• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.441-454
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• 2022

This study aimed to determine the effect of enzyme, guar gum, and pressure processing on the digestibility and physicochemical properties of age-friendly liver sausages. Liver sausages were manufactured by adding proteolytic enzyme (Bromelain) and guar gum, and pressure-cooking (0.06 MPa), with the following treatments: control, without proteolytic enzyme; T1, proteolytic enzyme; T2, proteolytic enzyme and guar gum; T3, pressure-cooking; T4, proteolytic enzyme and pressure-cooking; T5, proteolytic enzyme, guar gum, and pressure-cooking. The pH was high in the enzyme- and pressure-processed groups. The pressure-processed groups had lower apparent viscosity than other cooking groups, and it decreased during enzyme treatment. Hardness was lower in the enzyme- and pressure-processed groups than in the control, and the T4 was the lowest. Digestibility was the highest in T4 at 82.58%, and there was no significant difference with that in T5. The general cooking group with enzyme and guar gum also showed higher digestibility than the control (77.50%). As a result of the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the enzyme- and pressure-treated groups (T4, T5) were degraded more into low-molecular-weight peptides (≤37 kDa) than the control and other treatments. Viscoelasticity showed similar trends for viscous and elastic moduli. Similarly, combined pressure processing and enzymatic treatment decreased viscoelasticity, while guar gum increased elasticity but decreased viscosity. Therefore, the tenderized physical properties and improved digestibility by enzyme and pressurization treatment could be used to produce age-friendly spreadable liver sausages.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권6호
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• pp.1215-1225
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• 2022

The epidemiology of parasite infection in local and imported breeds is quite an essential topic in the meat industry and human health. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Dicrocoelium dendriticum in local sheep breeds (Naemi, Najdi, and Harri) and imported breeds from Romania (Romani breed) and the epidemiology of the infection in Saudi Arabia. Morphological description, the relationship between dicrocoeliasis and sex, age, and histological changes were also presented. A total of 6845 slaughtered sheep at Riyadh Automated slaughterhouse were investigated and followed up for 4 months between 2020-2021. It included 4,680 local breeds and 2,165 imported Romanian breeds. Fecal samples and livers and gallbladders from slaughtered animals were examined for apparent pathological lesions. The results indicated that the infection rate in slaughtered animals was 10.6% in imported Romani sheep and 0.9% in the local Naeimi breed. After identifying the parasite morphologically, negative results were obtained from examining feces, gallbladders, and livers of Najdi and Harry sheep breeds. The mean number of eggs per 20 µL/gallbladder was low (72.78 ± 17.8: 76.11 ± 5.07), medium (334.59 ± 90.6: 292.91 ± 26.63), and high (1113.2 ± 22.3: 1004 ± 143.4) in imported and Naeime sheep, respectively. Significant differences were found between gender and age (males and females were 3.67% and 6.31%; > 2 years 4.39%, 1-2 years 4.22%, and 1 year 3.53%) respectively. Histopathological lesions in the liver were more pronounced. Our survey confirmed the presence of D. dendriticum in imported Romani and local Naeimi sheep, and the potential role of imported sheep in the epidemiology of dicrocoeliasis in Saudi Arabia.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.1255-1262
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• 2024

Objective: The present study evaluated the effect of flaxseed meal degraded by a protease, Lactobacillus plantarum, or both on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and health status of broilers. Methods: There were four diets containing flaxseed meals in its non-degraded form (control, CON), degraded with 3,000 U/kg of protease (enzymatic, ELM), 1.0×10⁹ CFU/kg of Lactobacillus plantarum (fermented, FLM), or both (dual-degraded, DLM). Each form of flaxseed meals was added at 15% of diet. A total of 480 yellow-feathered broilers at 22 d of age were distributed into 4 groups with 6 replicates of 20 chickens each. The feeding trial lasted for 42 d. Growth performance, apparent fecal digestibility (dry matter, energy, crude protein, and ash), and serum immunoglobins and antioxidases were determined at 42 and 63 d of age. Results: Results showed that ELM, FLM, and DLM increased (p<0.001) the contents of peptides and decreased (p<0.001) cyanogenic glycosides, compared to CON. The diets with degraded flaxseed meals increased (p<0.05) feed intake and body weight gain throughout the feeding trial, and the digestibility of energy, crude protein, and ash at the end of feeding trial. Furthermore, all degraded groups enhanced (p<0.05) broiler health status by increasing serum immunoglobulins A and G. Additinally, DLM showed more pronounced effects (p<0.05) on these parameters than ELM or FLM. Conclusion: Flaxseed meals degraded by enzymolysis, fermentation, or both had improved nutrition and application in broilers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.149-156
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• 1991

고지방식이와 총열량섭취 제한식이가 protein kinase C 활성에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 기타 양양소 또 총열량섭취가 정확이 조절된 식이를 제조하여 투여해본 결과, protein kinase C의 활성은 본 실험에서 사용한 옥수수유의 양의 증가에 따라 cytosolic과 membrane-associated protein kinase C의 활성을 모두 증가시키는 것을 관찰 하였다. 또한 기타 영양소는 같게 투여하고 열량소만 40% 감소시킨 실험군은 대조군에 비해 양쪽의 protein kinase C가 모두 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.101-105
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• 2009

The homozygous T-DNA mutant of the AMY1 gene in Arabidopsis was identified and importantly, shown to cause an early flowering phenotype. We found that the disruption of AMY1 enhanced expression of CO and FT. The expression analyses of genes related to starch metabolism revealed that expression of the AGPase small subunit APS1 in the wild type was higher than in the amy1 mutant. However, there were no significant differences in expression levels of the AGPase large subunit genes ApL1, AMY2, or AMY3 between wild type and the amy1 mutant. Expression profiling showed that AMY1 was highly expressed in leaves, stems, and flowers, and expressed less in leafstalks and roots. Furthermore, the level of AMY1 mRNA was highly elevated with age and in senescing leaves. RT-PCR analyses showed that the expression of AMY1 was induced by heat shock, GA, and ABA, while salt stress had no apparent effect on its expression.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.179-184
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• 2005

First lactation records (174) of Jersey${\times}$Sahiwal and Holstein Friesian${\times}$Sahiwal half breds under 9 sires maintained at Chandra Shekher Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India from 1975-1983, were used to estimate the genetic parameters and to predict herd life milk yield and average milk yield per day of herd life from first lactation traits. The traits included were: age at first calving, first service period, first lactation period, first calving interval, first lactation milk yield, milk yield per day of first calving interval, herd life milk yield, herd life and average milk yield per day of herd life. Most of the production and reproduction traits were found to have positive and significant correlations between them on genetic as well as phenotypic scales. Total twelve regression equations were fitted. The prediction equation of herd life milk yield in both the genetic groups showed linear relationship with AFC, FSP, FLP, FLMY and MY/DCI and was apparent and significant. Similarly, polynomials for milk yield per day of herd life for J${\times}$S and HF${\times}$S half breds also showed linear trend, which was found highly significant. The highest and lowest $R^2$ values were found for FCI and AFC, respectively.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.199-213
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• 1987

Upon analyzing the literature, it becomes apparent that norms for orthodontic diagnosis were from normal occlusion with pleasing face, and that the form and size of craniofacial skeleton were different between racial or ethnic groups. Therefore, this study was intended to establish Korean adult norms be useful for diagnosing the cases and to compare those to other ethnic or racial groups. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken of ninety-one Korean adults with normal occlusion showing pleasing face consisted in forty-three males and forty-eight females. The subjects ranged in age from seventeen to twenty-six years. The tracings involved measurements that were analyzed with a digitizer. The findings of this study can be summarized as follows, 1. Norms of Korean adult males, females, and combined sexes were established. 2 It was found that in the form and shape of craniofacial skeleton, there were no significant differences between males and females, but in the size males were larger than females 3. There were a great variation between ethnic or racial groups in the measurements of craniofacial skeleton 4 The size of Korean cranial base was smaller than the American Caucasian. 5 The maxilla and mandible of Korean were less protruded than those of the other ethnic groups 6 The dental pattern of Korean were more proclined than that of the American Caucasian and less protruded than that of the American Negro and the North Indian.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.650-654
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• 2011

An experiment involving 180 straight run one-day-Cobb broilers was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of L-leucine with different levels of crude protein (CP) on carcass composition and sensory characteristics of broiler grower-finisher chickens. Six experimental diets comprising two levels of crude protein (CP) i.e., 20 and 20% with three levels of L-leucine i.e. 0, 0.5 and 0.67%, were offered to birds from 21-42 d of age. The birds were randomly divided into 36 experimental pens, 5 chickens in each pen, and there were 6 replicates under each diet. L-leucine supplementation did not affect the bone and lean, whereas fat was decreased (p<0.05) when L-leucine was added at 0.5%. Similarly, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the lean, fat and bone among chickens fed two levels of CP. No significant differences between dietary treatments were observed on any sensory characteristics affected by dietary L-leucine and CP. From this study, it is obvious that supplementation of up to 0.5% L-leucine reduced fat. However, other characteristics were not affected by supplementation of L-leucine. Similarly, reduction of body composition and sensory characteristics were not apparent on a diet low in CP.

• 한국CDE학회논문집
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.314-323
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• 2010

The domestic construction industry in the last 30 to 40 years has accumulated a large stock of buildings that are quickly and there physical age is quickly becoming apparent. Contemporary changes in architecture are fueling changes driven by the increased demand for these new services and facilities. The cost of energy and raw materials are on the rise, and dealing with the waist generated from the creation of new buildings is an emerging problem in the industry today. Thus, building remodeling has emerged as an alternative do to its increased efficiency regarding material usage. The participation of users in the development stages of a remodeling project is essential to its effective implementation in projects. The BIM model used for the design process of building remodeling is the most effective way, due to the increased efficiency gained in many areas. This study will examine a pilot project where a BIM based process was used in the remodeling of an apartment.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.510-517
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• 1994

It is a relatively common clinical experience to see a impacted maxillary central incisor. This is apparent at the dental age of about eight years and over, when the patient is in the early mixed dentition stage. The adjacent teeth may tilt toward the site of the missing tooth with resulting space closure and midline deviation. Most often, the central incisor is impacted labially. The labial impaction has been indicated as the most difficult to manage. Each of the current articles describing labial impactions shows at least one case with mucogingival recession or a minimal zone of attached gingiva. This report described the surgical uncovering and orthodontic-physiologic positioning methods with labially impacted maxillary central incisors. Through surgical exposure and direct bonding of lingual botton, the central incisors were brought into proper eruption path with elastic traction. The case 1 and 2 were treated with the physiologic erupting forces. The case 3 was applied with continuous orthodontic force. The case 1 and 2 resulted in good positioning, good esthetics and adequate width of keratinised gingiva. The case 3 resulted in local inflammation and inadequate width of keratinised gingiva.