finishing materials and the design of sanitary equipments. And the design elements such as color, lighting fixture, art works or signage were analysed, too. Finally, questionnaire survey was done to find out preferences of lower grade students. As a result, the guidelines of toilet design can be divided into two main parts, Physical and Psychological. For the Physical part, it is necessary for related facilities to be concentrated in order to give easy access. In addition, good ventilation, better lighting and to install sanitary equipments ergonomically are required. Furthermore, safe and clean maintenance should be considered. Psychologically, the design should be directed for making lower grade students come to toilets with comfort and more pleasantly.