• Title/Summary/Keyword: apparent protein utilization

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Effect of Food Particle Size, Stocking Density and Feeding Frequency on the Growth Performance of Juvenile Korean Rockfish Sebastes schlegelii (배합사료의 크기, 공급횟수 그리고 사육밀도가 조피볼락(Sebastes schlegelii) 치어의 성장에 미치는 영향)

  • Oh, Dae-Han;Song, Jin-Woo;Kim, Min-Gi;Lee, Bong-Joo;Kim, Kang-Woong;Han, Hyon-Sob;Lee, Kyeong-Jun
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.46 no.4
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    • pp.407-412
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    • 2013
  • We performed four sets of feeding trials to establish optimum feed size (Exp-I), stocking density (Exp-II) and feeding frequency (Exp-III and IV) for Korean rockfish. In Exp-I, three different particle sizes of a commercial diet (small, 2.0-2.1 mm; medium, 2.4-3.2 mm; and large, 4.0-5.3 mm) were fed to four replicate groups of fish ($22.8{\pm}0.1g$), each of which was fed to apparent satiation for six weeks. In Exp-II, fish ($44.3{\pm}0.4g$) were reared at four stocking densities (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 $kg/m^3$) and fed a commercial diet to apparent satiation for four weeks. In Exp-III, fish ($14.8{\pm}0.1g$) were fed a commercial diet once, twice, thrice, $4{\times}$ or $5{\times}$ a day at a feeding ratio of 3.25% of body mass. Another group of fish was fed the same commercial diet $5{\times}$ a day to apparent satiation; this treatment was designated FS (five times satiation/day). In Exp-IV, fish ($31.3{\pm}0.1g$) were fed a commercial diet once, twice, thrice or $4{\times}$ a day to apparent satiation. Another group of fish was fed to apparent satiation once every 48 hours. In Exp-I, fish fed the large particle (4.0-5.3 mm) diet had a significantly higher feed conversion ratio and lower protein efficiency ratio than fish fed the small particle diet. In Exp-II, groups of fish reared at densities of 4.5 and 6.0 $kg/m^3$ had significantly higher feed intake and growth performance than fish reared at 1.5 and 3.0 $kg/m^3$. In Exp-III, fish fed to apparent satiation had significantly higher growth performances than fish fed once or $4{\times}$ a day. A significantly higher feed conversion ratio and a lower protein efficiency ratio were obtained in the FS group. In Exp-IV, growth performance and feed utilization efficiency were not significantly affected by experimental variation in feeding frequency. Fish fed to apparent satiation once every 48 hours had better feed utilization than those in other treatments and growth performances of those were comparable. Therefore, the optimum feed particle size, stocking density and feeding frequency for Korean rockfish under conditions we used were 2.0-3.2 mm, 4.5-6.0 $kg/m^3$, and once a day or once every 48 hour, respectively.

Nutritive Effects of Feeding Rice Diet Mixed with Barley and/or Millet on the Growth Rate and Biological Availability of Some Nutrients by Albino rats (보리와 속(粟)의 혼식(混食)이 성장기(成長期) 백서(白鼠)에 미치는 영양효과(營養效果))

  • Ha, C.J.;Hyun, K.S.;Han, I.K.
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 1976
  • This study was carried out to observe the nutritive effects of feeding rice diet and rice diet mixed with barley or millet, or both on the growth rate and biological availability of some nutrients by albino rats. The experimental diets were prepared on the basis of isocaloric and isonitrogenous containing 357 kcal of energy and 12g of protein per 100g of diet. The experimental animals weighing about 66g of both sexes were fed on 7 kinds of diets such as control diet, rice (100%) diet, rice (70%)+barley (30%) diet, rice (70%)+millet (30%) diet, rice (70%)+barley (20%)+millet (10%) diet, rice (70%)+barley (15%)+millet (15%) diet, and rice (70%)+barley (10%)+millet (20%) diet for 7 weeks. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The gain in body weight was higher for barley and/or millet mixed with rice diet groups than rice diet group with no statistical difference. 2. Although there was no difference in the amount of food consumed by experimental groups, the food efficiency ratio was sightly higher for the miked diet groups than rice atone diet group. 3. The protein efficiency ratio was also higher for barley and millet miked with rice diet groups than rice diet group, although statistical significance was not found. 4. Apparent digestibility of protein of rice diet group was significantly (P<0.01) higher than any other diet group. Although there was no remarkable difference between mixed diet group was found, the apparent digestibility of protein tended to increase when rats were fed on the barley and millet mixed with rice diet. Apparent biological value (p<0.05) and net protein utilization (p<0.01) were also significantly higher for the groups fed mixed diet with barley and/or millet than rice diet group, and those for millet alone mixed diet were slightly lower. 5. The content of total nitrogen in the liver and of protein in serum were not significantly different among experimental groups. It may be concluded from the above results that an adequate supplementation of rice with other cereals and mixing ratio of other cereals to rice were important for the efficient utilization of protein in total diet.

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Dietary methionine supplementation to a low-protein diet improved hair follicle development of Angora rabbits

  • Man Zhao;Tongtong Wang;Bin Wang;Chuanhua Liu;Fuchang Li;Lei Liu
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • v.36 no.6
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    • pp.920-928
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    • 2023
  • Objective: Angora rabbits fed a low-protein diet exhibit decreased hair production performance. This study was set out to evaluate the effects of methionine on hair properties and nitrogen metabolism in Angora rabbits fed a low-protein diet and to investigate the gene expression related to hair follicle development to determine the possible molecular mechanism of methionine effects on hair follicle development. Methods: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of DL-methionine addition on a low-protein diet on hair development in Angora rabbits. Angora rabbits were divided into 5 groups: fed a normal diet (control), fed a low-protein diet (LP), or fed an LP supplemented with 0.2%, 0.4%, or 0.6% DL-methionine (Met). Results: The results showed that rabbits in the LP group had lower wool yield than the control rabbits, but the addition of 0.4% to 0.6% Met to LP attenuated these effects (p<0.05). Dietary addition of 0.4% to 0.6% Met to LP increased the apparent nitrogen digestibility, nitrogen utilization rate, and feed efficiency (p<0.05). Feeding LP decreased the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), keratin-associated protein (KAP) 3.1, and KAP 6.1 mRNA levels compared with the control, but the addition of 0.4% Met in LP attenuated these effects (p<0.05). Relative to the LP or control group, dietary addition of 0.4% Met increased versican mRNA levels. Conclusion: In conclusion, the addition of Met to LP could improves wool production performance and feed efficiency and reduce nitrogen emissions in Angora rabbits. Met can promote hair follicle development, which may be associated with IGF1, KAP, and the versican signaling.

The Effect of Lysine to Protein Ratio on Growth Performance and Efficiency of Nitrogen Utilization in Pigs

  • Li, Defa;Xi, Pengbin;Wang, Junxun;Wang, Jitan;Ren, Jiping;Kang, Yufan;Thacker, P.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.14 no.9
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    • pp.1282-1289
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    • 2001
  • One feeding trial and two metabolic trials were conducted to investigate the effects of lysine to protein ratio in practical swine diets on growth performance and efficiency of nitrogen retention and utilization in different growing phases. In Trial one (the feeding trial), 90 mixed sex pigs weighing $9.1{\pm}1.4kg$ (Duroc ${\times}$ Landrance ${\times}$ Beijing Black) were used to study the effects of concentrations of 5.2, 5.3, 5.8, 6.4 and 7.2 g lysine/100 g CP in diets containing 1.2% lysine on growth performance and serum urea nitrogen. The results showed that feed conversion efficiency and economic efficiency were best for pigs fed the diet containing the lysine concentration of 5.8 g /100 g crude protein. Serum urea nitrogen concentration decreased linearly (p=0.0009) and serum free lysine content increased linearly (p=0.0017) as the lysine to protein ratio in diets increased from 5.2 to 7.2 g/100 g. In Trials two and three (the metabolic trials), five growing barrows (Duroc ${\times}$ Landrance ${\times}$ Beijing black), with initial body weights of approximately $26{\pm}2.4kg$ and $56.3{\pm}3.5kg$, respectively, were allotted to five dietary treatments according to a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design. Trial two contained 5.2, 5.7, 6.1, 6.7 and 6.8 g lysine/100 g CP treatments. Trial three contained 4.6, 5.0, 5.6, 6.1 and 6.6 g lysine/100 g CP treatments. The results showed that nitrogen retention in growing pigs decreased linearly (p=0.0011 in Trial two; p=0.0099 in Trial three) as the lysine to protein ratio in diets increased. The ratio of lysine to protein in diets resulting in maximum nitrogen retention was 5.2 g/100 g and 5.0 g/100 g in Trial two and Trial three, respectively. In Trial two, apparent biological value and gross nitrogen efficiency increased linearly (p=0.0135 and p=0.0192, respectively) as the lysine to protein ratio increased from 5.2 to 6.8 g lysine/100 g CP. In summary, we concluded that the optimal Lysine to Protein Ratios for 8-20 kg and 20-80 kg pigs were 5.8 g/100 g and 5.0 to 5.2 g/100 g, respectively.

Effect of feeding a by-product feed-based silage on nutrients intake, apparent digestibility, and nitrogen balance in sheep

  • Seok, J.S.;Kim, Y.I.;Lee, Y.H.;Choi, D.Y.;Kwak, W.S.
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.58 no.2
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    • pp.9.1-9.5
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    • 2016
  • Background: Literature is lacking on the effects of feeding by-product feed (BF)-based silage on rumen fermentation parameters, nutrient digestion and nitrogen (N) retention in sheep. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of replacing rye straw with BF-based silage as a roughage source on ruminal parameters, total-tract apparent nutrient digestibility, and N balance in sheep. Methods: The by-product feed silage was composed of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) (45 %), recycled poultry bedding (RPB) (21 %), rye straw (11 %), rice bran (10.8 %), corn taffy residue (10 %), protected fat (1.0 %), bentonite (0.6 %), and mixed microbial additive (0.6 %). Six sheep were assigned randomly to either the control (concentrate mix + rye straw) or a treatment diet (concentrate mix + BF-based silage). Results: Compared with the control diet, feeding a BF-based silage diet resulted in similar ruminal characteristics (pH, acetate, propionate, and butyrate concentrations, and acetate: propionate ratio), higher (p < 0.05) ruminal NH3-N, higher (p < 0.05) ether extract digestibility, similar crude protein digestibility, lower (p < 0.05) dry matter, fiber, and crude ash digestibilities, and higher (p < 0.05) N retention (g/d) Conclusion: The BF-based silage showed similar energy value, higher protein metabolism and utilization, and lower fiber digestion in sheep compared to the control diet containing rye straw.

EFFECTS OF DIETARY TRYPTOPHAN LEVEL AND FOOD INTAKE ON ENERGY UTILIZATION BY MALE GROWING CHICKS

  • Sugahara, K.;Kubo, T.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.5 no.4
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    • pp.647-651
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    • 1992
  • Two experiments involving comparative slaughter procedures were conducted to see if the decrease in total energy retention (ER) resulted from the decreased food intake in growing chicks fed on a diet containing tryptophan less than the requirement. Ad libitum-feeding a diet containing 50% of tryptophan of a control diet (1.5 g/kg) decreased body weight gain, apparent metabolizable energy intake (AMEI), ER and ER : AMEI ratio. When both the control diet and the 0.75 g/kg tryptophan diet were tube-fed at the two levels of food intake, body weight gain was significantly lower in chicks on the low tryptophan diet than in the control chicks at each level of intake. AME : gross-energy ratio decreased only when the low tryptophan diet was tube-fed at the higher level of intake. Energy retained as protein was significantly decreased by the low tryptophan level and reduction of food intake. Energy retained as fat was affected by food intake. ER and ER : AMEI ratio were unaffected by dietary tryptophan level and were proportional to AMEI. Heat increment of feeding was affected by neither tryptophan nor food intake. These results indicate that the decreased ER in chicks fed on the low tryptophan diet was due mainly to the decreased food intake and not to the decreased efficiency of ME utilization.

Effect of Intermittent Feeding on Growth, Feed Utilization and Body Composition of Subadult Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in Suboptimal Temperature

  • Cho, S.H.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.394-399
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    • 2011
  • The effect of intermittent feeding on growth, feed utilization and body composition of subadult olive flounder fed extruded pellet (EP) in suboptimal temperature ($13.5{\pm}2.10^{\circ}C$) was determined. Two hundred twenty five subadult fish averaging 272 g were randomly distributed into fifteen of 300 L circular flow-through tanks (fifteen fish per tank). Five treatments with different days of feeding a week were prepared in triplicate: fish were hand-fed with EP to apparent satiation once a day, seven days a week (7DF), which was used as the control group or consecutive six, five, four and three days a week, for 12 weeks, referred to as 6DF, 5DF, 4DF and 3DF treatments, respectively. Weight gains and specific growth rates of fish in 6DF treatment were higher than those of fish in 7DF, 4DF and 3DF treatments, but not different from those of fish in 5DF treatment. Daily feed intake of fish in 6DF and 7DF treatments was higher than that of fish in 5DF, 4DF and 3DF treatments. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish were not different among treatments. There was no difference in the chemical composition of fish between treatments. Results of this study demonstrated that feeding five days per week could be recommended for subadult olive flounder fed extruded pellet in suboptimal temperature.

ALKALINE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TREATED ASPEN AS A RUMINANT FEED

  • Myung, K.H.;Kennelly, J.J.;Chung, K.C.;Kim, Y.S.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.1 no.4
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    • pp.195-199
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    • 1988
  • Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of a diet containing 20% alkaline hydrogen peroxide(AHP) treated aspen sawdust for ruminants. In experiment 1, sheep fed treated aspen(treated) had higher (p < 0.05) average daily gain and improved feed/gain ratio compared to animals fed untreated aspen (untreated), Apparent NDF and ADF digestibilities of treated aspen were higher (p < 0.05) than for untreated material. A similar trend was observed for DM, organic matter and cellulose digestibilities coefficients. In experiment 2, the soluble and degradable DM and crude protein (CP) fractions tended to increase with AHP treatment. Treatment also increased (p<0.05) the degradation rate of the degradable fraction. Results of these experiment indicate that AHP treatment results in a substantial improvement in the extent of utilization of aspen sawdust by ruminants.

Potential Feeding Value of Deoiled Rice Bran by Japanese Quails. 2. Effect on Nutrient Utilization

  • Bhanja, S.K.;Verma, S.V.S.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.14 no.8
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    • pp.1144-1148
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    • 2001
  • The implications of incorporating deoiled rice bran (DORB) in diet on the utilization of certain nutrients had been examined through balance studies made with 6- and 10- week-old Japanese quails. The stuffs evaluated in this study had their origin from two different types of processes- a batch extraction (DORB-B) and another continuous process (DORB-C), and each included at 10, 20 or 30% level in an iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diet. On chemical analyses, the DORB-B was found to contain crude protein, 19.0; ether extract, 0.79; total ash, 17.05; Ca, 0.11; P, 1.92; glucose, 2.35 and starch 11.22 g/100 g day matter. Corresponding values for DORB-C were 15.02, 1.56, 13.0, 0.40, 2.76, 2.16 and 19.0, respectively. The data on nutrient balances with quails fed diets containing the two-types of DORB suggested no significant (p>0.05) differences in per cent retention of diet dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), gross energy (GE), nitrogen (N), crude fiber (CF), calcium (Ca) or phosphorus (P) content attributable to the extraction process. The age of the birds also appeared to have no significant (p>0.05) effect on nutrient utilization by them. However, the level of inclusion of DORB had a significant (p<0.05) effect on nutrient utilization by quails in that the retention of dietary N, EE, CF, Ca and P was better at lower than at higher levels. It is concluded that the DORB, irrespective of extraction process, can safely be employed upto 20% level in diet of adult Japanese quails without noticeable interference in utilizing the major dietary nutrients.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Nucleotide on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, and Non-Specific Immune Responses of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (사료 내 nucleotide 첨가가 틸라피아(Oreochromis niloticus)의 성장, 사료효율 및 비특이적 면역력에 미치는 영향)

  • Song, Jin-Woo;Lim, Se-Jin;Oh, Dae-Han;Cha, Ji-Hoon;Lee, Kyeong-Jun
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.45 no.6
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    • pp.648-653
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    • 2012
  • The present study examined the effects of dietary supplementation with nucleotide (inosine monophosphate product, IMP) on the growth performance, feed utilization, and non-specific immune responses of juvenile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Triplicate groups of tilapia (initial body weight, $7.4{\pm}0.04$ g) were fed experimental diets containing 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% IMP. Fish were fed six times a day until apparent satiation for 13 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, final body weight and food utilization of fish fed 0.1% IMP were significantly higher than those of fish fed the control diet. Results of hematological parameters were not affected by dietary IMP. However, blood protein level was significantly higher in the 0.05% treatment, as compared to that of the control and 0.2% IMP diets. Myeloperoxidase activity was higher in fish fed 0.1% IMP than in fish fed the control and 0.2% IMP diets. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with IMP can enhance the growth performance, feed utilization, and innate immune response of juvenile tilapia. The optimal IMP supplementation level appears to be 0.1% in practical feed formulations for tilapia.