• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.545-553
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• 2003

The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a characteristic response to inflammation, which can be inhibited with sodium salicylate. IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$ can induce extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), IKK, IkB degradation and NF-$\kappa$B activation. Salicylate inhibited the IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$-induced COX-2 expressions, regulated the activation of ERK, IKK and IkB degradation, and the subsequent activation of NF-$\kappa$B, in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. The inhibition of the ERK pathway, with a selective inhibitor, PD098059, blocked the expressions of IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$-induced COX-2 and $PGE_2$ release. The antioxidant, N-acetyl-cysteine, also reduced the glutathione or catalase- attenuated COX-2 expressions in IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$-treated cells. This antioxidant also inhibited the activation of ERK and NF-$\kappa$B in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. In addition, IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$-stimulated the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cardiomyocytes. However, salicylate had no inhibitory effect on the release of ROS in the DCFDA assay. The results showed that salicylate inhibited the activation of ERK and IKK, I$\kappa$B degradation and NF-$\kappa$B activation, independently of the release of ROS, which suggested that salicylate exerts its anti-inflammatory action through the inhibition of ERK, IKK, IkB and NF-$\kappa$B, and the resultant COX-2 expression pathway in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2006

G. japonicum is a perennial hem and the flowering plant has been used as a diuretic and an astringent in Japan and China. However, little information is available about the anti-inflammatory action of G. japonicum. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the antiinflammatory action of fractions from G. japonicum methanol extract. Inhibition of NO production was observed when cells were cotreated with fractions of G. japonicum and lipopolysaccharide. We observed that ethyl acetate fraction of G. japonicum inhibited NO production by LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells, and that the suppression induced by ethyl acetate fraction of G. japonicum was associated with antioxidant activity and direct NO clearance. In addition, only ethyl acetate fraction of G. japonicum inhibited stimulated $PGE_2,\;TNF-\alpha,\;IL-1\beta$ production, whereas water and methyl chloride fractions showed no such effects. The ethyl acetate fraction of G. japonicum methanol extract showed a remarkable scavenging activity on the 1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl radical. Based on the results, ethyl acetate fraction of G. japonicum may be useful source as natural antioxidants and antiinflammation. Therefore, the results obtained from this study provide an alternative protective mechanism of ethyl acetate fraction of G. japonicum and provide information on the potential use of ethyl acetate fraction of G. japonicum in chemoprevention or pathogenic conditions related to overproduction of NO and $PGE_2$. However, the mechanism of the inflammatory effect must be evaluated through various parameters for induction of NO production.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.85-98
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• 2009

The fruits of Schisandra chinensis and Prunus mume have been traditionally used in the Oriental countries as an astringent against diarrhea and abdominal pain, a protectant for liver disease, an antimicrobial, and a blood tonic. However, little is known about the extract of Schizandrae Fructus and Mume Fructus (SMF-Ex) on dextran-sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of SMF-Ex on DSS-induced colitis in mice. An experimental colitis was induced by daily treatment with 5% DSS. SMF-Ex was orally administrated the single dose (80 mg/kg, body weight/day) for 7 days with one time per day. SMF-Ex reduced significantly clinical sign of DSS-induced colitis, including body weight loss, shorten colon length, increased disease activity index (DAI), and histological colon injury. SMF-Ex also inhibited significantly nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandine $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) productions in DSS-induced colitis mice. Furthermore, SMF-Ex increased significantly an superoxide anion (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) activity of the colon tissue in DSS-induced colitis mice. These results suggest that SMF-Ex administration could reduce significantly the clinical signs and inflammatory mediators, and increase antioxidant activity in DSS-induced colitis model mice and is a good candidate for further evaluation as an effective anti-ulcerative agent.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.245-252
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• 2024

Objectives: Methotrexate (MTX), an immunosuppressant and anti-cancer medication, can harm the heart. The goal of the current investigation was to assess the cardiotoxicity caused by MTX and the potential cardioprotective properties of silymarin, citral, and thymoquinone as antioxidants. Methods: Forty-eight rats were divided into six groups, which included control, MTX, cosolvent, citral, thymoquinone, and silymarin groups. At the end of the study, the rats were anesthetized (ketamine and xylazine) and killed using CO2. Their blood samples were collected to measure the enzymatic activities of creatine kinase-myoglobin binding (CK-MB), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Also, the heart tissue was sampled to determine the antioxidant capacity and examine the histopathology. Results: The findings revealed that the activity of CPK, CK-MB, and LDH enzymes significantly reduced in the thymoquinone treatment group compared to the MTX group (p < 0.05). On the other hand, total antioxidant capacity was significantly increased in the thymoquinone group compared to the MTX group (p < 0.05). The pathological modifications (i.e. severe congestion, edema fluid, the presence of inflammatory cells around the blood vessels, mild to moderate hemorrhaging between cardiac muscle fibers) were seen in the MTX group. The treatment groups, particularly thymoquinone, did not experience any appreciable pathological changes. Conclusion: The thymoquinone was found to have the strongest protective effect against the heart damage caused by MTX.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.954-960
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• 2011

흑양파를 ethanol, methanol 및 물로 각각의 추출물을 제조하고, 이 추출물의 항산화활성을 비교 검토함으로서 흑양파 추출물을 이용한 다양한 가공식품의 제조에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 흑양파 물 추출물이 28.56%로 수율이 가장 높았으며, 총 페놀도 13.5 mg/g로 가장 많았다. MTT assay 이용한 Raw 264.7의 세포독성에서 물 추출물이 가장 양호한 세포보호 효과를 보였다. 흑양파 ethanol 추출물과 물 추출물에서 유의적으로 높은 환원력을 나타내었고, 나머지 추출물에서는 차이가 없었다. 흑양파 추출물의 농도 증가에 따라 DPPH 라디칼소거능이 증가하였으며, 추출물의 농도가 $1000{\mu}g/mL$일 때 양파 ethanol 추출물은 23.29%, 흑양파 물 추출물은 65.99%로 흑양파가 양파에 비하여 항산화력이 매우 높았다. ABTS 저해활성은 DPPH에 의한 라디칼 소거능과 마찬가지로 추출물의 농도에 의존적으로 상승하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 흑양파 ethanol 이나 methanol 추출물보다는 물 추출물이 우수한 생리활성 효과를 나타내므로 흑양파 물 추출물을 새로운 식품소재로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.766-778
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 초임계 공정에 의해 복령피를 추출하였고, 에탄올 복령피 추출물과 비교하여 항염, 미백, 항산화효과를 측정하였다. 또한 선정된 추출물의 제형과 약물전달 펩티드를 활용하여 효율적인 경피투과 방법을 제시하였다. 복령피의 항암, 항염성분으로 알려진 Pachymic acid를 지표성분으로 HPLC 분석 결과 에탄올 복령피 추출물 보다 초임계 복령피 추출물이 2배 이상 높게 추출되는 것으로 나타났다. 복령피의 항산화효과를 확인하기 위하여 DPPH 소거능과 ABTS 소거능은 복령피 에탄올 추출물이 초임계 복령피 추출물보다 더 낮은 농도에서 $IC_{50}$을 나타내었다. 하지만 RAW 264.7 세포 내 NO(Nitric oxide) 생성량을 측정한 결과에서는, 에탄올 복령피 추출물보다 초임계 복령피 추출물이 동일 농도에서 더 낮은 NO 생성량을 나타냈다. 또한 B16 melanoma 세포에 복령피 추출물을 $20{\mu}g/mL$ 농도를 72시간 처리 후 세포 내외 멜라닌 합성을 확인한 결과에서는, 에탄올 복령피 추출물과 초임계 복령피 추출물 모두 효과가 있었으며 초임계 추출물이 더 낮은 멜라닌 함량을 보였다. NO 생성량 실험에서 활용된 RAW 264.7 세포에서는 $800{\mu}g/mL$농도에서도 독성이 나타나지 않았다. 하지만 B16 melanoma 세포에서는 $50{\mu}g/mL$에서도 에탄올 추출물과 초임계 추출물 모두 60 % 미만의 생존율을 나타냈다. 초임계 복령피 추출물을 대상으로 리포좀 제형과 약물전달 펩티드를 활용하여 Franz diffusion cell 실험 결과에서는, 리포좀 제형과 약물 전달 펩티드가 초임계 복령피 추출물을 경피 투과를 증진시켜 주는 것으로 나타났다. 초임계 복령피 추출물이 다양한 효능의 화장품 소재로서 개발될 가능성이 있다고 판단된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1377-1384
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• 2011

Astaxanthin (ATX)은 다양한 생명체에서 생성되는 카로티노이드 색소이다. 본 연구에서는 ATX가 RAW264.7 cell에서 LPS에 의한 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), 염증성 사이토카인, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$)와 reactive oxygen species (ROS)의 생성을 억제 시키는 지 또한, superoxide radical 소거능이 있는 지를 조사하였다. iNOS와 NF-${\kappa}B$는 immunoblot analysis로, interleukin (IL)-6와 tumour necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$)는 ELISA 법으로 분석하였다. NO 양은 nitrite의 양을 측정하였고, ROS는 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) 법으로 superoxide radical 소거능은 superoxide radical scavenging activity assay로 검증하였다. 100 ${\mu}M$의 ATX 농도에서 LPS로 유도된 NO, IL-6 및 TNF-${\alpha}$ 같은 염증성 사이토카인의 생성 뿐만 아니라 iNOS 및 NF-${\kappa}B$의 발현도 억제되었다. 특히, IL-6 및 TNF-${\alpha}$ 생성에 있어 ATX의 최대 억제율은 각각 65.2% 및 21.2% 이었으며 LPS로 유도된 NF-${\kappa}B$의 전사활성을 억제하였다. 이러한 현상은 세포질에서 핵으로 NF-${\kappa}B$의 전위를 억제하는 것과 관련이 있다. 또한, 25-100 ${\mu}M$의 ATX 농도에서 세포 내 ROS 생성을 억제하였으며, 5 mg/ml 농도의 ATX는 동일농도의 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol에 비해 superoxide radical 소거능이 1.33배 높았다. 이러한 결과들은 ATX가 대식세포에서 ROS 생성 및 NF-${\kappa}B$ 활성을 저해하므로 iNOS의 발현, NO 및 염증성 사이토카인의 생성을 억제하며, 또한 우수한 superoxide radical 소거능을 보유한다는 것을 나타내었다. 결론적으로, ATX가 항염증제 및 항산화제로서 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.302-309
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• 2019

BACKGOURND/OBJECTIVES: Vascular inflammation is an important feature in the atherosclerotic process. Recent studies report that leaves and branches of Carpinus turczaninowii (C. turczaninowii) have antioxidant capacity and exert anti-inflammatory effects. However, no study has reported the regulatory effect of C. turczaninowii extract on the arterial inflammatory response. This study therefore investigated modulation of the arterial inflammatory response after exposure to C. turczaninowii extract, using human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs). MATERIALS/METHODS: Scavenging activity of free radicals, total phenolic content (TPC), cell viability, mRNA expressions, and secreted levels of cytokines were measured in LPS-stimulated (10 ng/mL) HAoSMCs treated with the C. turczaninowii extract. RESULTS: C. turczaninowii extract contains high amounts of TPC ($225.6{\pm}21.0mg$ of gallic acid equivalents/g of the extract), as well as exerts time-and dose-dependent increases in strongly scavenged free radicals (average $14.8{\pm}1.97{\mu}g/mL$ $IC_{50}$ at 40 min). Cell viabilities after exposure to the extracts (1 and $10{\mu}g/mL$) were similar to the viability of non-treated cells. Cytokine mRNA expressions were significantly suppressed by the extracts (1 and $10{\mu}g/mL$) at 6 hours (h) after exposure. Interleukin-6 secretion was dose-dependently suppressed 2 h after incubation with the extract, at $1-10{\mu}g/mL$ in non-stimulated cells, and at 5 and $10{\mu}g/mL$ in LPS-stimulated cells. Similar patterns were also observed at 24 h after incubation with the extract (at $1-10{\mu}g/mL$ in non-stimulated cells, and at $10{\mu}g/mL$ in the LPS-stimulated cells). Soluble intracellular vascular adhesion molecules (sICAM-1) secreted from non-stimulated cells and LPS-stimulated cells were similarly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner after 24 h exposure to the extracts, but not after 2 h. In addition, sICAM-1 concentration after 24 h treatment was positively related to IL-6 levels after 2 h and 24 h exposure (r = 0.418, P = 0.003, and r = 0.524, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that C. turczaninowii modulates the arterial inflammatory response, and indicates the potential to be applied as a therapeutic use for atherosclerosis.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2024

본 연구를 통해 카이란(Brassica oleracea L.)의 열수 추출물과 70% 에탄올 추출물의 항산화 및 항염 효과를 측정한 결과, 두 추출물 모두 항산화 및 항염에 효과를 가진 것으로 확인되었다. 카이란(Brassica oleracea L.)의 열수 추출물과 70% 에탄올 추출물의 실험 결과 총 폴리페놀 함량에서는 124.19 ± 0.19 mg/100 g, 144.10 ± 0.73 mg/100 g의 함량을 확인하였다. 열수 추출물과 70% 에탄올 추출물의 항산화 실험 결과 전자공여능 측정에서 1,000 ㎍/ml 농도에서 61.04%와 84.53%의 전자공여능이 나타나는 것을 확인하였고, ABTS 라디칼 소거능측정에서는 1,000 ㎍/ml 농도에서 89.13%와 98.61%의 소거능이 있는 것으로 확인하였다. 카이란의 열수 추출물과 70% 에탄올 추출물의 세포생존율 측정 결과, RAW 264.7 세포에서 100 ㎍/ml 농도에서 90% 이상의 세포생존율을 확인하였다. 카이란의 열수 추출물과 70% 에탄올 추출물의 NO 생성 저해 활성 측정 결과 100 ㎍/ml 농도에서 29.90%와 40.94%의 저해 활성을 확인하였다. LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 cell 대식세포에 대한 단백질 발현 억제 효과 측정 결과 카이란의 열수 추출물과 70% 에탄올 추출물의 COX-2의 억제 효과율은 100 ㎍/ml 농도에서 52.85%와 96.11%의 억제효과를 나타내었고 iNOS의 억제 효과율은 100 ㎍/ml 농도에서 12.13%와 18.73%의 억제율을 확인하였다. RT-PCR mRNA 측정 결과 카이란(Brassica oleracea L.)의 열수 추출물과 70% 에탄올 추출물의 COX-2에서 100 ㎍/ml 농도에서 98.16%와 92.74%의 발현이 측정되었고 iNOS에서는 92.74%와 76.86%의 발현이 측정되었다. 카이란 추출물의 실험 결과 두 추출물 모두 ABTS 라디칼 소거능 실험에서 대조군인 Vit. C 보다 좋은 효과를 보여 항산화능을 확인하였고 염증 발현 인자인 iNOS와 COX-2에 대해 단백질 발현 억제와 mRNA 발현에 대해 우수한 효능을 확인하였다. 위와 같은 결과들을 토대로, 카이란 추출물이 항산화, 항염 효과를 가진 것을 확인하여 향후 항산화 및 항염 천연 소재로 활용 가능성 및 가치를 가진 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.233-242
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• 2013

The genus Taraxacum, known by the common name Dandelion, is a medicinal herb in the family Asteraceae. It has been traditionally used as a folk medicine for the treatment or prevention of various diseases due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. In this study, we attempted to evaluate protective effects of Dandelion related with anti-oxidative activity to Thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver damage. 36 rats were randomly assigned to six experimental groups : Control, Dandelion water extract (DWE), TAA, TAA&DWE 300, TAA&DWE 600, TAA&DWE 1,200 groups. Rats in DWE and TAA&DWE groups were pretreated with DWE (300, 600 or 1,200 mg/kg BW) by gavage for 7 days. All rats were treated intraperitoneally with TAA (200 mg/kg BW) or normal saline at 12 hours after last oral administration and sacrificed at 12 hours after last treatment. Levels of WBC and Neutrophil count were significantly decresed in TAA&DWE 1,200 group compared with that in TAA group (P<0.05). In TAA&DWE 600 and TAA&DWE 1,200 groups, serum AST, ALT, GGT levels were lower than TAA group (P<0.05). The serum TG level was significantly elevated in TAA&DWE groups compared with those in TAA group. Liver tissues from TAA group showed extensive histopathological changes, characterized by moderate or severe hepatocytes degeneration, inflammatory cell infiltration, and congestion. In the TAA&DWE group, The severity of histopathological lesions were decreased compared to those in the TAA group. The MDA concentration was significantly decreased and GSH content was significantly increased in the TAA&DWE 1,200 group compared to those in the TAA group. GR, CAT and GST activities in the TAA&DWE 1,200 group were significantly increased compared to those in the TAA group.