• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.44 no.4
• /
• pp.437-445
• /
• 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea, black tea, barley tea and roasted corn tea used in South Korea to make tea on the formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm. The aqueous samples of 4 types of tea were extracted from commercial tea bags using cold water ($7^{\circ}C$) or hot water ($72^{\circ}C$). S. mutans UA 159 was introduced into 96-well plates which contained the tea samples and 1% sucrose media. Crystal violet staining was used to assess the effects of teas on S. mutans biofilm formation. In both groups of green tea and black tea, the biofilm significantly decreased with the solution of $50{\mu}L$ aqueous sample in $200{\mu}L$ media and $100{\mu}L$ aqueous sample in $100{\mu}L$ media (p < 0.05). S. mutans biofilm with $25{\mu}L$ of barley tea or roasted corn tea aqueous sample in hot water ($72^{\circ}C$) for 10 minutes showed significant decrease compared of green tea or black tea (p < 0.05). In this study, green tea and black tea suppress the formation of S. mutans biofilm.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.801-808
• /
• 1997

In order to develop natural anticariogenic agents, we investigated inhibitory effects of Areca catechu L. extracts on the acid production of Streptococcus mutans JC-2 and its cytotoxicity on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were also examined. The results are as follows : 1. Major organic acid produced by Streptococcus mutans JC-2 were lactic acid and acetic acid, and their productions were decreased by additions of Areca catechu L. extracts. 2. Areca catechu L. extracts were showed noncytotoxicity on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.199-203
• /
• 2007

Dental caries is a major worldwide oral disease problem. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) plays an important role in the information of dental plaque and it is being noticed as major causative bacteria of dental caries. Therefore, the development of more effective, substantial and safe preventive agents against dental caries is strongly required. In the present study, inhibitory effects of the ethanol extract of the husk of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) on the growth, acid production, adhesion and water-insoluble glucan synthesis of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) were examined. The ethanol extract of pomegranate husk (250 - 4000 ${\mu}$g/ml) significantly lowered the growth of S. mutans in a dose dependent manner. The acid production of S. mutans were inhibited by the presence of ethanol extract of pomegranate husk (500 - 4000 ${\mu}$g/ml) significantly. The ethanol extract of pomegranate husk (5000 - 4000 ${\mu}$g/ml) also significantly lowered the adherence of S. mutans. In water-insoluble glucan synthesis assay, 1000 - 4000 ${\mu}$g/ml of the ethanol extract of pomegranate husk significantly inhibited the formation of water-insoluble glucan. These results suggest that pomegranate husk may inhibit the caries-inducing properties of S. mutans. Further studies are necessary to clarify the active constituents of pomegranate husk responsible for such biomolecular activities.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.253-259
• /
• 2017

목적: 이 실험의 목적은 한국 백삼과 캐나다 백삼의 일반 성분 분석, 항산화력 측정 및 치아 우식 유발균에 미치는 항균 효과를 비교 분석하는데 있다. 방법: 한국 백삼과 캐나다 백삼의 일반 성분은 수분정량, 조지방, 조단백질, 그리고 조회분의 분야에서 측정되었다. 두 백삼을 60% 에탄올에 추출시켜 환원당과 DPPH-scavenging assay를 통해 항산화력을 측정했다. 동일 추출물을 이용, 치아 우식균인 streptococcus mutans에 대해 디스크 확산법과 최소저해농도 측정을 실시해 항균력을 측정 및 비교했다. 결과: 실험 결과, 한국 백삼과 캐나다 백삼은 유사한 조지방, 조단백질, 조회분 성분을 갖고 있었으나 수분정량에서 캐나다백삼이 우세했다. 항산화력 실험에서는 캐나다 백삼이 DPPH- scavenging 능력에서 더 높았으나 환원당 실험과 총 페놀 함량에서는 한국 백삼의 수치가 더 높았다. 디스크 확산법을 통한 항균력 실험에서는 한국 백삼이 캐나다 백삼보다 더 넓은 clearing zone을 형성하고 더 낮은 최소저해농도를 달성해 항균력에서 우세했다. 결론: 한국 백삼과 캐나다 백삼은 비슷한 일반성분과 항산화력을 가졌다. 하지만 한국백삼이 치아 우식 유발균인 streptococcus mutans에 대한 항균력에서 더 우세했다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
• /
• 2003.04a
• /
• pp.136-136
• /
• 2003

Calcium lactate has been known extending shelf-life of several lactic acid fermented foods through buffer action with lactic acid and binding of calcium and pectic polysaccharides in the tissue. But, the effects in kimchi during storage and distribution has not been observed. Calcium lactate is tasteless, nontoxic compounds commonly used in a number of food products. Recent observations have indicated the potential usefulness of calcium lactate as food additive which has anticariogenic-, antimicrobial-, anticalculus, anti- carcinogenic effects and enhancement of bone mineral density. In this work we determined the effects of calcium lactate(CaL)-treatment(0, 1, 2 and 3% against salted Chinese cabbage) on the pH, acidity, microbial counts, content of alcohol insoluble substance and calcium texture, color, scanning electron microscopic observation of kimchi tissue and sensory test during storage. pH of CaL treated kimchi were higher(3.78∼3.92) than that of control products(3.58). Total microbe(TM) of CaL treated kimchis were lower but ratio of lactic acid bacteria against TM was higher than those of control products, respectively. Calcium content of treated products were 3-5 times higher than control products. The hardness and crispy taste of treated products were remarkably higher than those of control products evaluated by SEM observation AIS analysis, sensory and textural analysis. Moreover, evaluation on the pH, acidity and sensory test showed the shelf-life of treated kimchi(CaL 2%) to be 25-30 days, which was 13-15 days longer than that of control products.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.127-134
• /
• 2013

Xylitol is a sugar alcohol with a variety of functions including bactericidal and anticariogenic effects. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the role of xylitol in bone metabolism are not yet clarified. In our present study, we exploited the physiological role of xylitol on osteoclast differentiation in a co-culture system of osteoblastic and RAW 264.7 cells. Xylitol treatment of these co-cultures reduced the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated cells induced by 10 nM $1{\alpha},25(OH)_2D_3$ in a dose-dependent manner. A cell viability test revealed no marked cellular damage by up to 100 mM of xylitol. Exposure of osteoblastic cells to xylitol decreased RANKL, but not OPG, mRNA expression in the presence of $10^{-8}M$ $1{\alpha},25(OH)_2D_3$ in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, bone resorption activity, assessed on bone slices in the coculture system, was found to be dramatically decreased with increasing xylitol concentrations. RANKL and OPG proteins were assayed by ELISA and the soluble RANKL (sRANKL) concentration was decreased with an increased xylitol concentration. In contrast, OPG was unaltered by any xylitol concentration in this assay. These results indicate that xylitol inhibits $1{\alpha},25(OH)_2D_3$-induced osteoclastogenesis by reducing the sRANKL/OPG expression ratio in osteoblastic cells.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.191-195
• /
• 2002

In previous reports the authors have screened the inhibition effects of marine algae extracts on halitosis, and demonstrated that a brown algae, Eisenia bicyclis (' Daehwang') possess not only strong deodorant effect bug also considerable anticariogenic activities. In this study, we screened antibacterial effects of various marine algae, and measured minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of them against mutans streptococci in vitro. Among the 27 species of marine algae, $80\%$ ethanol extract of dried sea-mustard, Laminaria japonica ('Dasima') showed the strongest inhibition activity against Streptococcus mutans KCTC 3300. The extracts of Ulva lactuca ('Galparae'), Codium fragile ('Cheonggak'), Ecklonia cava ('Gamtae'), E. stolonifera ('Gompi') and Undalia Pinnatifida ('Miyeok') showed slightly weaker inhibitory potency than L. japonica. Differences of MIC values in $80\%$ ethanol extract of some species of marine algae were observed depending on test bacterial species, i.e., S. mutans KCTC 3300 or S. sobrinus KCTC 3307. Eighty percent ethanol extract of dried L japonica was fractionated with diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-buthanol and water successively, The ether-soluble fraction had inhibitory effect on S. mutans KCTC 3300, however the inhibitory effects were not found in the other fractions. The MIC values of $80\%$ ethanol extract and ether fraction were 180 and 105 $\mu$g/mL respectively, while no significant inhibition activity of water-soluble fraction was found even when the fraction was added up to 5,500 $\mu$g/mL.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.204-219
• /
• 1997

The use of fluoride is one of the most effective methods for caries prevention. Fluoridation of public water supply has been recognized, for many years, as an effective way to reduce dental caries. The fluoride supplement has been recommended when the natural fluoride was unavailable or below the optimal range. However the mechanism of caries prevention by fluoride has not yet been clarified and it is well known that an overdose of fluoride results inacute and chronic toxicity, especially dental fluorosis. Fluoride mouthrinsing solution is widely used in dentistry due to its effectiveness in carrying anticariogenic action. Understanding the effects of fluoride mouthrinsing solution on human gingival fibroblasts will provide the safety rationale for its use during the caries preventive therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of fluoride mouthrinsing solution on the human gingival fibroblast in vitro. The human gingival fibroblasts were cultured from healthy gingiva on the extracted deciduous teeth of children. Cells were inoculated into a 24-well plate with $1{\times}10^4cells/well$ of medium at $37^{\circ}C$, 100% humidity, 5% $CO_2$ incubator for 24 hours. And the cells were counted by using the hemocytometer at each designed study. Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured in growth medium after one minute application range of 0.02%-0.2% NaF solution and 0.1% $SnF_2$ solution. The cells used in this study were between fifth to eighth passage number. The cell morphology was examined by inverted microscope and cell proliferation was measured by incorporating $[^3H]$-thymidine into DNA. DNA synthesis by human gingival fibroblasts was assessed by $[^3H]$-thymidine uptake assays while the cell activity was measured by MTT assay. Each concentrated fluoride mouthrinsing solution was estimated for its biocompatability with fibroblasts by the tissue culture technique. The results of this study were as follows : 1. It was observed that at 0.05%, 0.2% NaF mouthrinsing solution the cytoplasmic processes became globular. When 0.1% $SnF_2$ mouthrinsing solution was applied, the cytoplasmic process and cell morphology were disappeared. 2. DNA synthetic activity was reduced regardless of the concentration of the fluoride mouthrinsing solution. However, the result is statistically insignificant except 0.1% $SnF_2$ mouthrinsing solution(p<0.05). 3. Our results indicate that 0.02%, 0.05% concentrations of NaF mouthrinsing solution caused minimal cytotoxicity. But 0.2% NaF and 0.1% $SnF_2$ concentration were a significant difference between the cell activity in the experimental group and control group (p<0.05). 4. After appling 0.05% & 0.02% NaF fluoride mouthrinsing solution, cell activity was restored to the control groups level according to incubating time. The results suggest that direct exposure to fluoride solution inhibits gingival fibroblast activity. Therefore, for the most effective use of fluoride use, lowering the concentration of fluoride mouthrinsing is advisable because it maintains biocompatability and free ion in the oral fluid.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.429-447
• /
• 1995

This study was designed to determine the most effective concentration of fluoride and levels of laser irradiation for the remineralization of decayed teeth. After irradiation with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser and the topical application of fluoride, phosphate and fluoride concentration in enamel were measured. And then the changes on surface enamel using an scanning electron microscope were observed. Samples by extraction healthy, permanent, mandibular bovine teeth with no caries were obtained. Among them 371 healthy samples were selected and artificial carious lesions were made. 20 samples were assigned to each experimental group. After irradiation with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser with total energy densities of 10J/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 20J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for each group. On the teeth, 2% NaF, 1.9% NH4F, 1.6% TiF4 Elmex gel(amine fluoride) and 1.23% APF gel were applied. After pH circulatory procedures, concentrations of fluoride with and Ionalyzer (Orion Research, Model 901, USA) and phosphates with an Uv/V is spectrophotometer (Uvikon 860, Kontrom Co, Switzerland) were measured. By etching the teeth in layers and measuring fluoride concentrations, a profile of fluoride penetration according to depth could be developed. And also the changes on the surface of the enamel using an electron scanning microscope were observed. The comparative analysis yielded the following results : 1. Phosphate concentration was low in all groups compared with the control group except for teeth treated Elmex gel, irradiated with 10J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 30J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ energy densities. Teeth treated with APF gel and 30J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ irradiation gad the lowest phosphate concentration. 2. Among all groups, fluoride concentrations in tooth enamel were highest in APF gel and NaF groups irradiated at 30J/$\textrm{cm}^2$. The APF gel group had the highest fluoride concentrations across all energy densities. 3. In the APF gel group, and the NaF group, the greater the energy density of the laser, the higher the fluoride concentrations in the enamel. 4. In all groups, the concentration of fluoride in the enamel by depth tended to decrease with depth. 5. Under the scanning electron microscope, under the condition of irradiation with 20J/$\textrm{cm}^2$, enamel crack was detected for the first time. In the NH4F group, spherical deposits were found on the surface of the enamel, and in the TiF4 group the surface of enamel was covered with an irregular, thin membranous mass in places. In the APF gel and NaF groups irradiated with 10J/$\textrm{cm}^2$, spherical and irregular particles covered the teeth. When these groups were irradiated at 20J/cm2, they were covered with amorphous crystals. These results suggest that one could obtain more effective anticariogenic effects without damage to teeth when less than 20J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ energy densities and APF gel are used.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.207-224
• /
• 1996

This study was designed to determine the most effective concentration of fluoride and energy density of laser irradiation for the anticarious effect. For this study surface hardness in enamel was measured before and after irradiation with pulsed Nd;YAG laser and the topical application of fluoride. Of the permanent mandibular anterior hovine teeth, healthy, carious free ones were used. Three hundred specimens were made. Specimens within 25~45 Vickers hardness numbers were assigned to 20 control and experimental stoops ; each containing 15 specimens. After forming artificial carious lesions, 10 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 20 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$, and 30 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ energies were irradiated on the enamel surface of each experimental group. Also NaF, NH4F, Elmex gel(amine fluoride) and APF gel fluoride compounds were applied topically. Next, all the specimens were placed into the pH circulatory procedures for eight days. Vickers hardness numbers were measured using a microhardness tester. Surface changes of the enamel were observed using an scanning electron microscope. The comparative ana1ysis yielded the following results : 1. The reduction of surface hardness of the enamel surface was less in all groups with fluoride application than in the group without fluoride application. 2. The APF gel croup with 10 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ irradiation showed the lowest reduction of surface hardness. 3. The reduction of surface hardness of the enamel surface in the group of laser irradiation without fluoride application not showed any significant difference according to the energy density of the laser. 4. Under the scanning electron microscope, in enamel irradiated with 10J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ showed appearance similar to acid etching surface. In enamel irradiated with 20 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$, line enamel crack was detected. In enamel irradiated with 30j/$\textrm{cm}^2$, severe enamel crack and fusion of enamel were detected. These results suggest that one could obtain the best anticariogenic effects without damage to teeth in the group of application of APF gel after laser irradiation with 10 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$.