• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aims to determine the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) of combinations of Melastoma malabathricum leaf fraction with ciprofloxacin or gentamicin against pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus, isolated from Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) patients. Methods: We tested concentrations of 45%, 55%, 65%, and 75% of gentamicin and ciprofloxacin using dilution and agar diffusion methods. The combination of M. malabathricum leaf extract with these antibiotics was tested in vitro against all three bacteria. Results: The combination of M. malabathricum leaf extract and ciprofloxacin gave a FICI value of 0.5, indicating synergistic antibacterial activity against the test bacteria. Conclusion: The results show that the antibacterial effect of a combination of high doses of the leaf extract with either antibiotic is greater than that of the leaf extract and the antibiotics in single use.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1667-1673
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• 2017

Antibiotics have long been of great benefit for people, both in the medical treatment of human disease and in animal food where they improve the growth performance and feed utilization during animal production. Antibiotics as in-feed supplements affect all stages of pork production, including the gestation, nursing, growing, and finishing stages, although the effects show stage-dependent differences. However, the use of antibiotics in animal feed has become a worldwide concern. This review describes why sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotic additives in animal feed have become an integral part of animal feeding programs for more than 70 years, particularly in pork production. It also discusses the threat of the long-term use of sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics in pork production. In recent years, the effectiveness of in-feed antibiotics has tended to decrease. This review analyzes this change from various perspectives. First, the equipment used at pig farms has improved dramatically and is more sanitary. Worldwide, more pig farms use pig farrowing crates, gestation crates, piglet nursery crates, flooring devices, piggery ventilation and cooler systems, automatic pig feeders, piggery heating equipment, and artificial insemination systems. In addition, scientists have replaced the use of antibiotics with organic acids, fermented mash, probiotics, prebiotics, minerals, oligosaccharides, enzymes, herbs/flavors, and protein/amino acids, and have improved management and husbandry techniques. In addition, animal welfare legislation has been aimed at improving the quality of the floors and living space, ensuring that animals have permanent access to fresh water, and setting a minimum weaning age. Finally, the prospects and the possibility of replacing antibiotics in pork production are described, in line with recent research results.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 2018

Purpose: This study investigated the factors affecting the use of empirical antibiotics in febrile infants from 1 month to less than 3 months. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of hospitalized previously healthy infants with fever in Pusan National University Children's Hospital from January 2010 to December 2016. Clinical features, laboratory findings and antibiotic therapy were analyzed. Respiratory viruses were identified by multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and were reported after 1-3 days. Enterovirus were identified by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were reported in several hours. Results: The 129 of 366 subjects used empirical antibiotics and 237 patients didn't used empirical antibiotics. Empirical antibiotics were used more frequently when the fever was longer before admission, respiratory symptoms and ill being appearances were present and C-reactive protein was elevated. The rate of readmission was low in the group not used empirical antibiotics. Most of the patients detected by enterovirus PCR in cerebrospinal fluid didn't used empirical antibiotics. The results of respiratory virus multiplex RT-PCR showed no difference in the use of empirical antibiotics. Conclusions: In our study, empirical antibiotic prescriptions were affected not respiratory virus multiplex RT-PCR but enterovirus PCR. If multiplex RT-PCR were reported more rapid turn around time, it will affect antibiotic use.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2012

The concept of revascularization of necrotic pulps regained interest and became an alternative conservative treatment option for young permanent teeth with immature roots. Revascularization of immature teeth with apical periodontitis depends mainly on disinfection of the canal. Since the infection of the root canal system is considered to be polymicrobial, a combination of drugs would be needed to treat the diverse flora. A triple antibiotic mixture of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and minocycline was used as an intracanal medicament. However, discoloration was developed after applying the triple antibiotic mixture. It is believed that the marked discoloration is related to the use of minocycline. The aim of this article was to present cases of coronal discoloration after triple antibiotic therapy in immature tooth and was treated with bleaching technique to control coronal discoloration. In conclusion, revascularization by using triple antibiotics promotes a paradigm shift in treating endodontically involved permanent teeth. However, we should understand that triple antibiotics containing minocycline induces tooth discoloration. Further research to prevent coronal discoloration should be investigated and suggested for the safe use of triple antibiotics.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.82-91
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• 2021

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between antibiotic use and the antimicrobial resistance of gram-negative bacteria isolated from blood cultures in a pediatric population. Methods: From January 2014 to June 2018, the antibiotic resistance pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from bacteremic patients aged ≤18 years hospitalized at Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital was analyzed and the parenteral antibiotic consumption data were retrieved. Results: During the study period, the blood culture was positive for K. pneumoniae (6.4%; 105/1,628), E. coli (5.6%; 91/1,628), P. aeruginosa (3.3%; 54/1,628), and A. baumannii (2.5%; 41/1,628), and the extended-spectrum antibiotic resistance rate of gram-negative bacteria was consistently high. The overall resistance rate of E. coli and K. pneumoniae to extendedspectrum cephalosporin was 49.3% and 54.4%, respectively. Carbapenem-resistant E. coli was first detected in 2014; its overall resistance rate to carbapenem was 5.3%. There was a linear correlation between the usage of 3rd generation cephalosporin and the resistance of A. baumannii (r²=0.96, P=0.004) and carbapenem usage and the resistance of K. pneumoniae (r²=0.79, P=0.045). Conclusions: A positive linear correlation was observed between antibiotic resistance and the corresponding antibiotic usage in 3rd generation cephalosporin resistant A. baumannii and carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae. The judicious use of antibiotics in healthcare settings is important to minimize selection for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenem resistance in gram-negative bacteria.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.199-205
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• 2001

Purpose : Since the first report of vancomycin-resistant enterococci(VRE) in 1986, the resistance to vancomycin in enterococci has been increasingly rapidly. In this study, we investigated the clinical manifestations of pediatric patients with VRE and the pattern of the antibiotic use with increasing the rate of VRE in pediatrics Methods : We studied retrospectively 36 pediatric patients who were isolated VRE from January 1998 to December 2000. We classified patients into ICU and non ICU groups and reviewed species of VRE, specimens in which VRE were first detected and procedures performed before VRE detected. Results : We have found that the number of pediatric patients isolated VRE is increasingly annually in this study. In addition, the number of VRE-isolation in the ICU group and in patients who were operated or who underwent active procedures is much higher than that of in the non ICU group and in patients who were taken medication only. Enterococcus faecium is the main species of VRE. VRE showed high resistance to almost all antibiotics except tetracycline, and resistance was closely related to the duration of hospitalization and history of the antibiotic use. The proportion of the cephalosporin use was higher than any other antibiotic before VRE detection. In contrast, that of teicoplanin was higher than any other antibiotic after VRE detection(P<0.05). The cases of superinfection is higher in the ICU group than in non ICU group. Conclusion : In the hospital level, prevention of nosocomial infection through proper administrative policies, through surveillance of high risk VRE regions and prudent antibiotic use can prevent VRE outbreaks and corresponding side effects.

• Mycobiology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2012

Antagonistic microorganisms against $Rhizoctonia$ $solani$ were isolated and their antifungal activities were investigated. Two hundred sixteen bacterial isolates were isolated from various soil samples and 19 isolates were found to antagonize the selected plant pathogenic fungi with varying degrees. Among them, isolate C9 was selected as an antagonistic microorganism with potential for use in further studies. Treatment with the selected isolate C9 resulted in significantly reduced incidence of stem-segment colonization by $R.$ $solani$ AG2-2(IV) in Zoysia grass and enhanced growth of grass. Through its biochemical, physiological, and 16S rDNA characteristics, the selected bacterium was identified as $Bacillus$ $subtilis$ subsp. $subtilis$. Mannitol (1%) and soytone (1%) were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for use in antibiotic production. An antibiotic compound, designated as DG4, was separated and purified from ethyl acetate extract of the culture broth of isolate C9. On the basis of spectral data, including proton nuclear magneric resonance ($^1H$ NMR), carbon nuclear magneric resonance ($^{13}C$ NMR), and mass analyses, its chemical structure was established as a stereoisomer of acetylbutanediol. Application of the ethyl acetate extract of isolate C9 to several plant pathogens resulted in dose-dependent inhibition. Treatment with the purified compound (an isomer of acetylbuanediol) resulted in significantly inhibited growth of tested pathogens. The cell free culture supernatant of isolate C9 showed a chitinase effect on chitin medium. Results from the present study demonstrated the significant potential of the purified compound from isolate C9 for use as a biocontrol agent as well as a plant growth promoter with the ability to trigger induced systemic resistance of plants.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.701-706
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• 2000

This study was carried out to select the lactic acid bacteria(Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium) and yeast for probiotic use in pigs. Acid-tolerant 536 strains were isolated from the feces of 30 pigs. To select useful strains, the first screened strains were treated with strong acid solution(pH 2.5 to 3.0) for 3 hours and subsequentely treated with the anaerobic diluent solution containing 0.15% Oxgall for 3 hours. Among these strains, 151 strains showed strong tolerance to both acid and bile. Lactobacillus and Streptococcus tolerant to the acid and bile were treated with heat at $80^{\circ}C$ for 15 min, and at $70^{\circ}C$ for 5 min in Bifidobacterium and yeast. As a result of heat treatment, 38 strains were obtained as heat-tolerant strains. All of heat-tolerant strains were tested for antibiotic resistance against virginiamycin, sulfathiazole, aureomycin, neomycin, linsmycin, tiamulin and ASP250 which were used as feed additives for growth promotion in pigs. Finally, one strain each from Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Bifidobacterium and yeast that showed resistance to acid, bile, heat and antibiotics was selected for probiotic use in pigs.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.70-88
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• 2020

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) form an essential part of the intestinal microbiota of the human body and possess the ability to stabilize the intestinal microbiota, strengthen immunity, and promote digestion as well as intestinal synthesis of vitamins, amino acids, and proteins. Hence, LAB are currently widely used in various products. However, due to the indiscriminate overuse of antibiotics in humans and livestock, bacterial resistance to antibiotics has been increasing rapidly, which has led to serious problems in the treatment of bacterial infections. Additionally, several reports have revealed that antibiotic-resistant LAB may infect people whose immune systems are not fully developed or whose immune systems are temporarily weakened. Therefore, it is imperative to consider the possibility of antibiotic-resistant LAB causing diseases in humans and animals, investigate the mechanism of action between antibiotics and LAB, and determine the relevant regulations for the safe use of LAB.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.827-833
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• 2011

In this study, fecal nonpoint pollutant sources tracking were conducted on Ansan stream. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Analysis (MARA) method used in this study is based on the premise that fecal bacteria derived from intestine of human or animal has each different resistance for antibiotics. First of all, a database for known sources should be established to use the method and then, an unknown sample was applied on the database to find unknown sources by statistical analysis. The Ansan stream was considered with divided condition into three parts: upper (livestock farming area), mid (old section of the city), and downstream (new section of the city) to search an environmental influence of the stream basin. As results of the statistical analysis, it could be estimated that the upper stream area was influenced by animals due to the nature of influence for the livestock farms located in this area because livestock were classified as percentages of 45.8% in 3-way method divided into livestock, pet and human. In case of midstream and downstream, the human influence was remarkable as percentage of 60% and 80%, respectively. From these results, it could be judged that the MARA method is useful in source tracking the non-point pollutant sources because the MARA results correspond to which predictable non-point pollutant sources by a field study. Also, it is expected that a more effective source tracking will be possible as establishing database of each area.