• Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.348-353
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was conducted to determine whether essential oils had anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus activity and whether there were specific compounds associated with this activity. Methods: There were 63 essential oils evaluated for anti-influenza (A/WS/33 virus) activity using a cytopathic effect reduction method. The chemical composition of the anti-influenza essential oils was phytochemically analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: The antiviral assays demonstrated that 11 of the 62 essential oils ($100{\mu}g/mL$) possessed anti-influenza activity, reducing visible cytopathic effects of influenza A/WS/33 virus activity by > 30%. Furthermore, marjoram, clary sage and anise oils exhibited anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus activity of > 52.8%. However, oseltamivir (the anti-influenza A and B drug), showed cytotoxicity at the same concentration ($100{\mu}g/mL$) as the essential oils. The chemical composition detected by GC-MS analysis, differed amongst the 3 most potent anti-viral essential oils (marjoram, clary sage and anise oils) except for linalool, which was detected in all 3 essential oils. Conclusion: This study demonstrated anti-influenza activity in 11 essential oils tested, with marjoram, clary sage and anise essential oils being the most effective at reducing visible cytopathic effects of the A/WS/33 virus. All 3 oils contained linalool, suggesting that this may have anti-influenza activity. Further investigation is needed to characterize the antiviral activity of linalool against influenza A/WS/33 virus.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.286-295
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• 2016

Cellular replicative senescence is a major contributing factor to aging and to the development and progression of aging-associated diseases. In this study, we sought to determine viral replication efficiency of influenza virus (IFV) and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) infection in senescent cells. Primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE) or human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) were allowed to undergo numbers of passages to induce replicative senescence. Induction of replicative senescence in cells was validated by positive senescence-associated b-galactosidase staining. Increased susceptibility to both IFV and VZV infection was observed in senescent HBE and HDF cells, respectively, resulting in higher numbers of plaque formation, along with the upregulation of major viral antigen expression than that in the non-senescent cells. Interestingly, mRNA fold induction level of virus-induced type I interferon (IFN) was attenuated by senescence, whereas IFN-mediated antiviral effect remained robust and potent in virus-infected senescent cells. Additionally, we show that a longevity-promoting gene, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), has antiviral role against influenza virus infection. In conclusion, our data indicate that enhanced viral replication by cellular senescence could be due to senescence-mediated reduction of virus-induced type I IFN expression.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.80-86
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• 2013

Korean red ginseng has been shown to possess a variety of biological activities. However, little is known about antiviral activity of ginsenosides of Korean red ginseng. Here, we investigated the protective effect by oral administration of various ginsenosides on the lethal infection of haemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ) in mice. In a lethal infection model in which almost all mice infected with HVJ died within 15 days, the mice were administered orally (per os) with 1 mg/mouse of dammarane-type (ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rb2, -Rd, -Re, and -Rg2) or oleanolic acid-type (ginsenoside-Ro) ginsenosides 3, 2, and 1 d before virus infection. Ginsenoside-Rb2 showed the highest protective activity, although other dammarane-type and oleanolic acid-type ginsenosides also induced a significant protection against HVJ. However, neither the consecutive administration with a lower dosage (300 ${\mu}g$/mouse) nor the single administration of ginsenoside-Rb2 (1 mg/mouse) was active. In comparison of the protective activity between ginsenoside-Rb2 and its two hydrolytic products [20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg3], 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, but not 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg3, elicited a partial protection against HVJ. The protective effect of ginsenoside-Rb2 and 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3 on HVJ infection was confirmed by the reduction of virus titers in the lungs of HVJ-infected mice. These results suggest that ginsenoside-Rb2 is the most effective among ginsenosides from red ginseng to prevent the lethal infection of HVJ, so that this ginsenoside is a promising candidate as a mucosal immunoadjuvant to enhance antiviral activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.1076-1083
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• 2013

Seventeen compounds derived from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) were tested for their antiviral activity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in vitro. Visualization with the cytopathologic effect (CPE) assay and the 3-(4, 5-dimethyithiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test were used to determine the 50% cytotoxic concentration ($CC_{50}$) and 50% effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) in cultured Marc-145 cells. Among the tested compounds, chlorogenic acid and scutellarin showed potential anti-PRRSV activity. The $EC_{50}$ values were $270.8{\pm}14.6{\mu}g/ml$ and $28.21{\pm}26.0{\mu}g/ml$ and the selectivity indexes were >5.54 and 35.5, respectively. The time-of-addition and virucidal assay indicated that the anti-PRRSV activity of the two compounds could be due to their inhibiting the early stage of virus replication and/or inactivating the virus directly. The inhibition of the virus attachment was not observed in the adsorption inhibition assay. The inhibition ratios of chlorogenic acid and scutellarin were, respectively, 90.8% and 61.1% at the maximum non-cytotoxic concentrations. The results have provided a basis for further exploration of their antiviral properties and mechanisms in vivo. We believe that the chlorogenic acid and scutellarin have a great potential to be developed as new anti-PRRSV drugs for clinical application.

• 대한바이러스학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.273-283
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• 1996

In order to search for anti-influenza virus type A agents from Korean traditional prescriptions (herb complexes), we selected 63 traditional prescriptions, based on a review of the Korean traditional medicine books. Both methanol extracts and boiling-water extracts were tested, by means of the Haemagglutination Inhibition Test (HIT). Three of the 63 methanol extracts: CM-22, CM-26, CM-48 (see explanation of nomenclature below), showed efficacy against influenza virus type ACM-22 showed anti-influenza virus type A activity at the range of $313{\mu}g/ml$ to $9.75{\mu}g/ml$, CM-26 showed antiviral activity at the range of $156{\mu}l/ml$ to $4.87{\mu}g/ml$, CM-48 showed anti-influenza virus type A activity at the range of $625{\mu}g/ml$ to $19.5{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Three of the water extracts: CW-14, CW-34, CW-61 were active. CW-14 showed anti-influenza virus type A activity at the range of l0mg/ml to $78{\mu}g/ml$, CW-34 showed antiviral activity at the range of 10mg/ml to $625{\mu}g/ml$ and CW-61 showed anti-influenza virus type A activity at the range of l0mg/ml to $313{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In order to determine cytotoxicity of each extracts, chicken red blood cells were incubated with the various concentration of extracts of Korean traditional prescriptions. CW-14, CW-34 and CW-61 did not show cytotoxic effect against red blood cells whereas CM-22, CM-26 and CM-48 showed cytotoxic effect against red blood cells at the range of l0mg/ml to $625{\mu}g/ml$, 10mg/ml to $313{\mu}g/ml$ and 10mg/ml to $313{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. These results indicated that Korean traditional pres criptions may be inhibit either attachment of virus to cell surface receptor or penetration of the virus into cell during the initial stage of infection.

• 대한바이러스학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.63-69
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• 1998

To establish in vivo antiviral evaluation system by using murine herpesvirus intracerebral infection model, 5-6 female BALB/c mice per group aged 5 weeks were inoculated i.c. into cerebrum with different inocular HSV-1 F. Signs of clinical disease noted everyday for one month. Observed were body weight decrease, neurological signs and death caused by encephalitis. Mice discontinued body weight decrease were recovered from the disease, and keratitis was often observed during recovery. The groups inoculated with higher than 1,000 PFU showed 100% mortaltiy and $LD_{50}$ was <100 PFU/mouse. To study the effect of virus inoculum sizes on antiviral effect of acyclovir (ACV), mice inoculated with different inocula were administered i.p. with different doses of ACV immediately after infection, and twice a day for 5 days. The higher inculum size, the less protective. $ED_{50}$ of ACV was >25, >25, 18.4 and 8.0 mg/kg b.i.d. in the group infected with 1,000,000, 100,000, 10,000 and 1,000 PFU/mouse, respectively. $LD_{50}$ of ACV was 62.5 mg/kg b.i.d. Therapeutic index of ACV was <2.5, <2.5, 3.0 and 7.0 in the groups with inocula 1,000,000, 100,000, 10,000 and 1,000 PFU/mouse, respectively. Inoculum size 1,000 PFU/mouse showing 100% mortaltiy and 5-6 days mean time to death, 5 days drug administration and 14 days observation will be future experimental conditions.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.891-896
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• 2008

피자두와 후무사로 만든 자두와인 내 총 페놀화합물과 플라보노이드 함량을 비교분석한 결과, 총 페놀화합물은 피자두 와인 ($478.4{\pm}5.6\;mg/L$)이 후무사 와인 ($200.6{\pm}7.5\;mg/L$)보다 2배, 플라보노이드 함량은 피자두 와인 ($202.4{\pm}7.5\;mg/L$)이 후무사 와인 ($64.4{\pm}6.8\;mg/L$)보다 3배 이상 많았다. 자두와인 자체의 항산화 효과를 DPPH 전자공여능으로 비교분석하였을 때 정제된 페놀화합물보다 그 활성이 크게 낮았으나, ethyl acetate로 추출한 중성 페놀화합물과 산성 페놀화합물의 항산화 활성은 mg/mL의 농도에서 정제된 페놀화합물과 비슷하게 나타났다. 특히, 중성페놀화합물의 경우, $100{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서 64.5%의 전자공여능을 나타내었는데 이는 동일 농도의 정제된 페놀화합물(chlorogenic acid 15.5%, quercetin 24.6%)의 활성보다 3배 이상 높은 값이었다. vero cell에 돼지설사바이러스(PEDV)를 감염시켜 페놀화합물의 항바이러스 활성을 분석한 결과 중성 페놀화합물이 저농도 ($10\;{\mu}g/mL$이하)에서 상용 항바이러스제인 ribavirin보다 세포독성효과 (CPE)를 더 억제시키는 것으로 나타났다. 두 종류의 페놀화합물간에는 중성 페놀화합물이 산성 페놀화합물에 비해 최대 1.5배 정도 더 높은 항바이러스 활성을 보여주었다. 그러나, 고농도 ($100\;{\mu}g/mL$)에서는 ribavirin이 페놀화합물보다 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 정상세포에 대한 세포독성은 모든 실험군에서 나타나지 않아 페놀화합물의 항바이러스 활성이 바이러스 특이적인 효과임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2002

During the screening or antiviral substances having inhibitory effect on tobacco mosaic virus(TMV) infection to tobacco plants, we found that a bacterial isolate, KTB61, which was identified as a Pseudomonas sp., strongly inhibited the formation of TMV local lesions. When the culture filtrate from KTB61 was applied on the upper surface of leaves of N. tabaccum Xanthi-nc tobacco at the same time of or 24 hours before TMV inoculation, almost complete inhibition was achieved. Incidence of systemic TMV infection to the susceptible tobacco cultivar, NC82, was reduced by 95% when TMV was inoculated onto the upper surface of leaves 24 hours after spraying the culture filtrate. Also 75∼80% of inhibitory effect was obtained by the inoculation of TMV onto the under surface of the leaves treated with culture filtrate 24 hours beforehand. In field trials, the TMV infection was reduced by 96.5% when the tobacco seedlings, N. tabaccum cv. NC82, were soaked with culture filtrate before transplanting.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.223-227
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• 2000

Propolis, a natural resinous compound collected from honey bees, contains many biochemical constituents and has been used for traditional medicines as early as 300 B .C. Recently, it has been reported to possess many biological activities such as antibacterial, antiviral, fungicidal, local anaesthetic, immunostimulating, antiinflammatory and free radical scavenging properties. To investigate activities of chrysin, one of propolis effective compounds for blood coagulation system was injected endotoxin (4000 EU/kg, i.v.) in rats at 1 hr after administered chrysin (20 mg/kg, p.o.). This study was resulted that chrysin has antiplatelet aggregation activity in vitro, delay of blood clotting time and prothrombin time, and reduction of fibrinogen and FDP in vivo. Chrysin has increased SOD activity, GSH content and GST activity, and decreased MDA content in liver. The result suggests that the antithrombosis effect of chrysin is suppressive activity for a blood coagulation system and antioxidative activity.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2009

알래스카산 낙엽진흙버섯[Porodaedalea pini (Brot.) Murrill] (syn. Phellinus pini)의 자실체 조분쇄물로부터 $100^{\circ}C$에서 4시간 추출하여 건량 수율 20.5%의 건조 분말 열수추출물을 제조하여, HeLa 세포에서 CVB3에 대한 항바이러스 활성을 조사한 결과 plaque 형성을 현저히 억제하였다. 또한, 다른 여러 가지 버섯 추출물에 비해 neuraminidase 활성 저해능이 가장 높았다. 열수 추출물로부터 75% 에탄올 침전으로 건량 수율 28.3%의 저분자 상등액 건조물(ES)과 수율 43.3%의 고분자 침전물 건조물(EP)을 얻었다. 상등액인 ES에서는 항바이러스 활성이 없었지만, 침전물인 EP는 HeLa 세포에서 CVB3바이러스에 대해 농도 의존적으로 plaque 형성을 현저히 억제하였고, $EC_{50}$은 0.45 mg/mL 이었으며, HeLa 세포에 대한 세포독성 $CC_{50}$은 2.25mg/mL 이었다. 또한, EP는 neureminidase 활성을 농도 의존적으로 저해하였으며, 1.7mg/mL에서 약 75%의 효소활성 억제효과를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 낙엽진흙버섯 자실체의 별수추출물로부터 얻어진 에탄을 침전물 EP가 CVB3 뿐만 아니라, influenza virus(Flu)등에 대해서도 광범위하게 항바이러스 활성을 나타낼 가능성을 보여 주었다. EP는 다당류로서 glucose의 함량이 79.8%로 가장 높았고 galactose, xylose, mannose와 fucose를 소량 포함한 수용성 heteroglycan의 일종으로, 소량(12.7%, w/w)의 단백질 또는 작은 펩타이드를 함유한 당단백의 일종일 것으로 사료된다.