• KSBB Journal
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.210-214
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• 2005

The characteristics of sesame oil containing one of natural antioxidant, ' $\gamma$-tocopherol', were studied with the supercritical $CO_2$ extraction. Although $\gamma$-tocopherol has a lower vitamin E value in biological systems than $\alpha$-tocopherol, it is a more potent antioxidant with in oils. For the research of various factors influence to the $\gamma$-tocopherol contents increment, we have checked roasting time and temperature, as well as pressure, temperature and flow rate of supercritical fluid. As a result, we found that the $\gamma$-tocopherol content was maintained constant under the condition of roasting temperature over $200^{\circ}C$. With the longer roasting time, $\gamma$-tocopherol content was increased. Except 250 bar, the $\gamma$-tocopherol content was maintained constant under the condition of the various pressure of supercritical fluid. But $\gamma$-tocopherol content was increased with lower flow rate of supercritical fluid from 1 $m{\ell}$/L to 3 $m{\ell}$/L. When the extraction performance with the supercritical fluid was compared to the conventional compressed extraction, $\gamma$-tocopherol content was increased up to 1.6 times.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.686-692
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• 1992

The present study was carried out to examine the antioxidative actions between the products of amino-carbonyl reaction and commercial antioxidants, and investigate their synergistic effects. Nondialyzable melanoidins exhibited more significantly in the antioxidative action than unfractionated meanoidins did. Also, in the case of unfractionated melanoidins, both glycine and histidine were more effective than aspartic acid for the antioxidative action. There was no significant difference among amino acids in the action of nondialyzable melanoidins. The unfractionated melanoidin was not as good as antioxidative action of the synthetic antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene, tert-butyl hydroquinone and ascorbic acid ; however, the one was superior to that of natural antioxidants, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and lecithin. Otherwise, the action of nondialyzable melanoidin was similar to that of synthetic antioxidant. The synergistic effects were increased in using melanoidin with ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and lecithin except for the systems of fructose-aspartic acid and fructose-glycine in unfractionated melanoidins.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the protective effects of green tea seed extract (GSE) against UVB-induced skin damage in human skin fibroblasts. GSE was first analyzed for antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Treatment of UV-irradiated fibroblast with GSE at 10~50 ${\mu}g/mL$ significantly increased DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities in a dose-dependent manner. GSE treatment inhibited matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9) expression and MMP-1 secretion caused by UVB irradiation. Moreover, treatment with GSE significantly increased type-1 collagen expression and production. We next examined levels of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, catalase, and GPx). Reduced antioxidative enzyme activities caused by UVB irradiation were recovered by treatment with GSE at 30 ${\mu}g/mL$ and 50 ${\mu}g/mL$. In conclusion, these results show that GSE has protective effects against UVB-induced skin damage in human skin fibroblasts by regulating antioxidative defense systems and MMP expression.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.456-460
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• 2008

Santalum album has been used as a folk medicine for treatment of skin diseases, inflammation, gonorrhea, gleet, and cystitis in India and other Asian countries. In a search for possible bioactive agents from natural sources, we found that the various solvent extracts of S. album showed significant antioxidative effect in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity test and moderate other biological functions submitted to the several bioassay systems for whitening and cytotoxicity evaluations. Among the tested extracts displayed DPPH radical scavenging activity, and the 70% acetone extract showed the most potent activity with an $IC_{50}$ value of $18.6\;{\mu}g/ml$, more potent than a positive control, L-ascorbic acid ($IC_{50}$, $28.7\;{\mu}g/mL$). Also, anti-lipid peroxidation, tyrosinase inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects were determined in each experiment. Total phenolic content of 70% acetone extract was found to be 117.1 mg equivalent of gallic acid per g of extract. Previous phytochemical investigation reveals the presence of phenolic compounds. The results indicate that S. album possess potential antioxidant activity and phenolic constituents are responsible for this capacity.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.271-280
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• 2018

Background: Astragalus membranaceus is a well known oriental medicinal herb. The polysaccharides of the aboveground parts (AMA) and the radix (AMR) of A. membranaceus are the most important functional constituents. Methods and Results: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of AMA and AMR on the oxidative damage induced in the skeletal muscle of rats subjected to exhaustive exercise. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into exercise and non-exercise groups; in the groups receiving the test compounds, AMA and AMR were administered orally for 30 days. Skeletal muscle samples were collected from each rat after running to exhaustion on a treadmill to determine the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) and the concentation of malondialdehyde (MDA). The antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD and GSH-Px of skeletal muscle of AMA- and AMR-treated groups were significantly higher than those of the control and commercial sports drink (SPD)-treated groups in exhaustive exercise rats. In addition, MDA concentrations in the skeletal muscle of the AMA- and AMR-treated groups were significantly lower than those of the control and SPD-treated groups. In the present study, the effects of AMA and AMR on exercise endurance capacity were also evaluated in mice subjected to a swimming exercise test. AMA and AMR supplementation prolonged the swimming time of mice and enhanced exercise endurance capacity. AMA and AMR possess the ability to retard and lower the production of blood lactate, and prevent the decrease of serum blood glucose. Conclusions: These results showed that, AMR and AMA exerted beneficial effect in mice, increasing the activity of the antioxidant systems and inhibiting oxidative stress induced by exhaustive exercise. The compounds improved exercise performance and showed anti-fatigue effects against exhaustive exercise.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.399-405
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sakso 2 corn kernels and cobs extracts on antioxidant activity in rats fed a high fat-cholesterol diet (HFC) for 2 weeks. 48 male Sprague-Dawley (4-weeks-old) were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal diet (N), HFC (C), HFC and 0.05% kernel extracts of Saekso 2 (T1), HFC and 0.25% kernel extracts of Saekso 2 (T2), HFC and 0.05% cob extracts of Saekso 2 (T3), HFC and 0.25% cob extracts of Saekso 2 (T4). The weight gain in all treatment groups were significantly lower and the food efficiency ratio (FER) in all treatment groups except T3 were lower than C group. Liver index (liver weight/100 g body weight) in N group and T2 were significantly lower than C group. The level of total cholesterol in plasma of N group and T2 were significantly lower than C group and HDL-cholesterol in plasma of N group and T2 were significantly lower than C group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in N group, T3 and T4 were significantly lower than C group. Activity of catalase (CAT) in all treatment groups were lower than C group. These result suggest that saekso 2 corn kernels and cobs extracts may reduce oxidative damage through the activation of antioxidative defense systems in rats fed high fat-cholesterol diets.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.407-415
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activities on HaCaT and the whitening effects on B16F1 melanoma cells of Dendropanax morbifera leaf extract. In an antioxidative activity assay using HaCaT cells, the ethyl acetate ($50{\mu}g/ml$) and aglycone fractions ($25{\mu}g/ml$) of the D. morbifera leaf extract didn't exhibit any characteristics of cytotoxicity. When HaCaT cells were exposed to a single large dose ($800mJ/cm^2$) of UVB, the extracts protected the cells against UVB radiation. When HaCaT cells were treated with 10 mM $H_2O_2$ and $4{\mu}M$ rose bengal, the ethyl acetate ($6.25{\sim}50{\mu}g/ml$) and aglycone ($6.25{\sim}25{\mu}g/ml$) fractions protected the cells against oxidative damage in a concentration dependent manner. When the whitening effects of D. morbifera leaf extract were tested in melanoma B16/F1 cells treated with the a-melanocyte stimulating hormone (${\alpha}$-MSH), the extracts inhibited ${\alpha}$-MSH-stimulated intra/extracellular melanogenesis in a concentration dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of the ethyl acetate and aglycone fractions of D. morbifera leaf extract were 21% and 44% at $25{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Both are more effective than arbutin (15% at $25{\mu}g/ml$) which is known as a whitening agent. These results indicate that fractions of the D. morbifera leaf can function as cell protectants and natural antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skins exposed to UV radiation by quenching and/or scavenging $^1O_2$ and other ROS, and protecting cells against ROS. In addition, fractions of the D. morbifera leaf can be applied to new whitening cosmetics because of their inhibitory effects on ${\alpha}$-MSH stimulated melanogenesis in B16F1 melanoma cells.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 2007

To determine whether antioxidant enzyme systems are related to chilling tolerance, changes of antioxidant enzyme activities during the chilling stress were determined in the leaves of a chilling-tolerant cultivar (Cucurbita ficifolia, cv. Heukjong) and a chilling-sensitive cultivar (Cucurbita moschata, cv. Jaerae 13). Leaves of chilling-tolerant plant have two major isoforms, Fe-SOD and Mn-SOD, at the Rm values of 0.20 and 0.52, respectively. In leaves of chilling-sensitive plant, two major isozymes of SOD was observed, one isoform is Mn-SOD at the Rm value of 0.20, and the other isoform is Cu/zn-SOD at the nm value of 0.58. When plants were treated with chilling stress, Cu/zn-SOD at the Rm value of 0.58 was newly expressed at 10 days after chilling stress in the chilling-tolerant plants, and density of this band increased at five days after chilling stress in the chilling-sensitive plants. One APX isozyme band was observed in unstressed plants of both cultivars. Under the chilling stress one APX isozyme band was newly expressed at 10 days after chilling stress in the chilling-tolerant cultivar. Significant genotype differences were observed fnr POD isozyme banding patterns such as few main isozyme bands in chilling-tolerant plants, and one band in chilling-sensitive plants. Densities of three POD isozyme bands at the Rm of 0.36, 0.40 and 0.54 increased at 10 days after chilling stress in the chilling-tolerant plants, while two bands at the nm of 0.36 and 0.54 increased at 10 days and 20 days after chilling stress in the chilling-sensitive plants, respectively. Activities of SOD, APX and POD significantly increased during five days after chilling stress in both cultivars. In the chilling-tolerant cultivar, activities of these enzymes were higher in chilling-stressed plant than in unstressed plants. However, activities of these enzymes in the chilling-sensitive cultivar decreased rapidly after five days of chilling stress, and were lower in chilling stressed plants than in unstressed plants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.1099-1106
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• 2011

Cucumber fermentation has been used as a means of preservation. This study was performed to investigate the effects of fermented cucumber beverage (CF) containing beneficial materials for an ethanol hangover based on Hovenia dulcis (SKM) on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: ethanol control, ethanol plus SKM, and ethanol plus CF+SKM. SKM or CF+SKM was orally administered at a dose of 7 mL/kg body weight once per day for 5 weeks. Control rats were given an equal amount of water. CF+SKM significantly lowered plasma ethanol levels, whereas SKM tended to decrease the levels compared to the control. Both SKM and CF+SKM significantly lowered the plasma acetaldehyde levels and serum transaminase activities compared to those in the control. SKM and CF+SKM did not affect hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity; however, it significantly inhibited cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) activity. Hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was significantly higher in the SKM and CF+SKM groups than that in the control group. Plasma acetaldehyde concentration was significantly correlated with hepatic CYP2E1 (r=0.566, p<0.01) activity and ALDH (r=-0.564, p<0.01) activity. Hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activities as well as glutathione content increased with the SKM and CF+SKM administration, whereas lipid peroxide content decreased significantly. Furthermore, SKM and CF+SKM lowered plasma and hepatic lipid content and lipid droplets compared to those in the control group. These results indicate that SKM and CF+SKM exhibit hepatoprotective properties partly by inhibiting CYP2E1 activity, enhancing ALDH activity and stimulating the antioxidant defense systems in ethanol-treated rats.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.128-134
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• 2006

Antioxidant activities of methanol extracts from sarcocarp and seed of Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis Rehder were investigated in vitro. Contents of total polyphenols in methanol extracts from sarcocarp and seed were 98.83, $138.99\;{\mu}g/mg$, respectively. Radical-scavenging activities of methanol extracts were examined using ${\alpha},{\alpha}-diphenyl-{\beta}-picrylhydrazyl$ and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals, and hydrogen peroxide assay. Inhibition effects of methanol extracts on peroxidation of linoleic acid were examined by ferric thiocyanate and thiobarbituric acid methods. Both sarcocarp and seed of Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis Rehder showed relatively high antioxidant activities in various systems.