• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.618-623
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• 2014

Sarijang, a soy sauce made from fermented black soybean (Rhynchosia nulubilis), sulfur fed duck, dried bark of Ulmus davidiana, Allium sativum, and bamboo salt, has been demonstrated to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. However, the antioxidant properties of Sarijang have not yet been elucidated. In this study, the antioxidant effects of Sarijang were investigated by determining total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH RSA), total radical trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and cellular antioxidant capacity (CAC). The inhibitory effects of Sarijang on oxidative stress-induced DNA damage (200 ${\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$, 250 ${\mu}M$ Fe-NTA, and 200 ${\mu}M$ HNE) in human leukocytes were evaluated by comet assay. The TPC of Sarijang was $1.04{\pm}0.01$ mg GAE/mL. DPPH RSA, TRAP, and ORAC values of Sarijang increased in a dose-dependent manner. The $IC_{50}$ for DPPH RSA of Sarijang was $11.2{\pm}0.3$ mg/mL, whereas $IC_{50}$ of TRAP was $209.5{\pm}2.0$ mg/mL. 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress and oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells were effectively abrogated by all tested concentrations of Sarijang (1~100 ${\mu}g/mL$). These results suggest that Sarijang has antioxidative activity and protective effects against oxidative DNA damage.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.380-387
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• 2013

This study was performed to examine the increasing biological activities of both nerve growth factor induction and anti-aging activity of gastrodia (Gastrodia elata) with fermentation process. Antioxidant activities, taken in the fermenting, were investigated to verify utility value of gastrodia for functional food and cosmetics. Fermented gastrodia extracts showed higher antioxidant activities than dried gastrodia extracts. During the routine check of all the practical use potential as functional food, inhibition effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and xanthine oxidase (XOase) was tested among water extracted dried gastrodia (WEDG), water extracted fermented gastrodia (WEFG), 70% ethanol extracted dried gastrodia (EEDG) and 70% ethanol extracted fermented gastrodia (EEFG). DPPH was shown as WEDG = $64.14{\pm}0.89%$, WEFG = $66.21{\pm}1.03%$, EEDG = $82.25{\pm}0.52%$, and EEFG = $82.36{\pm}2.37%$. ABTS was shown as WEDG = $54.15{\pm}1.37%$, WEFG = $60.24{\pm}2.25%$, EEDG = $59.18{\pm}1.86%$, and EEFG = $77.17{\pm}4.23%$. Therefore, ACE activity was dramatically inhibited by EERG while there was no difference of XOase inhibition between EEFG and EERG. Nerve growth factor (NGF) activity was measured and indicated about 40% increased neurite growth effect. To conclude, biologically active compounds of gastrodia were increased by fermentation process. It seems to be that ferment gastrodia enhance the use ranges from functional food to fuctional cosmetics, and to all processing industry.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.349-354
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• 2001

Oxidative stress is believed to play an important role in the development of vascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus. We examined the antioxidative effect of sesamin and sesamolin on the preventing the development of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus using streptozotocin-induced Spraque Dawley diabetic rats. From 48 hours after injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight), a portion of diabetic rats were fed with 0.2% sesamin and sesamolin containing diet for 3 weeks. There were significant differences of blood glucose and kidney weight between diabetic ports and control. Sesamin and sesamolin increased glutathione-S-transferase activity in kidney. The concentration of the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in the serum, liver, and kidney of diabetic rats administered sesamin and sesamolin decreased significantly as compared with that of the non-treated diabetic group. Dietary sesamin and sesamolin suppressed the oxidative stress in the diabetic rats. These results demonstrated that sesamin and sesamolin are potential and effective antioxidants that can protect the complications associated with diabetes.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.729-736
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using cultured wild ginseng roots as a natural health food source. To accomplish this purpose, the contents of general and antioxidative nutrients of cultured wild ginseng roots were measured. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash are 61.72%, 17.36%, 0.23% and 10.90%, respectively. Further, the calories of cultured wild ginseng roots were 323.97 kcal. Total dietary fiber was 82.13%. The protein contained a total of 18 different kinds of amino acids. The contents of amino acids were 16.15 g. The K was the largest mineral followed by P, Ca, and Mg, which means cultured wild ginseng roots is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids were 0.23 g, and 0.62 g, respectively. Crude saponine content was 25.87 mg/g. Total phenolic contents of cultured wild ginseng roots were 11.2mg/g, and total flavonoids contents were estimated as 4.2mg/g. The electron donating ability of cultured wild ginseng roots were 24.7~31.6%. The nitrite scavenging activity was pH dependent, and was highest at pH 1.2 and lowest at pH 6.0. The cultured wild ginseng roots extract showed the highest reducing power (0.06) at the concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Based on the above results, we deemed that the cultured wild ginseng roots might have potential antioxdant activities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1162-1162
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• 2001

Whereas NIR spectroscopy has been applied in agriculture for more than 20 years, few studies refer to those plant substances occurring only in smaller amounts. Nevertheless there is a growing interest today to support efficiently activities in the production of high-quality medicinal and spice plants by this fast and non-invasive method. Therefore, it was the aim of this study to develop new NIR methods for the reliable prediction of secondary metabolites found as valuable substances in various plant species. First, sophisticated NIR methods were established to perform fast quality analyses of intact fennel, caraway and dill fruits deriving from single-plants [1]. Later on, a characterization of several leaf drugs and the corresponding fresh material has been successfully performed. In this context robust calibrations have been developed for dried peppermint, rosemary and sage leaves for the determination of their individual essential oil content and composition [2]. A specially adopted NIR method has been developed also for the analysis of carnosic acid in the leaves of numerous rosemary and sage gene bank accessions. Carnosic acid is an antioxidative substance for which several health promoting properties including cancer preservation are assumed. Also some other calibrations have been developed for non-volatile substances such as aspalathin (in unfermented rooibos leaves), catechins (in green tea) and echinacoside (in different Echinacea species) [3]. Some NIR analyses have also been successfully performed on fresh material, too. In spite of the fact that these measurements showed less accuracy in comparison to dried samples, the calibration equations are precise enough to register the individual plant ontogenesis and genetic background. Based on the information received, the farmers and breeders are able to determine the right harvest time (when the valuable components have reached their optimum profile) and to select high-quality genotypes during breeding experiments, respectively. First promising attempts have also been made to introduce mobile diode array spectrometers to collect the spectral data directly on the field or in the individual natural habitats. Since the development of reliable NIRS methods in this special field of application is very time-consuming and needs continuous maintenance of the calibration equations over a longer period, it is convenient to supply the corresponding calibration data to interested user via NIRS network. The present status of all activities, preformed in this context during the last three years, will be presented in detail.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.661-666
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• 2003

This research was aimed at evaluating the effects of natural antioxidants on lipid oxidation and sensory quality in cooked, chill- stored and reheated Wanjajun prepared with pork meat (short shank). Sage (SA) and combinations of herbs; basil/mints (BM), rosemary/parsley/thyme (RPT) were used as sources of antioxidants. The products were pan-fried in a medium layer of soybean oil and then stored in a refrigerator at 3$^{\circ}C$ for 8 days after rapid chilling. The process of heat treatment of Wanjajun caused changes in the chemical composition of products and simultaneously, thermal oxidative reaction was initiated. During storage of products in a refrigerator, further hydrolytic and oxidative processes in the lipid extraction were progressed. Acid value was increased, peroxides and malonaldehyde formation gradually were increased during cool storage. Addition of garlic, sage and combinations of herbs retarded the process of oxidation. Wanjajun made with addition of SA and RPT showed good quality in antioxidative potential after 8 days of storage. The sensory effect of herbs on undesirable warmed-over flavor was in order of : SA>RPT>BM.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 2020

Purpose: The rice germ fraction is a better source of protein, lipid, and fiber than the rice endosperm. Furthermore, the rice germ is rich in bioactive phytochemicals such as γ-aminobutyric acid, tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytic acid, and so on. In this study, the phytosterol content and antioxidant activity of Keunnunjami germ (KG) or normal rice germ supplement were investigated in healthy adult rats. Methods: In vitro, quantitative assessment of phytosterols, including β-sitosterol, campesterol, cycloartenol, and stigmasterol, was performed. Comparative antioxidant activities of 2 rice germs were measured based on DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and ABTS radical scavenging capacity. In vivo, male Spraque-Dawley rats (30-weeks-old) were randomly assigned a diet of normal control (NC, AIN-93M diet), AIN-93M diet supplemented with normal rice germ 3% (NG3), or AIN-93M diet supplemented with KG 3% (KG3) and fed for 8 weeks. Results: KG contained significantly higher campesterol and stigmasterol contents and antioxidant activity than normal rice germ. The KG3 group exhibited significantly lower body weight gain as well as inguinal and total white adipose tissue weights. There were no significant differences in plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance level among the 3 groups. The plasma tumor necrosis factor-α concentration was significantly lower while leptin, advanced oxidation protein products, and interleukin-6 showed downward trends in the KG3 group. In addition, the superoxide dismutase level of the KG3 group was significantly higher compared to the NC and NG3 groups. Conclusion: This study indicates that KG can be considered as a valuable source of phytosterol components. Lastly, KG has strong antioxidant properties and may have potential to ameliorate elevation of proinflammatory cytokine production with age.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.131-135
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• 2009

This study was designed to investigate the antioxidant effect of Suaeda japonica grown in Suncheon Bay. S. japonica was extracted using different solvents and the extracts were examined for their antioxidative activities with various methods. When the total phenolic contents were determined, the contents in the ethyl acetate, butanol and methanol extracts were 21.33, 17.31, and 2.33 mg/g, respectively. Fractions of butanol extract recorded the highest values of DPPH radical scavenging activity, $\beta$-carotene bleaching assay, and FRAP assay. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of butanol, ethyl acetate, methanol and water fractions were 77.46, 74.43, 47.99, and 27.70%, respectively. The FRAP value of butanol extract was 2.42 mM. But, the fraction of ethyl acetate extract was recorded the highest TBARS value. These results suggest that S. japonica, the specialty of Suncheon, could be a potential source of natural antioxidants.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.509-526
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• 2017

Background and objectives : Soeumin Bojungykgi-tang (seBYTE) has been used to supplement qi in Korean medicine. It has been demonstrated to possess various biological functions such as anti-cancer, anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study evaluated the protective roles of seBYTE in hepatotoxic in vitro and in vivo model. Methods : To investigate cytoprotective effect of seBYTE, HepG2 cells were pretreated with seBYTE and then subsequently exposed to $10{\mu}m$ AA for 12 h, followed by $5{\mu}m$ iron. Cell viability was examined by MTT assay, and expression of apoptosis-related proteins was evaluated by immunoblot analysis. For responsible molecular mechanisms, ROS production, GSH contents, and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured. In addition, hepatoprotective effect of seBYTE in vivo was assessed in $CCl_4$-induced animal model. Results : seBYTE prevented AA + iron-induced cytotoxicity in concentration dependent manner. In addition, ROS production, GSH depletion, and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by AA + iron were significantly reduced by seBYTE pretreatment. Furthermore, seBYTE recovered expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins such as PARP and pro-caspase-3. In animal experiment, plasma ALT and AST levels were significantly elevated in $CCl_4$ treatment, but seBYTE significantly decreased the ALT and AST levels. Moreover, seBYTE alleviated the numbers of histological activity index, percentages of degenerative regions, degenerated hepatocytes, infiltrated inflammatory cells, nitrotyrosine- and 4-hydroxynonenal-positive cells in liver. Conclusions : These results showed that hepatoprotective effect of seBYTE against on $CCl_4$-induced hepatic damages is partly due to antioxidative and anti-apoptotic process.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1219-1225
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• 2014

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant polyphenol molecule from green tea and is known to exhibit antioxidative as well as tumor suppressing activity. In order to examine EGCG tumor invasion and suppressing activity against adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), two HTLV-1 positive leukemia cells (HuT-102 and C91-PL) were treated with non-cytotoxic concentrations of EGCG for 2 and 4 days. Proliferation was significantly inhibited by 100 ${\mu}M$ at 4 days, with low cell lysis or cytotoxicity. HTLV-1 oncoprotein (Tax) expression in HuT-102 and C91-PL cells was inhibited by 25 ${\mu}M$ and 125 ${\mu}M$ respectively. The same concentrations of EGCG inhibited NF-kB nuclearization and stimulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression in both cell lines. These results indicate that EGCG can inhibit proliferation and reduce the invasive potential of HTLV-1-positive leukemia cells. It apparently exerted its effects by suppressing Tax expression, manifested by inhibiting the activation of NF-kB pathway and induction of MMP-9 transcription in HTLV-1 positive cells.