• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.237-241
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• 2006

The Qualitative improvements of outdoor spaces are unsatisfactory in comparison with that of indoor environment in existing apartments. Lately construction companies are differentiating the outdoor spaces of apartment complexes to meet needs of residents. However, high-rise buildings inherently have limitations on providing exposure to the outdoor settings and inappropriate lightings could have serious impacts on physical and psychological health of residents. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide useful information for the luminous environment of outdoor spaces through the analysis of current apartment complexes' lighting plans. Outdoor space of branded apartment complexes in Seoul, built after the year 2003, were researched. Through site visits, illumination level and lighting plans were investigated classified into entry area, passage area, plaza, rest area, exercise area, and play area. With the result, illumination level of apartment complexes researched was lower than KS illumination standard in all areas and the lighting plans were mostly shown in different condition of first intended lighting plan because of insufficiency of maintenance in lighting system. Therefore, it is need to provide better luminous environment to make outdoor space more lively and energetic at the night time.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to summarize the concept of well-being and well-being apartment, to grasp the present condition of apartments which were introduced with well-being elements, and to find out the consumer preferences on well-being elements for apartment planning. Library and internet surveys were performed to summarize the concept of well-being and well-being apartment and to grasp the present condition of apartments which were introduced with well-being elements. Questionnaire survey was carried out from 2nd to 22nd of June 2005, to investigate the preferences on well-being elements for apartment planning. The respondents were 250 residents who are from thirties to fifties and living in urban area. As results, respondents think that 'living for health of body and mind' about concept of well-being and 'certificated apartments by green building rating system' or 'apartments introduced ecological factor' about concept of well-being apartment. They answered that 'yes' about 'Do you have intention to buy well-being apartment?'. The elements in aspect of complex planning having the preference were revealed that promenade for complex design, ecological garden or walking space for landscape design, outdoor exercise space for outdoor design, and security system for foundation equipment. The elements having the preference in aspect of public facilities were fitness room for sports & health facility and study room for cultural facility. The preferred elements in aspect of building and unit design were roof garden for building design, multi-functional room for unit floor plan, natural surface material for interior surface, ventilation system for indoor environment, control system for home automation, and food waste machine for home electronics.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.137-145
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• 2010

Active sunlighting systems have been applied to deliver sunlight into the indoor space where natural light is insufficient, mainly because of the congested high-rise buildings in urban areas. Among various active sunlighting systems, a mirror sunlighting system which is simple structure and economically reasonable has been widely used in different types of spaces such as underground, north facing place and atrium. This study was to evaluate the mirror sunlighting systems, which were consisted of the first mirror of $3.5m{\times}2.5m$, the eight sets of the second mirrors of $1.0m{\times}1.25m$ and a sun tracker. Ten sets of the systems were installed for 40 apartment living rooms, the configuration of $3.5m(W){\times}4.0m(D){\times}2.5m(H)$ where sunlighting were not possible due to high retaining walls located in the front of the living rooms. The 45 HOBO data logger sensors for the indoor illuminance were equipped and 2 Li-cor photometers for outdoor illuminance. Both indoor and outdoor horizontal illuminances were monitored every second from 9am to 3pm on 17 January 2010 under clear sky condition. The results showed that the indoor illuminance of installed mirror sunlighting system was significant relationship with outdoor illuminance and increased the indoor illuminance level by 4.2 times on the whole floor space, by 8 times on the sun patch space of 6m2 and even by 2 times on the no sun patch space. In addition, the luminous conditions of the living room under real sky conditions met the KS recommendation for difficult task (600-1000-1500 lux) such as sewing and reading on whole floor space and sun patch space. It was proved that the benefits of mirror sunlighting systems included an effective technology for penetrating daylight into indoors where sunlighting was not possible and improving occupants' satisfaction and health, and contributing to energy saving in apartments during daytime.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.130-139
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• 1999

The survey site, the Hyundai Apartment Complex in the Bundang Model Complex, includes three housing layout types; super high-rise, high-rise and low-rise apartment buildings. The site includes artificial ground over underground parking lots. The overall objective of this study is to evaluate social and physical factors of housing environments in each types of layout. The data has been complied from residents of apartment through questionnaire. The questionnaire include elements of neighborhood, outdoor space, parking zones, and the overall complex design in each layout types. The predictors of outdoor space satisfaction in apartment housing complex are found as follows: "abundance of trees in quantity", "the role as front yards", "harmony of buildings with landscape", "the more distance between buildings" and "maintenance quality of site". Layout of super high-rise apartment site is most satisfied. Introduction of car-free deck space is favored by resident because of safty and quiet resting area. However the low quality of green and lack of shades on the artificial land are identified as problems.on the artificial land are identified as problems.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.1 s.120
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• pp.36-47
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• 2007

This study intended to provide basic data for the future naming of outdoor areas in apartment complexes by conducting research into the causes, lengths of time, trends, and characteristics of the changes of outdoor space names of apartment complexes and by analyzing current images of outdoor space names. In order to explore the causes and intervals of changes of outdoor spaces in apartment complexes, related literature was surveyed, with on-site inspections being made to examine outdoor space names by time intervals. At the site selected for this study, a case study was conducted to determine the outdoor space names and to understand the trends in the changes of these name in the apartment complexes. Moreover, a questionnaire survey incorporating selected adjectives was administered to investigate the perceived images of outdoor space names and finished construction spaces. The results are as follows: 1. Causes driving changes in apartment outdoor space names included changes in apartment complex planning concepts, changes in the values and demands of apartment buyers, social values, and changes of brand. Intervals of changes were divided into two with the 1997 IMF financial restructuring of the Korean economy as the division. 2. In regards to trends in changes of apartment outdoor space names and their characteristics, various features applied to spaces have caused many changes, which resulted in the phrase $'\bigcirc\;\bigcirc+garden'$, expressions suggesting various images, and Korean names. 3. The results of the analysis of apartment outdoor space names and finished construction images revealed that there was a difference in all the spaces. This is thought to be mainly due to such issues as paved min, the use of ready-made goods, and figurative expressions. The results of the study above indicate that changes in outdoor space names of apartment complexes have been made simply as part of marketing strategies, with no consideration of the residents. Apartments, an important means of housing in Korea, account for more than 50% of Korea's total housing, and the naming of outdoor space serves as an essential element for residents. Therefore, outdoor spaces of apartment complexes should be named in consideration of the final appearance after construction is completed, with effort by the industry being required.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.48-57
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• 2010

Nowadays, public rental apartments' community facilities emphasize only their quantity aspect without considering residents' characteristics, leading their installation regulations to be based on only the number of households, which is problematic. As a result, in many cases, residents, after moving in, alter the facility usage or remodel the facilities for their use. Hereby, this study conducted focus group interviews with public rental apartments' residents as to find out space conditions of and improvement demands for the community facilities. Two public rental apartment complexes in Seoul and Gyeongi-do which were built after 2007 were selected for this study. As for the survey method, workshop panel was employed. Four people in each age class of infants, children, adolescents, adults, and seniors were formed into one group, and a total of 40 people in 10 groups were surveyed. The survey was continuously conducted from February to March in 2009. The study findings can be summarized as follows. 1) Among community facilities, there were more satisfactory outdoor facilities than satisfactory indoor facilities. Residents expressed satisfaction with the facilities linked with natural environment. The causes of unsatisfactory facilities were mostly poor management. 2) The facilities demanded by the residents included ones relevant to study, exercise, and hobbies. As public rental apartments are resided mostly by low-income families, study and hobby activities bring them cost problems. Therefore, it is needed that the apartment complexes support diverse such activities 3) As for facilities demanded for usage alteration, a residents' meeting room accounted for the most popular opinions. As it was used only once a week, its usage was very low. It should be opened to the residents and allowed to be used in various ways. 4) As for demands of changing spatial characteristics, outdoor exercise facilities accounted for the most opinions. Although they were installed in most cases, they were damaged and poorly managed, therefore being in need of improvement in operation and management. In order to maximally utilize public rental apartments' community facilities, facility planning in consideration of various age groups from residents' viewpoint and sustainable systematic management are required.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.3 s.110
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• pp.31-42
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• 2005

Much has been made of the changes over time to apartment complexes during the era of rapid development in Korea. This study aimed at analyzing the chronological changes since the 1970s in the laws and regulations governing outdoor space and the residents' appreciation of outdoor space in Daejeon's apartment complexes. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. Similar changes can be found throughout Daejeon's apartment complexes. As time has passed, the building-to-land ratio and the floor-to-land ratio have deceased. The high density trend of apartment complexes has continued until very recently. 2. Although residents' satisfaction with outdoor space around apartments has improved, land for athletic and commercial spaces still remains at its lowest level. Therefore, these kinds of spaces need improvement. 3. Comparing the characteristics of outdoor space in apartment complexes from the 1980s to present indicates that current apartment residents are much more satisfied with the outdoor space, but are conscious of the lack of adequate facilities for the elderly and the handicapped people, and of the hiか density of their apartment complexes. Therefore, these essential consciousness should also be further improved. 4. The residents are gradually becoming aware of changes to the outdoor space that have occurred over time in the apartment complexes, such as in the areas allowed to parking, pedestrians, and athletics. 5. These chronological changes relate to the residents' interest in the changes that have occurred to the outdoor space, especially the convenience of parking, the color of the buildings, the form of the buildings, and the shape of the roofs.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.95-107
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• 2017

The purpose of the study is to analyze the planning characteristics of outdoor space in apartment complexes in terms of child-care environment. We selected 8 apartment complexes in Cheongju, within three years from construction, of small and medium-sized apartments ($60-85m^2$) where a large number of families with young children are presumed to reside in. As a result of the study, it was found that whereas the factors that can be quantified such as the floor height differences, the angles of ramps, and the number of the rest facilities are excellent, the qualitative part which cannot be easily quantified such as the location and direction of the rest facility and play materials should be improved a lot. And the following improvements were suggested; separating the pedestrian passage from the vehicle road in the main entrance of the complex, utilizing the piloti for infant caring, making the entrance area of apartment safe for pedestrians from vehicles, reallocating resting spaces, redesigning resting spaces safer to infants, building or reallocating existing booths at the stops of kindergarten buses, redesigning the square safer from vehicles with shades, making it possible for guardians to watch infants in playing field from the resting space, allocating natural environments essential for child development.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.46-56
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• 2012

Though Korea and China have a lot of things in common, these two countries have developed different housing style. However, after modernization, apartments have become major housing style in both Korea and China. So this research analyzed 240 apartment plans which was build in Seoul and Beijing in 2000s and 2010s to predict the future trends for apartments. The results are as follows: The opening direction of the front door will be outwards as the hallway space of small apartments in China become wider as the living standards is increasing. Because of the floor sitting lifestyle, Koreans end outdoor activities when take off their shoes at the entrance hall and continue for indoor activities, they separate entrance hall from livingroom. However, because Chinese have chair sitting lifestyle, entrance hall and livingroom is not divided. Korean apartment shows a trend which connects livingroom, diningroom and kitchen altogether; however, Chinese apartment shows a trend which separates kitchen from livingroom and diningroom. Bedrooms are showing a trend of distributed layout. Master bedroom are showing a trend which includes separate bathroom or attached room as the size of apartment increases and so on.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.17
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• pp.173-180
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• 1998

The aim of the study was to grasp the current trends and to predict the future trends of space composition characteristics by analyzing floorplans drawn by housewives as their ideal apartments. The content analysis method was used for this study. This research used data from a competition held in 1993 by a housing construction company. Among 3,102 floorplans collected 12,232 were selected by Proportional Stratified Sampling Method. The major findings are as follows; 1) Some major features were interpreted as current trends; respondents wanted new rooms that could accomodate various functions separated the private spaces from public trends; they wanted to expand the verandah both visually and actually put importance on the number of bathrooms and have the space for outdoor living and leisure activities.