• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.556-563
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• 2018

Objective: Spirulina has been recognized formerly as a filamentous spiral-shaped blue- green algae but more recently as a genus of photosynthetic bacteria (Arthrospira). This microorganism is considered as a rich source of essential nutrients for human and animals. The present study was conducted to determine potential application of Spirulina for heat- exposed broilers. Methods: Two hundred and fifty Cobb 500 chicks with male to female in equal ratio with average initial weight of 615.6 g at 17 days of age were divided into 5 treatments with 5 replicates of 10 chicks. Treatment groups were as follows: positive and negative controls with 0% Spirulina supplement and three Spirulina receiving groups with 5 g/kg (0.5%), 10 g/kg (1%), and 20 g/kg (2%) supplementation. Spirulina receiving groups as well as positive control were exposed to high ambient temperature at $36^{\circ}C$ for 6 h/d from 38 to 44 days of age. Biochemical variables were measured in serum samples at 35, 38, 42, and 45 days of broiler chickens age. Results: The results showed that supplementation of the diet with Spirulina decreased concentration of stress hormone and some serum lipid parameters while enhanced humoral immunity response and elevated antioxidant status whereas it didn't meaningfully affect performance characteristics. Nevertheless, feed conversion ratio was improved numerically but not statistically in broilers fed with 1% Spirulina under high ambient temperature. Conclusion: Overall, the present study suggests that alleviation of adverse impacts due to high ambient temperature at biochemical level including impaired enzymatic antioxidant system, elevated stress hormone and lipid profile can be approached in broiler chickens through supplementation of the diet with Spirulina platensis.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.201-207
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• 2012

This study investigated the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects of dietary quercetin in an animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Four-week-old C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice (n = 18) were offered an AIN-93G diet or a diet containing quercetin at 0.04% (low quercetin, LQE) or 0.08% of the diet (high quercetin, HQE) for 6 weeks after 1 week of adaptation. Plasma glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and lipid profiles, and lipid peroxidation of the liver were determined. Plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in the LQE group than in the control group, and those in the HQE group were even further reduced compared with the LQE group. The homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) showed lower values for LQE and HQE than for the control group without significant influence on insulin levels. High quercetin increased plasma adiponectin compared with the control group. Plasma triglycerides in the LQE and HQE groups were lower than those in the control group. Supplementation with high quercetin decreased plasma total cholesterol and increased HDL-cholesterol compared with the control group. Consumption of low and high quercetin reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels and elevated activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the liver. Thus, quercetin could be effective in improving hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetes.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.82-85
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• 2006

Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over clinical trial was performed to assess effects of fermented milk intake on antioxidant activities and blood alcohol levels of 26 healthy volunteers. All subjects received fermented milk ($Kupffer's^{(R)}$, n=13) or placebo (n=13) twice daily for 2 weeks. After 3 weeks resting period, subjects under same test but in reverse role. In both tests, fermented milk intake significantly increased total antioxidant status (p<0.05) and decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (p<0.05) levels compared to before fermented milk intake. Blood alcohol levels of fermented milk intake group were significantly lower than those of placebo group (p<0.05).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 2019

Background: Oxidative stress induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play important causative roles in various pathological conditions. Black ginseng (BG), a type of steam-processed ginseng, has drawn significant attention due to its biological activity, and is more potent than white ginseng (WG) or red ginseng (RG). Methods: We evaluated the protective effects of BG extract (BGE) against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage, in comparison with WG extract (WGE) and RG extract (RGE) in a cell culture model. Ethanolic extracts of WG, RG, and BG were used to evaluate ginsenoside profiles, total polyphenols, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity. Using AML-12 cells treated with $H_2O_2$, the protective effects of WGE, RGE, and BGE on cellular redox status, DNA, protein, lipid damage, and apoptosis levels were investigated. Results: BGE exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant potential, as well as total flavonoid and polyphenol contents. ATP levels were significantly higher in BGE-treated cells than in control; ROS generation and glutathione disulfide levels were lower but glutathione (GSH) and NADPH levels were higher in BGE-treated cells than in other groups. Pretreatment with BGE inhibited apoptosis and therefore protected cells from oxidative stress-induced cellular damage, probably through ROS scavenging. Conclusion: Collectively, our results demonstrate that BGE protects AML-12 cells from oxidative stress-induced cellular damages more effectively than WGE or RGE, through ROS scavenging, maintenance of redox status, and activation of the antioxidant defense system.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 2023

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of different stocking densities on the growth, body composition, stress, antioxidant status, and immune responses of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Juvenile rainbow trout (32.2±0.5 g) were randomly placed in eight experimental tanks, each containing 2,000 L of water, at stocking densities of 150, 300, 600, and 1,200 individual/m³. The trout were assigned to four treatments (2.4, 4.8, 9.7, and 19.4 kg/m³) in duplicates. Following after the feeding trial, the fish cultured in the less dense group showed significantly higher growth and survival (P<0.05). In terms of proximate composition, the whole body crude protein and lipid contents were lower in the denser group (19.4 kg/m³). Regarding the antioxidant and immune responses, the fish reared in the relatively denser group exhibited lower lysozyme, immunoglobulin M, and superoxide dismutase levels. The stress indicators, glucose and cortisol, were significantly lower in the less dense group (2.4 kg/m³), while the denser group (19.4 km/m³) exhibited higher AST and ALP levels(P<0.05). The results showed that denser stocking has a crowding stress effect and negatively impacts growth and immune responses.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.329-336
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate of attitudinal beliefs regarding smoking, and antioxidant vitamins status between smokers and non-smokers in college male students. Attitudinal beliefs regarding smoking and antioxidant vitamins intake were investigated by a questionnaire. The result obtained were as follows: Anthropometric measurements were no significant differences between smokers and non-smokers. The attitudinal beliefs regarding smoking of smokers were different from those of non-smokers(p<0.001). Compared with non-smokers, smokers responded more positively on advantage of smoking, while they felt less negatively on disadvantage of smoking. Systolic blood pressure(SBP) and diatolic blood pressure(DBP) of smokers were significantly higher than those of non-smokers(p<0.05). Although antioxidant vitamins intake was not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers, plasma level of vitamin C of smokers was significantly lower than that of non-smokers(p<0.05). However, plasma level of vitamin E was not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.677-691
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• 2016

To assess South Korean commercial tomato cultivars, regular and cherry tomato cultivars were grown in the greenhouse and evaluated for color attributes, titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids, carotenoids (lycopene and ${\beta}$-carotene), total phenols, flavonoids, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity. Significant differences (p < 0.05 using Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT)) were observed in the levels of most phytochemicals, quality parameters, and antioxidant activity among the twenty South Korean tomato cultivars tested. Lycopene and ${\beta}$-carotene contents varied significantly (p < 0.05 using DMRT), from $0.95mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ to $5.12mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ and $0.65mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ to $3.56mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ of fresh weight, respectively. ${\beta}$-carotene contents exhibited the highest genetic variation (59.2%), followed by naringenin (52.8%) and other phytochemicals. Most of the cherry tomato cultivars had statistically higher levels (p < 0.05 using DMRT) of carotenoids, phenols, flavonoids, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity compared to the regular tomato varieties, suggesting their higher nutritional value. Lycopene content was highest in the cultivars YoYo, Jicored, Titi-Chal, TY-Endorphin, and Rubyking. Cultivars Rubyking, TY-Endorphin, and Titi-Chal also showed relatively higher antioxidant activities in three assays: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. All the antioxidants, except luteolin, were positively correlated with antioxidant activities; the highest correlation was observed between total phenol and antioxidant activities, followed by the correlation between rutin and vitamin C. Cultivars identified to have superior nutritional status would be useful in tomato breeding programs to further improve quality and health benefits of tomatoes for the fresh and processed markets.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.53-62
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• 2007

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidative effects of Puerariae Radix extract. Method Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), Total antioxidant response (TAR), Total phenolic content, Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities, lipid peroxidation were examined. Result Total antioxidant status was examined by total antioxidant capacity(TAC) and total antioxidant response(TAR) against potent free radical reactions. TAC and TAR of Puerariae Radix extract at the concentration of 5 mg/ml were 2.02 and 1.50 mM Trolox equivalents, respectively. Total phenolic content of Puerariae Radix extract at the concentration of 5 mg/ml was 2.29 mM gallic acid equivalent. Concentration of Puerariae Radix extract at which DPPH radical scavenging activity was inhibited by 50% was 5.91 mg/ml as compared to 100% by pyrogallol solution as a reference. The inhibitory effect of the extract on lipid peroxidation was examined using rat liver mitochondria induced by FeSO4/ascorbic acid. Puerariae Radix extract at the concentration of 1 mg/ml slightly but significantly decreased TBARS concentration. The extract further prevented lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of Puerariae Radix extract on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was examined using cell-free system induced by hydrogen peroxide/FeSO4. Addition of 1 mg/ml of Puerariae Radix extract significantly reduced dichloroflurescein (DCF) fluorescence. The extract caused concentration-dependent attenuation of the increase in DCF fluorescence, indicating that the extract significantly prevented ROS generation in vitro. Thus antioxidant effects of Puerariae Radix extract seem to be due to, at least in part, the prevention from free radicals-induced oxidation, followed by inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Conclusion As a result, Puerariae Radix seems to have antioxitative effect and antioxidant compount.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.133-142
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• 2006

Antioxidant vitamin supplementation focuses one's attention on the prevention of age-related diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant status and lipid profiles and to look into the antioxidant vitamin supplementation that affects lipid metabolism in 20 elderly non-smoking Korean women (placebo group: n = 6, vitC suppl: n = 7, vitE suppl: n = 7). Age, height, weight, muscle, percent of fat and WHR were not significantly different among the groups, however $\%$ of fat was above $33\%$ and WHR was above 0.9. And blood pressure of the placebo group was 131.7/81.7 (border line hypertension), that of vitamin C supplement was 141.4/87.1 (hypertension) and that of vitamin E supplement was 151.4/92.9 (hypertension). Although nutrient intakes of all groups were poor, antioxidant status (blood vitamins C, E, A, and beta-carotene) and lipid profile (TG, total-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol) were normal. For nutritional intervention, the vitamin C supplement group received L-ascorbic acid 1,000 mg, and vitamin E supplement group received d-alpha-tocopherol 400IU for 4 weeks, showing the effects of vitamin E supplementation. Response total cholesterol of HDL-cholesterol (T-Chol/HDL) in vitamin E supplement group was significantly decreased from 4.3 to 3.2. And response LDL-cholesterol of HDL-cholesterol (LDL/HDL) in the vitamin E supplement group was also significantly decreased from 2.6 to 1.7. In addition, after the adjustment for plasma lipids (TG, total cholesterol), plasma vitamin A levels in vitamin E supplement group were significantly increased from 7.89 mg/g to 14.91 mg/g. And systolic blood pressure in vitamin E supplement group was significantly reduced. These results suggested that vitamin E supplementation affects the lipid profiles and blood pressure in elderly non-smoking women. So various nutrition programs must be implemented against age-related diseases and further studies are needed regarding sorts and amounts of antioxidant nutrients and supplementation periods.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.177-181
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• 2004

Antidiabetic treatment with tubers of Asparagus racemosus (Liliaceae) extract (l00 and 250 mg/kg body weight) for three weeks showed significant reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and glutathione reductase (GSH-R) in both liver and kidney. The treatment with A. racemosus significantly altered the glutathione (GSH) and GSH-R to be comparable with the control group. A. racemosus and glibenclamide treated rats showed decreased lipid peroxidation that is associated with increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT). The ability of A. racemosus on tissue lipid per oxidation and antioxidant status in diabetic animals has not been studied before. The result of this study thus shows that though, A. racemosus possesses moderate antidiabetic activity, but it exhibits potent antioxidant potential in diabetic conditions.